| 词条 | Prince of Wales Fort |
| 释义 |
|name = Prince of Wales Fort |native_name = |partof = |location = Churchill, Manitoba, Canada |image = |caption = Prince of Wales Fort |map_type = Canada |map_size = 300 |map_alt = |map_caption = |type = Fortress |coordinates = {{coord|58.797158|-94.213428|type:landmark|display=inline}} |code = |built = 1717 (log fort) and 1731-1771 |builder = |materials = |height = |used = 1717-1782 |demolished = |condition = Partially restored |ownership = |open_to_public = |controlledby = |garrison = |current_commander = |commanders = |occupants = |battles = Hudson Bay expedition (1782) |embedded = {{Designation list |embed=yes |designation1=NHSC |designation1_offname=Prince of Wales Fort National Historic Site of Canada |designation1_date=1920 }} |events = |image2 = |caption2 = }} The Prince of Wales Fort is a historic Bastion fort on Hudson Bay across the Churchill River from Churchill, Manitoba, Canada.[1] HistoryThe European history of this area starts with the discovery of Hudson Bay in 1610. The area was recognized as important in the fur trade and of potential importance for other discoveries.[2] The fort is built in a European "star" shape. Original (wood) fortThis fort began as a log fort built in 1717 by James Knight of the Hudson's Bay Company and was originally called the "Churchill River Post". In 1719, the post was renamed Prince of Wales Fort. It was located on the west bank of the Churchill river to protect and control the Hudson's Bay Company's interests in the fur trade.[2] Construction of the present stone fortThe original wooden fort was replaced by a massive stone fort, probably to abide by the Royal Charter which required that Rupert's Land should be fortified. [3] Construction of this fort, a structure still standing today, was started in 1731 near what was then called Eskimo Point. It was in the form of a square, with sides {{convert|90|m|abbr=on}} long and walls {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} tall and {{convert|9|m|abbr=on}} thick at the base.[3] It had forty-two cannons mounted on the walls.[3] There was also a battery across the river on Cape Merry meant to hold six more cannons. Work on the fort continued almost without break until 1771, but it was never truly completed. In battleIn the 1780s, the French government launched a "Hudson Bay Expedition" to damage HBC activities in that bay. Three French warships of the Expedition, led by Jean-François de La Pérouse, captured the Prince of Wales Fort in 1782. The fort was manned by only 39 (non-military) men at the time, and the fort's Governor, Samuel Hearne, recognised the numerical and military imbalance and surrendered without a single shot being fired. The French partially destroyed the fort, but its mostly-intact ruins survive to this day. The fort returned to the HBC in 1783. Thereafter, its importance waned with the decline in the fur trade although the post was refounded a little way up the river. StructuresThe remains of these buildings still stand in the Fort, although none of them are intact, with roofs long since deteroriated.
The courtyard is intact and all other exposed areas covered by grass. RestorationAfter the construction of the Hudson Bay Railway to Churchill was completed in 1929, railway labour and railway construction equipment was used to restore the fort. Restoration work was also performed in the late 1950s. Archaeological investigations at and around the fort began in 1958. Since 2005, Parks Canada archaeologists have been working in and around the fort in conjunction with a large-scale wall stabilization work and a fort interpretation program. LegacyIn 1920, the site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.[5] On 28 June 1985, Canada Post issued 'Fort Prince of Wales, Man.', one of the 20 stamps in the "Forts Across Canada Series".[6][7] The fort is also the subject of one of the National Film Board of Canada's Canada Vignettes.[8] See also
External links
References{{commonscat}}1. ^{{cite book |first=Charlotte |last=Gray |title=The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms of Wonder |publisher=Random House |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-6793-1220-8 |page=221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVTCNXhQot8C&pg=PP1}} {{NHSC}}{{Manitoba parks}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Prince Of Wales Fort}}2. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |first=Shirlee Anne |last=Smith |title=Prince of Wales Fort |work=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Canada |date=June 8, 2015 |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/prince-of-wales-fort/}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book |first=J.W. |last=Tyrrell |title=Across the Sub-Arctics of Canada: A Journey of 3200 Miles by Canoe and Snowshoe through the Barren Lands |date=1898 |location=Toronto |publisher=William Biggs |pp=215-216 |url=https://archive.org/stream/acrosssubarctics00tyrr#page/214/mode/2up}} 4. ^Note: The Canadian Encyclopedia states the Fort is {{convert|91|sqm|abbr=on}} but the writers must mean {{convert|91|x|91|m|abbr=on}}, which is {{convert|8218|sqm|abbr=on}}. 5. ^{{CRHP|7760|Prince of Wales Fort National Historic Site of Canada|2 October 2013}} 6. ^{{cite web |title=Fort Prince of Wales, Man. |work=Canadian Postage Stamps |date=2017 |url=https://www.canadianpostagestamps.ca/stamps/16249/fort-prince-of-wales-man}} 7. ^Canada Post stamp {{deadlink|date=December 2017}} 8. ^{{cite web |title=Fort Prince of Wales |work=Canada Vignettes |publisher=National Film Board of Canada |date=1978 |url=https://www.nfb.ca/film/canada_vignettes_fort_prince_of_wales/}} 7 : Forts or trading posts on the National Historic Sites of Canada register|Hudson's Bay Company forts|National Historic Sites in Manitoba|Forts in Manitoba|Churchill, Manitoba|Fur trade National Historic Sites of Canada|1717 establishments in the British Empire |
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