| 词条 | Prosopis glandulosa |
| 释义 |
|image = Prosopis-glandulosa-foliage.JPG |image_caption = Foliage with seedpods | status = G4 | status_system = TNC |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Rosids |ordo = Fabales |familia = Fabaceae |genus = Prosopis |species = P. glandulosa |binomial = Prosopis glandulosa |binomial_authority = Torr. |synonyms = Prosopis juliflora var. glandulosa (Torr.) |range_map = Prosopis juliflora range map.jpg |range_map_caption = Natural range |subdivision_ranks = Varieties |subdivision = Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana[1] }} Prosopis glandulosa, commonly known as honey mesquite,[2] is a species of small to medium-sized, thorny shrub[3] or tree in the legume family (Fabaceae). DistributionThe plant is primarily native to the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. Its range extends into southern Kansas and eastern Texas.[1] It can be part of the Mesquite Bosque plant association community in the Sonoran Desert ecoregion of California and Arizona (U.S.), and Sonora state (México). DescriptionProsopis glandulosa has rounded big and floppy, drooping branches with feathery foliage and straight, paired spines on twigs. This tree normally reaches {{convert|20|-|30|ft|m|abbr=on}}, but can grow as tall as {{convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on}}. It is considered to have a medium growth rate. It flowers from March to November, with pale, yellow, elongated spikes and bears straight, yellow seedpods. The seeds are eaten by a variety of animals, such as scaled quail. Other animals, including deer, collared peccaries, coyotes, and jackrabbits, feed on both pods and vegetation.[3] Varieties
Invasive speciesProsopis glandulosa has been intentionally introduced into at least a half-dozen countries. The IUCN considers it as one of the world's 100 worst invasive species outside its native habitat range.[6]The seeds are disseminated by livestock that graze on the sweet pods, and the shrubs can invade grasslands, with cattlemen regarding mesquites as range weeds to be eradicated.[7] Due to latent buds underground, only coppicing them makes permanent removal difficult. A single-trunked tree that is cut down will soon be replaced by a multi-trunked version.[8] UsesProsopis glandulosa shrubs and trees provide shelter and nest building material for wildlife, and produce seed pods in abundance containing beans that are a seasonal food for diverse birds and small mammal species.[3] As the common name indicates, honey mesquite is a honey plant that supports native pollinator species of bees and other insects, and cultivated honey bees.[7] It is a larval host for the long-tailed skipper and Reakirt's blue butterflies. Mesquite flour contains abundant protein and carbohydrates, and can be used in recipes as a substitute for wheat flour. In Namibia, although an invasive species, it has qualities that have made it useful for humans, including: growing extremely rapidly there, having very dense shade, abundantly producing seed pods, and a readily available firewood.[9] Indigenous peoplesThe indigenous peoples of California and southwestern North America used parts of Prosopis glandulosa as a medicinal plant, food source, building and tools material, and fuel.[10] The Cahuilla ate the blossoms and pods, which were ground into meal for cake.[11][12] The thorns of the plant were used as tattoo needles, and the ashes for tattoos, by the Cahuilla and Serrano Indians of Southern California.[13] Its dense and durable wood is prized for making tools and arrow points,[13] and for the unique flavor it lends to foods cooked over it. The deep taproots, often larger than the trunks, are dug up for firewood. This species of mesquite, known as haas (pronounced {{IPA-sei|ʔaːs|}}) by the Seri people of northwestern Mexico, was very important for food and nonfood uses. The Seris had specific names for various stages of the growth of the mesquite pod.[14] Historically, it was a very important wild food plant because it fruits even during drought years.[15] References1. ^1 {{GRIN | accessdate=2010-01-01}} 2. ^{{PLANTS|id=PRGL2|taxon=Prosopis glandulosa|accessdate=14 October 2015}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Prosopis%20glandulosa%20.pdf |format=PDF |title=Prosopis glandulosa Torr. |work=International Institute of Tropical Forestry |publisher=United States Forest Service |accessdate=2009-06-29}} 4. ^{{GRIN | Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa | 29756 | accessdate = 2010-01-01}} 5. ^{{GRIN | Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana | 100104 | accessdate = 2010-01-01}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=137&fr=1&sts=|title=Prosopis glandulosa (tree)|work=Global Invasive Species Database|publisher=Invasive Species Specialist Group|accessdate=2008-05-01}} 7. ^1 NPIN Database: Prosopis glandulosa 8. ^{{Cite book |title=A Field Guide to Texas Trees |last=Simpson |first=Benny J. |year=1988 |publisher=Texas Monthly Press |isbn=0-87719-113-1 |pages=244–245}} 9. ^{{Citation| url = http://allafrica.com/stories/201211270861.html| title= Namibia: Invasive Species a Money-Spinner| year = 2012| publisher = Allafrica.com| publication-place = Africa| accessdate = 30 November 2012}} 10. ^ 11. ^{{cite web|title=Cahuilla Plants|url=http://www.enduringknowledgepublications.com/cahuillaplants.html|website=enduringknowledgepublications.com|accessdate=2012}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Temalpakh Ethnobotanical Garden|url=http://www.malkimuseum.org/garden.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515131005/http://www.malkimuseum.org/garden.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2008-05-15|website=malkimuseum.org|accessdate=2007}} 13. ^1 2 3 Marsh Trail Guide, Big Morongo Canyon Preserve 14. ^{{cite book |last=Felger |first=Richard |author2=Mary B. Moser. |title=People of the desert and sea: ethnobotany of the Seri Indians |location=Tucson |year=1985 |publisher=University of Arizona Press}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/progla/all.html|title=Species: Prosopis glandulosa|work=Fire Effects Information System|publisher=United States Forest Service|accessdate=2008-05-01}} External links
26 : Prosopis|Flora of the Sonoran Deserts|Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert|Flora of the California desert regions|Flora of Northeastern Mexico|Flora of Northwestern Mexico|Flora of the Southwestern United States|Flora of the South-Central United States|Flora of the U.S. Rio Grande Valleys|North American desert flora|Trees of the Southwestern United States|Trees of the South-Central United States|Trees of the North-Central United States|Trees of Baja California|Trees of Chihuahua (state)|Trees of Coahuila|Trees of Tamaulipas|Natural history of the Colorado Desert|Natural history of the Mojave Desert|Natural history of the Mexican Plateau|Plants described in 1827|Plants used in Native American cuisine|Plants used in traditional Native American medicine|Flora naturalised in Australia|Forages|Edible legumes |
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