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词条 Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
释义

  1. Function

  2. Expression in the nucleus during DNA synthesis

  3. Role in DNA repair

  4. PCNA-binding proteins

  5. Interactions

  6. Uses

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. Further reading

  10. External links

{{Infobox gene}}Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a DNA clamp that acts as a processivity factor for DNA polymerase δ in eukaryotic cells and is essential for replication. PCNA is a homotrimer and achieves its processivity by encircling the DNA, where it acts as a scaffold to recruit proteins involved in DNA replication, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling and epigenetics.[1]

Many proteins interact with PCNA via the two known PCNA-interacting motifs PCNA-interacting peptide (PIP) box[2] and AlkB homologue 2 PCNA interacting motif (APIM).[3] Proteins binding to PCNA via the PIP-box are mainly involved in DNA replication whereas proteins binding to PCNA via APIM are mainly important in the context of genotoxic stress.[4]

Function

The protein encoded by this gene is found in the nucleus and is a cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. The encoded protein acts as a homotrimer and helps increase the processivity of leading strand synthesis during DNA replication. In response to DNA damage, this protein is ubiquitinated and is involved in the RAD6-dependent DNA repair pathway. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes of this gene have been described on chromosome 4 and on the X chromosome.[5]

Expression in the nucleus during DNA synthesis

PCNA was originally identified as an antigen that is expressed in the nuclei of cells during the DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle.[6] Part of the protein was sequenced and that sequence was used to allow isolation of a cDNA clone.[7] PCNA helps hold DNA polymerase epsilon (Pol ε) to DNA. PCNA is clamped[8] to DNA through the action of replication factor C (RFC),[9] which is a heteropentameric member of the AAA+ class of ATPases. Expression of PCNA is under the control of E2F transcription factor-containing complexes.[10]

[11]

Role in DNA repair

Since DNA polymerase epsilon is involved in resynthesis of excised damaged DNA strands during DNA repair, PCNA is important for both DNA synthesis and DNA repair.[12][13]

PCNA is also involved in the DNA damage tolerance pathway known as post-replication repair (PRR).[14] In PRR, there are two sub-pathways:

(1) a translesion pathway, which is carried out by specialised DNA polymerases that are able to incorporate damaged DNA bases into their active sites (unlike the normal replicative polymerase, which stall), and hence bypass the damage, and

(2) a proposed "template switch" pathway that is thought to involve damage bypass by recruitment of the homologous recombination machinery.

PCNA is pivotal to the activation of these pathways and the choice as to which pathway is utilised by the cell. PCNA becomes post-translationally modified by ubiquitin.[15] Mono-ubiquitin of lysine number 164 on PCNA activates the translesion synthesis pathway. Extension of this mono-ubiquitin by a non-canonical lysine-63-linked poly-ubiquitin chain on PCNA[15] is thought to activate the template switch pathway. Furthermore, sumoylation (by small ubiquitin-like modifier, SUMO) of PCNA lysine-164 (and to a lesser extent, lysine-127) inhibits the template switch pathway.[15] This antagonistic effect occurs because sumoylated PCNA recruits a DNA helicase called Srs2,[16] which has a role in disrupting Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments fundamental for initiation of homologous recombination.

PCNA-binding proteins

PCNA interacts with many proteins.[17]

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Apoptotic factors
  • ATPases
  • Base excision repair enzymes
  • Cell-cycle regulators
  • Chromatin remodeling factor
  • Clamp loader
  • Cohesin
  • DNA ligase
  • DNA methyltransferase
  • DNA polymerases
  • E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme
  • E3 ubiquitin ligases
  • Flap endonuclease
  • Helicases
  • Histone acetyltransferase
  • Histone chaperone
  • Histone deacetyltransferase
  • Mismatch repair enzymes
  • NKp44 receptor
  • Nucleotide excision repair enzyme
  • Poly ADP ribose polymerase
  • Procaspases[18]
  • Protein kinases
  • Replication licensing factor
  • TCP protein domain
  • Topoisomerase
{{Div col end}}

