词条 | Proechimys | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| fossil_range = Recent | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Proechimys | authority = J. A. Allen, 1899 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =Proechimys brevicauda Proechimys canicollis Proechimys chrysaeolus Proechimys cuvieri Proechimys decumanus Proechimys echinothrix Proechimys gardneri Proechimys goeldii Proechimys guairae Proechimys guyannensis Proechimys hoplomyoides Proechimys kulinae Proechimys longicaudatus Proechimys magdalenae Proechimys mincae Proechimys oconnelli Proechimys pattoni Proechimys poliopus Proechimys quadruplicatus Proechimys roberti Proechimys semispinosus Proechimys simonsi Proechimys steerei Proechimys trinitatus Proechimys urichi }}Proechimys is a genus of South American spiny rats of the family Echimyidae.[1] All species of the genus are terrestrial. In the lowland Neotropical forests, Proechimys rodents are often the most abundant non-volant mammals.[2] They are recognizable by reason of their elongated heads and long rostra, large and erect ears, narrow and long hind feet, and tails always shorter than head-and-body lengths. The dorsal pelage comprises a mixture of expanded, varyingly stiffened spines (or aristiforms) — hence the vernacular name of spiny rats — and soft hairs (or setiforms).[2] Proechimys is the most speciose genus of the rodent family Echimyidae, with 25 species recognized, followed by Phyllomys with 13 species, and Trinomys with 11 species. PhylogenyGenus levelThe genus Proechimys is the sister group to the genus Hoplomys (the armored rat). In turn, these two taxa share evolutionary affinities with other Myocastorini genera: Callistomys (the painted tree-rat) and Myocastor (the coypu or nutria) on the one hand, and Thrichomys on the other hand. {{cladogram|title=Genus-level cladogram of the Myocastorini. |caption=The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA characters.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] |align=center |clades={{Cladogram of Myocastorini genera}} }} Species levelReconstructing the systematics and phylogeny of Proechimys species have been greatly hampered by extreme levels of within- and among-population character variability.[2] This difficulty has been emphasized by Pine et al.: {{Quote | text = Among the rodents, Proechimys remains what may be the most problematical genus taxonomically in all mammaldom.[10]}}To infer the phylogeny of Proechimys at the species level, morphological characters[11] and mitochondrial DNA sequences[12] have been used, and allowed to group species into major clades but whose interrelationships remain unresolved.[2] Six species groups were identified (group semispinosus, group longicaudatus, group guyannensis, group trinitatus, group goeldii, and group gardneri), and 4 species (Proechimys simonsi, P. echinothrix, P. canicollis, and P. decumanus) remained unaffiliated to any of these groups.[13] {{cladogram|title=Species-level cladogram of the genus Proechimys. |caption=The cladogram has been reconstructed from morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b) sequences.[11][12][2][13] |align=center |clades={{Cladogram of Proechimys species}} }} The different groups of species can be diagnosed as follows.[13]
DistributionProechimys species presently occur mainly in South America, in all countries except Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile.[14] One member of the genus (P. semispinosus) also ranges into Central America.
References1. ^{{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400477 | pages = 1584–1588| heading = Genus Proechimys}} {{Echimyidae nav}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q279215}}2. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal | last=Patton | first=James L. | author-link=James L. Patton | last2=Da Silva | first2=Maria Nazareth F. | author-link2=Maria Nazareth F. da Silva | last3=Malcolm | first3=Jay R. | date=2000-01-01 | title=Mammals of the Rio Juruá and the evolutionary and ecological diversification of Amazonia | journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume=244 | pages=1 | doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2000)244<0001:MOTRJA>2.0.CO;2 | issn=0003-0090}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Galewski|first=Thomas|last2=Mauffrey|first2=Jean-François|last3=Leite|first3=Yuri L. R.|last4=Patton|first4=James L.|last5=Douzery|first5=Emmanuel J. P.|year=2005|title=Ecomorphological diversification among South American spiny rats (Rodentia; Echimyidae): a phylogenetic and chronological approach|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=34|issue=3|pages=601–615|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.015|pmid=15683932}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Upham|first=Nathan S.|last2=Patterson|first2=Bruce D.|year=2012|title=Diversification and biogeography of the Neotropical caviomorph lineage Octodontoidea (Rodentia: Hystricognathi)|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790312000371|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=63|issue=2|pages=417–429|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.020|pmid=22327013}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Fabre|first=Pierre-Henri|last2=Galewski|first2=Thomas|last3=Tilak|first3=Marie-ka|last4=Douzery|first4=Emmanuel J. P.