1. History

2. Administrative and municipal status

3. Economy
    Transportation 

4. Notable people

5. References
    Notes  Sources 

Primorsk ({{lang-ru|Примо́рск}}; {{lang-fi|Koivisto}}; {{lang-sv|Björkö}}^[4]) is a coastal town in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia and is the second largest Russian port on the Baltic, after St. Petersburg. It is located on the Karelian Isthmus, {{convert|137|km|sp=us}} west of St. Petersburg, at the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, near Beryozovye Islands ({{lang-fi| Koivusaari (Koivistonsaari), Tiurinsaari ja Piisaari}}; {{lang-sv|Björkö}}) which are protected as a sea bird sanctuary. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=6,119|p2002=5,332|p1989=6,637}}

History

It was first mentioned in Russian chronicles as Beryozovskoye ({{lang|ru|Берёзовское}}, lit. birch settlement) in 1268, when the Hanseatic merchants from Gotland petitioned the Novgorod Republic to secure their passage to the Neva River.^[5] The original Finnish name Koivisto means "a group of birch trees", "a birch forest". Swedish name Björkö means "birch island". Swedes annexed the region during the Third Swedish Crusade. The Russians retook the islands at the close of the Great Northern War in 1721. This was confirmed by the Treaty of Nystad in 1721.

In 1710, during the Great Northern War, the troops of Tsar Peter the Great included the whole area of the modern Vyborgsky District to Russia. In the course of Peter's second administrative reform, the area became a part of Vyborg Province of St. Petersburg Governorate.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The 1721 Treaty of Nystad, which concluded the war with Sweden, finalized the transfer of this part of Old Finland to Russia.^[6]

In 1744, Vyborg Governorate, with the seat in Vyborg, was established.^[7] After several changes, Vyborg Governorate was renamed Finland Governorate in 1802.^[7] In 1811, it was renamed back and included in the Grand Duchy of Finland, which was previously ceded to Russia by Sweden.^[7] In Finland, it became known as the Viipuri Province.

On July 24, 1905 Wilhelm II of the German Empire and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia signed the Treaty of Björkö (Treaty of Koivisto) as a secret mutual defense accord.^[8][9]

In 1918, the Viipuri Province became a part of independent Finland.

Koivisto, together with the rest of the Karelian Isthmus, was ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union by the Moscow Peace Treaty as a result of the Winter War. It was recaptured by Finns in early September 1941 following the Soviet defeat at the Battle of Porlampi. The Finns held Primorsk during Continuation War but again ceded the town to the Soviet Union after the Moscow Armistice. This secession was formalized after signing Paris Peace Treaty in 1947. The population was resettled to Finland and population from Central Russia was moved to populate the Karelian Isthmus.

On May 16, 1940, Koivisto became the administrative center of the newly established Koyvistovsky District in Leningrad Oblast.^[10] At the same time, Koivisto was granted town status.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} On October 1, 1948, the town was renamed Primorsk and the district was renamed Primorsky.^[10] On April 3, 1954, Primorsky District was abolished and merged into Roshchinsky District, with the administrative center in Roshchino.^[10] On January 4, 1957, Primorsk was transferred to Vyborgsky District.^[11]

Primorsk evolved in the 20th century as an outport for the town of Vyborg.

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with twenty rural localities, incorporated within Vyborgsky District as Primorskoye Settlement Municipal Formation.^[12] As a municipal division, Primorskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Vyborgsky Municipal District as Primorskoye Urban Settlement.^[13]

Economy

The town is the site of the largest Baltic Sea oil terminal. It was developed as a terminus of the Baltic Pipeline System at a cost of two billion US dollars. The terminal started to operate in December 2001, supplanting Ventspils and other foreign rivals within one year.^[14] In 2006, Primorsk was ranked first in Russia in crude oil export, with the export volume of 5,863,000 metric tons.^[15]

Transportation

The town is on the railway line linking St. Petersburg to Vyborg. There is suburban train service to Finland Station in St. Petersburg.

The town is connected by roads with Vyborg and with Zelenogorsk and is also linked by bus to other localities nearby.

Notable people

• Eino Kirjonen, Olympic ski jumper
• Voitto Soini, professional ice hockey player

References

Notes

Sources

• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|len|adm|list}}
• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|len|mun|list|vyborgsky}}

• First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation
• First Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine
• First Deputy Prime Ministers of Russia
• First Deputy Prime Ministers of the Russian Federation
• First Deputy Speaker of the Riksdag
• First deputy speaker of the Riksdag
• First Descents
• First Desires
• First Desmond Rebellion
• First deviation
• First Devi Lal ministry (1977–1979)
• First Devi Lal ministry (1977–79)
• First Diet of Speyer
• First Diet of Spires
• First-difference estimator
• First-Difference Estimator
• First direct Arena
• First Directory
• First disease
• First District Aggies football
• First District Agricultural School
• First District A&M Gorillas football
• First District A&M Indians football
• First Division of the Court of Session
• First Division Women (Icelandic Basketball)