Interactions

PCNA has been shown to interact with:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Annexin A2,[21]
  • CAF-1,[19][20][21]
  • CDC25C,[22]
  • CHTF18,[21]
  • Cyclin D1,[23][24]
  • Cyclin O,[21][25]
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 4,[24][26]
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C,[27]
  • DNMT1,[28][29][30]
  • EP300,[31]
  • Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38]
  • GADD45A,[39][40][41][42][43]
  • GADD45G,[44][45]
  • HDAC1,[46]
  • HUS1,[47]
  • ING1,[48]
  • KCTD13,[49]
  • KIAA0101,[38]
  • Ku70,[50][51]
  • Ku80,[50][51][52]
  • MCL1,[53]
  • MSH3,[50][54][55]
  • MSH6,[50][54][55]
  • MUTYH,[56]
  • P21,[27][34][38][73][57][58][59][60]
  • POLD2,[61]
  • POLD3,[50][62]
  • POLDIP2,[63]
  • POLH,[64]
  • POLL,[65][66][67]
  • RFC1,[50][68][69][70][71]
  • RFC2,[50][72][73]
  • RFC3,[50][74]
  • RFC4,[50][72]
  • RFC5,[50][70][72]
  • Ubiquitin C[75][76][77]
  • Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase,[78][79]
  • XRCC1,[80] and
  • Y box binding protein 1.[81]
{{Div col end}}

Proteins interacting with PCNA via APIM include human AlkB homologue 2, TFIIS-L, TFII-I, Rad51B,[3] XPA,[82] ZRANB3,[83] and FBH1.[84]

Uses

Antibodies against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or monoclonal antibody termed Ki-67 can be used for grading of different neoplasms, e.g. astrocytoma. They can be of diagnostic and prognostic value. Imaging of the nuclear distribution of PCNA (via antibody labeling) can be used to distinguish between early, mid and late S phase of the cell cycle.[85] However, an important limitation of antibodies is that cells need to be fixed leading to potential artifacts.

On the other hand, the study of the dynamics of replication and repair in living cells can be done introducing translational fusions of PCNA. To eliminate the need for transfection and bypass the problem of difficult to transfect and/or short lived cells, cell permeable replication and/or repair markers can be used. These peptides offer the distinct advantage that can be used in situ in living tissue and even distinguish cells undergoing replication from cells undergoing repair.[86]

PCNA is a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy.[87]