|date=2013-03-01|title=Diversification of South American spiny rats (Echimyidae): a multigene phylogenetic approach|journal=Zoologica Scripta|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=117–134|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00572.x|issn=1463-6409}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Loss|first=Ana|last2=Moura|first2=Raquel T.|last3=Leite|first3=Yuri L. R.|date=2014|title=Unexpected phylogenetic relationships of the painted tree rat Callistomys pictus (Rodentia: Echimyidae)|url=http://www.naturezaonline.com.br/natureza/conteudo/pdf/05_LossACetal_132-136.pdf|journal=Natureza on Line|volume=12|pages=132–136|via=}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Fabre|first=Pierre-Henri|last2=Vilstrup|first2=Julia T.|last3=Raghavan|first3=Maanasa|last4=Der Sarkissian|first4=Clio|last5=Willerslev|first5=Eske|last6=Douzery|first6=Emmanuel J. P.|last7=Orlando|first7=Ludovic|date=2014-07-01|title=Rodents of the Caribbean: origin and diversification of hutias unravelled by next-generation museomics|url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/7/20140266|journal=Biology Letters|language=en|volume=10|issue=7|pages=20140266|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2014.0266|pmid=25115033|issn=1744-9561|pmc=4126619}} 8. ^{{Cite book|title=Biology of caviomorph rodents: diversity and evolution|last1=Upham|first1=Nathan S.|last2=Patterson|first2=Bruce D.|publisher=SAREM Series A, Mammalogical Research — Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos|year=2015|isbn=|editor-last1=Vassallo|editor-first1=Aldo Ivan|location=Buenos Aires|pages=63–120|chapter=Evolution of Caviomorph rodents: a complete phylogeny and timetree for living genera|editor-last2=Antenucci|editor-first2=Daniel}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Fabre|first=Pierre-Henri|last2=Upham|first2=Nathan S.|last3=Emmons|first3=Louise H.|last4=Justy|first4=Fabienne|last5=Leite|first5=Yuri L. R.|last6=Loss|first6=Ana Carolina|last7=Orlando|first7=Ludovic|last8=Tilak|first8=Marie-Ka|last9=Patterson|first9=Bruce D.|last10=Douzery|first10=Emmanuel J. P.|date=2017-03-01|title=Mitogenomic Phylogeny, Diversification, and Biogeography of South American Spiny Rats|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/3/613/2739699/Mitogenomic-Phylogeny-Diversification-and|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=34|issue=3|pages=613–633|doi=10.1093/molbev/msw261|pmid=28025278|issn=0737-4038}} 10. ^{{Cite book|title=Aquatic biota of tropical South America: being a compilation of taxonomic bibliographies for the fauna and flora of inland waters of the tropical portion of South America|editor-last=Hurlbert|editor-first=Stuart H.|editor-last2=Rodríguez|editor-first2=Gilberto|editor-last3=dos Santos|editor-first3=Newton Dias|last=Pine|first=R. H.|last2=Pine|first2=N. E.|last3=Bruner|first3=S. D.|pages=267–298|chapter=Mammalia|date=1981|publisher=San Diego State University|location=San Diego|language=en|chapter-url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=RYHxAAAAMAAJ}} 11. ^1 {{Cite journal | last=Patton | first=James L. | author-link=James L. Patton | date=1987 | title=Species groups of spiny rats, genus Proechimys (Rodentia: Echimyidae) | pages=305–345 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/9267 | journal=Fieldiana: Zoology, Studies in Neotropical Mammalogy: Essays in Honor of Philip Hershkovitz | language=English | volume=39 | issn=0015-0754}} 12. ^1 {{Cite journal | last=Da Silva | first=Maria Nazareth F. | author-link=Maria Nazareth F. da Silva | date=1998 | title=Four New species of spiny rats of the genus Proechimys (Rodentia : Echimyidae) from the Western Amazon of Brazil | url=http://biostor.org/reference/81093 | journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington | language=en | volume=111 | pages=436–471 | issn=0006-324X}} 13. ^1 2 {{Cite book | last=Patton | first=James L. | author-link=James L. Patton | last2=Leite | first2=Rafael N. | chapter=Genus Proechimys J. A. Allen, 1899 | pages=950–989 | title=Mammals of South America, Volume 2: Rodents | editor-last=Patton | editor-first=James L. | editor-last2=Pardiñas | editor-first2=Ulyses F. J. | editor-last3=D’Elía | editor-first3=Guillermo | date=2015-03-09 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | isbn=9780226169606 | language=en | chapter-url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=mbjnBgAAQBAJ}} 14. ^1 {{Cite book|last=Lord|first=Rexford D.|date=2007-01-30|title=Mammals of South America|pages=173|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore (MD)|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=iTt13fynOBIC&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173|isbn=9780801884948|language=en}} 3 : Echimyidae|Rodent genera|Taxa named by Joel Asaph Allen |
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