See also

  • Ki-67 – cellular marker for proliferation
  • Transcription

References

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2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Warbrick E | title = PCNA binding through a conserved motif. | journal = BioEssays | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 195–9 | date = Mar 1998 | pmid = 9631646 | doi = 10.1002/(sici)1521-1878(199803)20:3<195::aid-bies2>3.0.co;2-r }}
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4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Mailand N, Gibbs-Seymour I, Bekker-Jensen S | title = Regulation of PCNA-protein interactions for genome stability. | journal = Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = 269–82 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23594953 | doi = 10.1038/nrm3562 }}
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19. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang K, Gao Y, Li J, Burgess R, Han J, Liang H, Zhang Z, Liu Y | title = A DNA binding winged helix domain in CAF-1 functions with PCNA to stabilize CAF-1 at replication forks | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 44 | issue = 11 | pages = 5083–94 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 26908650 | pmc = 4914081 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkw106 }}
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43. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Yang Q, Manicone A, Coursen JD, Linke SP, Nagashima M, Forgues M, Wang XW | title = Identification of a functional domain in a GADD45-mediated G2/M checkpoint | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 275 | issue = 47 | pages = 36892–8 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 10973963 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M005319200 }}
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46. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Milutinovic S, Zhuang Q, Szyf M | title = Proliferating cell nuclear antigen associates with histone deacetylase activity, integrating DNA replication and chromatin modification | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 23 | pages = 20974–8 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 11929879 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M202504200 }}
47. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Komatsu K, Wharton W, Hang H, Wu C, Singh S, Lieberman HB, Pledger WJ, Wang HG | title = PCNA interacts with hHus1/hRad9 in response to DNA damage and replication inhibition | journal = Oncogene | volume = 19 | issue = 46 | pages = 5291–7 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11077446 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1203901 }}
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49. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = He H, Tan CK, Downey KM, So AG | title = A tumor necrosis factor alpha- and interleukin 6-inducible protein that interacts with the small subunit of DNA polymerase delta and proliferating cell nuclear antigen | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 98 | issue = 21 | pages = 11979–84 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11593007 | pmc = 59753 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.221452098 }}
50. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite journal | vauthors = Ohta S, Shiomi Y, Sugimoto K, Obuse C, Tsurimoto T | title = A proteomics approach to identify proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-binding proteins in human cell lysates. Identification of the human CHL12/RFCs2-5 complex as a novel PCNA-binding protein | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 43 | pages = 40362–7 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12171929 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M206194200 }}
51. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Balajee AS, Geard CR | title = Chromatin-bound PCNA complex formation triggered by DNA damage occurs independent of the ATM gene product in human cells | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 29 | issue = 6 | pages = 1341–51 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11239001 | pmc = 29758 | doi = 10.1093/nar/29.6.1341}}
52. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Matheos D, Ruiz MT, Price GB, Zannis-Hadjopoulos M | title = Ku antigen, an origin-specific binding protein that associates with replication proteins, is required for mammalian DNA replication | journal = Biochim. Biophys. Acta | volume = 1578 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 59–72 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 12393188 | doi = 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00497-9}}
53. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Fujise K, Zhang D, Liu J, Yeh ET | title = Regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle progression by MCL1. Differential role of proliferating cell nuclear antigen | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 275 | issue = 50 | pages = 39458–65 | date = December 2000 | pmid = 10978339 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M006626200 }}
54. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Kleczkowska HE, Marra G, Lettieri T, Jiricny J | title = hMSH3 and hMSH6 interact with PCNA and colocalize with it to replication foci | journal = Genes Dev. | volume = 15 | issue = 6 | pages = 724–36 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11274057 | pmc = 312660 | doi = 10.1101/gad.191201 }}
55. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Clark AB, Valle F, Drotschmann K, Gary RK, Kunkel TA | title = Functional interaction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen with MSH2-MSH6 and MSH2-MSH3 complexes | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 275 | issue = 47 | pages = 36498–501 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11005803 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.C000513200 }}
56. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Parker A, Gu Y, Mahoney W, Lee SH, Singh KK, Lu AL | title = Human homolog of the MutY repair protein (hMYH) physically interacts with proteins involved in long patch DNA base excision repair | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 276 | issue = 8 | pages = 5547–55 | date = February 2001 | pmid = 11092888 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M008463200 }}
57. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M | title = Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network | journal = Nature | volume = 437 | issue = 7062 | pages = 1173–8 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16189514 | doi = 10.1038/nature04209 }}
58. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Frouin I, Maga G, Denegri M, Riva F, Savio M, Spadari S, Prosperi E, Scovassi AI | title = Human proliferating cell nuclear antigen, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, and p21waf1/cip1. A dynamic exchange of partners | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 278 | issue = 41 | pages = 39265–8 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 12930846 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.C300098200 }}
59. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Gulbis JM, Kelman Z, Hurwitz J, O'Donnell M, Kuriyan J | title = Structure of the C-terminal region of p21(WAF1/CIP1) complexed with human PCNA | journal = Cell | volume = 87 | issue = 2 | pages = 297–306 | date = October 1996 | pmid = 8861913 | doi = 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81347-1}}
60. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Touitou R, Richardson J, Bose S, Nakanishi M, Rivett J, Allday MJ | title = A degradation signal located in the C-terminus of p21WAF1/CIP1 is a binding site for the C8 alpha-subunit of the 20S proteasome | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 20 | issue = 10 | pages = 2367–75 | date = May 2001 | pmid = 11350925 | pmc = 125454 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/20.10.2367 }}
61. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu X, Tan CK, Zhou JQ, You M, Carastro LM, Downey KM, So AG | title = Direct interaction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen with the small subunit of DNA polymerase delta | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 27 | pages = 24340–5 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 11986310 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M200065200 }}
62. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ducoux M, Urbach S, Baldacci G, Hübscher U, Koundrioukoff S, Christensen J, Hughes P | title = Mediation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-dependent DNA replication through a conserved p21(Cip1)-like PCNA-binding motif present in the third subunit of human DNA polymerase delta | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 276 | issue = 52 | pages = 49258–66 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11595739 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M106990200 }}
63. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu L, Rodriguez-Belmonte EM, Mazloum N, Xie B, Lee MY | title = Identification of a novel protein, PDIP38, that interacts with the p50 subunit of DNA polymerase delta and proliferating cell nuclear antigen | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 278 | issue = 12 | pages = 10041–7 | date = March 2003 | pmid = 12522211 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M208694200 }}
64. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Haracska L, Johnson RE, Unk I, Phillips B, Hurwitz J, Prakash L, Prakash S | title = Physical and functional interactions of human DNA polymerase eta with PCNA | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 21 | issue = 21 | pages = 7199–206 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11585903 | pmc = 99895 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.21.21.7199-7206.2001 }}
65. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Haracska L, Unk I, Johnson RE, Phillips BB, Hurwitz J, Prakash L, Prakash S | title = Stimulation of DNA synthesis activity of human DNA polymerase kappa by PCNA | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 784–91 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 11784855 | pmc = 133560 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.22.3.784-791.2002}}
66. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Maga G, Villani G, Ramadan K, Shevelev I, Tanguy Le Gac N, Blanco L, Blanca G, Spadari S, Hübscher U | title = Human DNA polymerase lambda functionally and physically interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen in normal and translesion DNA synthesis | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 277 | issue = 50 | pages = 48434–40 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12368291 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M206889200 }}
67. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Shimazaki N, Yoshida K, Kobayashi T, Toji S, Tamai K, Koiwai O | title = Over-expression of human DNA polymerase lambda in E. coli and characterization of the recombinant enzyme | journal = Genes Cells | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = 639–51 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12081642 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2002.00547.x}}
68. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Fotedar R, Mossi R, Fitzgerald P, Rousselle T, Maga G, Brickner H, Messier H, Kasibhatla S, Hübscher U, Fotedar A | title = A conserved domain of the large subunit of replication factor C binds PCNA and acts like a dominant negative inhibitor of DNA replication in mammalian cells | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 15 | issue = 16 | pages = 4423–33 | date = August 1996 | pmid = 8861969 | pmc = 452166 | doi = }}
69. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Maruyama T, Farina A, Dey A, Cheong J, Bermudez VP, Tamura T, Sciortino S, Shuman J, Hurwitz J, Ozato K | title = A Mammalian bromodomain protein, brd4, interacts with replication factor C and inhibits progression to S phase | journal = Mol. Cell. Biol. | volume = 22 | issue = 18 | pages = 6509–20 | date = September 2002 | pmid = 12192049 | pmc = 135621 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.22.18.6509-6520.2002}}
70. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Mossi R, Jónsson ZO, Allen BL, Hardin SH, Hübscher U | title = Replication factor C interacts with the C-terminal side of proliferating cell nuclear antigen | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 272 | issue = 3 | pages = 1769–76 | date = January 1997 | pmid = 8999859 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.3.1769}}
71. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = van der Kuip H, Carius B, Haque SJ, Williams BR, Huber C, Fischer T | title = The DNA-binding subunit p140 of replication factor C is upregulated in cycling cells and associates with G1 phase cell cycle regulatory proteins | journal = J. Mol. Med. | volume = 77 | issue = 4 | pages = 386–92 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10353443 | doi = 10.1007/s001090050365}}
72. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Cai J, Gibbs E, Uhlmann F, Phillips B, Yao N, O'Donnell M, Hurwitz J | title = A complex consisting of human replication factor C p40, p37, and p36 subunits is a DNA-dependent ATPase and an intermediate in the assembly of the holoenzyme | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 272 | issue = 30 | pages = 18974–81 | date = July 1997 | pmid = 9228079 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.272.30.18974}}
73. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Pan ZQ, Chen M, Hurwitz J | title = The subunits of activator 1 (replication factor C) carry out multiple functions essential for proliferating-cell nuclear antigen-dependent DNA synthesis | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 90 | issue = 1 | pages = 6–10 | date = January 1993 | pmid = 8093561 | pmc = 45588 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.90.1.6}}
74. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Merkle CJ, Karnitz LM, Henry-Sánchez JT, Chen J | title = Cloning and characterization of hCTF18, hCTF8, and hDCC1. Human homologs of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae complex involved in sister chromatid cohesion establishment | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 278 | issue = 32 | pages = 30051–6 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12766176 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M211591200 }}
75. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Motegi A, Liaw HJ, Lee KY, Roest HP, Maas A, Wu X, Moinova H, Markowitz SD, Ding H, Hoeijmakers JH, Myung K | title = Polyubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen by HLTF and SHPRH prevents genomic instability from stalled replication forks | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 105 | issue = 34 | pages = 12411–6 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18719106 | pmc = 2518831 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0805685105 }}
76. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Unk I, Hajdú I, Fátyol K, Hurwitz J, Yoon JH, Prakash L, Prakash S, Haracska L | title = Human HLTF functions as a ubiquitin ligase for proliferating cell nuclear antigen polyubiquitination | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 105 | issue = 10 | pages = 3768–73 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18316726 | pmc = 2268824 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0800563105 }}
77. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Brun J, Chiu R, Lockhart K, Xiao W, Wouters BG, Gray DA | title = hMMS2 serves a redundant role in human PCNA polyubiquitination | journal = BMC Mol. Biol. | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 24 | pmid = 18284681 | pmc = 2263069 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2199-9-24 | year=2008}}
78. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodríguez-López AM, Jackson DA, Nehlin JO, Iborra F, Warren AV, Cox LS | title = Characterisation of the interaction between WRN, the helicase/exonuclease defective in progeroid Werner's syndrome, and an essential replication factor, PCNA | journal = Mech. Ageing Dev. | volume = 124 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–74 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12633936 | doi = 10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00131-8}}
79. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang S, Beresten S, Li B, Oshima J, Ellis NA, Campisi J | title = Characterization of the human and mouse WRN 3'-->5' exonuclease | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 28 | issue = 12 | pages = 2396–405 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10871373 | pmc = 102739 | doi = 10.1093/nar/28.12.2396}}
80. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Fan J, Otterlei M, Wong HK, Tomkinson AE, Wilson DM | title = XRCC1 co-localizes and physically interacts with PCNA | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 32 | issue = 7 | pages = 2193–201 | pmid = 15107487 | pmc = 407833 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkh556 | year = 2004 }}
81. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ise T, Nagatani G, Imamura T, Kato K, Takano H, Nomoto M, Izumi H, Ohmori H, Okamoto T, Ohga T, Uchiumi T, Kuwano M, Kohno K | title = Transcription factor Y-box binding protein 1 binds preferentially to cisplatin-modified DNA and interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen | journal = Cancer Res. | volume = 59 | issue = 2 | pages = 342–6 | date = January 1999 | pmid = 9927044 | doi = }}
82. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Gilljam KM, Müller R, Liabakk NB, Otterlei M | title = Nucleotide excision repair is associated with the replisome and its efficiency depends on a direct interaction between XPA and PCNA. | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 11 | pages = e49199 | date = 2012 | pmid = 23152873 | pmc = 3496702 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0049199 }}
83. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ciccia A, Nimonkar AV, Hu Y, Hajdu I, Achar YJ, Izhar L, Petit SA, Adamson B, Yoon JC, Kowalczykowski SC, Livingston DM, Haracska L, Elledge SJ | title = Polyubiquitinated PCNA recruits the ZRANB3 translocase to maintain genomic integrity after replication stress. | journal = Molecular Cell | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 396–409 | date = Aug 10, 2012 | pmid = 22704558 | pmc = 3613862 | doi = 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.05.024 }}
84. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Bacquin A, Pouvelle C, Siaud N, Perderiset M, Salomé-Desnoulez S, Tellier-Lebegue C, Lopez B, Charbonnier JB, Kannouche PL | title = The helicase FBH1 is tightly regulated by PCNA via CRL4(Cdt2)-mediated proteolysis in human cells. | journal = Nucleic Acids Research | volume = 41 | issue = 13 | pages = 6501–13 | date = Jul 2013 | pmid = 23677613 | pmc = 3711418 | doi = 10.1093/nar/gkt397 }}
85. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Schönenberger F, Deutzmann A, Ferrando-May E, Merhof D |title=Discrimination of cell cycle phases in PCNA-immunolabeled cells |journal=BMC Bioinform. |volume=16 |issue=180 |pages=180 |date=29 May 2015 |pmid=26022740 |pmc=4448323 |doi=10.1186/s12859-015-0618-9 }}
86. ^{{cite journal |vauthors = Herce HD, Rajan M, Lättig-Tünnemann G, Fillies M, Cardoso MC | title = A novel cell permeable DNA replication and repair marker. | journal = Nucleus (Austin, Tex.) | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | date = 3 September 2014 | pmid = 25484186 | doi = 10.4161/nucl.36290 | pages=590–600 | pmc=4615156}}
87. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang SC | title = PCNA: a silent housekeeper or a potential therapeutic target? | journal = Trends in Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 178–186 | date = Apr 2014 | pmid = 24655521 | doi = 10.1016/j.tips.2014.02.004 }}

Further reading

{{Refbegin|2}}
  • {{Cite book | vauthors = Prosperi E | title = Multiple roles of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen: DNA replication, repair and cell cycle control | journal = Progress in Cell Cycle Research | volume = 3 | issue = | pages = 193–210 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9552415 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4615-5371-7_15 | isbn = 978-1-4613-7451-0 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Miura M | title = Detection of chromatin-bound PCNA in mammalian cells and its use to study DNA excision repair | journal = J. Radiat. Res. | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–12 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10408173 | doi = 10.1269/jrr.40.1 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Chen M, Pan ZQ, Hurwitz J | title = Sequence and expression in Escherichia coli of the 40-kDa subunit of activator 1 (replication factor C) of HeLa cells | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 89 | issue = 7 | pages = 2516–2520 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1313560 | pmc = 48692 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.89.7.2516 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Kemeny MM, Alava G, Oliver JM | title = Improving responses in hepatomas with circadian-patterned hepatic artery infusions of recombinant interleukin-2 | journal = J. Immunother. | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 219–223 | year = 1993 | pmid = 1477073 | doi = 10.1097/00002371-199211000-00001 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Morris GF, Mathews MB | title = Analysis of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter and its response to adenovirus early region 1 | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 265 | issue = 27 | pages = 16116–25 | year = 1990 | pmid = 1975809 | doi = }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Webb G, Parsons P, Chenevix-Trench G | title = Localization of the gene for human proliferating nuclear antigen/cyclin by in situ hybridization | journal = Hum. Genet. | volume = 86 | issue = 1 | pages = 84–6 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1979311 | doi = 10.1007/bf00205180 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Travali S, Ku DH, Rizzo MG, Ottavio L, Baserga R, Calabretta B | title = Structure of the human gene for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 264 | issue = 13 | pages = 7466–72 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2565339 | doi = }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Ku DH, Travali S, Calabretta B, Huebner K, Baserga R | title = Human gene for proliferating cell nuclear antigen has pseudogenes and localizes to chromosome 20 | journal = Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 297–307 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2569765 | doi = 10.1007/BF01534969 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Prelich G, Kostura M, Marshak DR, Mathews MB, Stillman B | title = The cell-cycle regulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required for SV40 DNA replication in vitro | journal = Nature | volume = 326 | issue = 6112 | pages = 471–5 | year = 1987 | pmid = 2882422 | doi = 10.1038/326471a0 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Almendral JM, Huebsch D, Blundell PA, Macdonald-Bravo H, Bravo R | title = Cloning and sequence of the human nuclear protein cyclin: homology with DNA-binding proteins | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 84 | issue = 6 | pages = 1575–9 | year = 1987 | pmid = 2882507 | pmc = 304478 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.84.6.1575 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Chen IT, Smith ML, O'Connor PM, Fornace AJ | title = Direct interaction of Gadd45 with PCNA and evidence for competitive interaction of Gadd45 and p21Waf1/Cip1 with PCNA | journal = Oncogene | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 1931–7 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7478510 | doi = }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Li X, Li J, Harrington J, Lieber MR, Burgers PM | title = Lagging strand DNA synthesis at the eukaryotic replication fork involves binding and stimulation of FEN-1 by proliferating cell nuclear antigen | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 38 | pages = 22109–12 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7673186 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.38.22109 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Fukuda K, Morioka H, Imajou S, Ikeda S, Ohtsuka E, Tsurimoto T | title = Structure-function relationship of the eukaryotic DNA replication factor, proliferating cell nuclear antigen | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 38 | pages = 22527–34 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7673244 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.38.22527 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Warbrick E, Lane DP, Glover DM, Cox LS | title = A small peptide inhibitor of DNA replication defines the site of interaction between the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen | journal = Curr. Biol. | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 275–282 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7780738 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(95)00058-3 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Hall PA, Kearsey JM, Coates PJ, Norman DG, Warbrick E, Cox LS | title = Characterisation of the interaction between PCNA and Gadd45 | journal = Oncogene | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 2427–33 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7784094 | doi = }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Kato S, Sekine S, Oh SW, Kim NS, Umezawa Y, Abe N, Yokoyama-Kobayashi M, Aoki T | title = Construction of a human full-length cDNA bank | journal = Gene | volume = 150 | issue = 2 | pages = 243–50 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7821789 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90433-2 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Matsuoka S, Yamaguchi M, Matsukage A | title = D-type cyclin-binding regions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 269 | issue = 15 | pages = 11030–6 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7908906 | doi = }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Szepesi A, Gelfand EW, Lucas JJ | title = Association of proliferating cell nuclear antigen with cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins in normal and transformed human T lymphocytes | journal = Blood | volume = 84 | issue = 10 | pages = 3413–21 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7949095 | doi = }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Smith ML, Chen IT, Zhan Q, Bae I, Chen CY, Gilmer TM, Kastan MB, O'Connor PM, Fornace AJ | title = Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen | journal = Science | volume = 266 | issue = 5189 | pages = 1376–80 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7973727 | doi = 10.1126/science.7973727 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231241 | type = Submitted manuscript }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Pan ZQ, Chen M, Hurwitz J | title = The subunits of activator 1 (replication factor C) carry out multiple functions essential for proliferating-cell nuclear antigen-dependent DNA synthesis | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 90 | issue = 1 | pages = 6–10 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8093561 | pmc = 45588 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.90.1.6 }}
{{Refend}}

External links

  • {{MeshName|PCNA}}
  • {{Cite web| url = http://www.antibodypatterns.com/mitotic.php | title = ANA: Cell cycle related (Mitotic): PCNA type 1 and type 2 Antibody Patterns | accessdate = 2008-04-15 | authorlink = | website = | publisher = Antibody Patterns.com | pages = | quote = }}
  • {{Cite web| url = http://www-als.lbl.gov/als/science/sci_archive/80slidingclamp.html | title = Structure of a clamp–loader complex | accessdate = 2008-04-15 | author = Dan Krotz | publisher = Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory | work = Advanced Light Source News | pages = | quote = }}
  • {{Cite web| url =http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1236569&blobname=pnas_0506447102_06447Movie2.mov| title =Movie showing a model of clamp loading of PCNA onto DNA| authorlink =| format =| website =| publisher =Pubmed Central| language =}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
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