| 词条 | Proto-Armenian language |
| 释义 |
Proto-Armenian is the earlier, unattested stage of the Armenian language which has been reconstructed by linguists. As Armenian is the only known language of its branch of the Indo-European languages, the comparative method cannot be used to reconstruct its earlier stages. Instead, a combination of internal and external reconstruction, by reconstructions of Proto-Indo-European and other branches, has allowed linguists to piece together the earlier history of Armenian. DefinitionProto-Armenian, as the common ancestor of only one language, has no clear definition of the term. It is generally held to include a variety of ancestral stages of Armenian between Proto-Indo-European and the earliest attestations of Classical Armenian. It is thus not a proto-language in the strict sense, but "Proto-Armenian" is a term that has become common in the field.{{cn|date=August 2017}} The earliest testimony of Armenian is the 5th-century Bible translation of Mesrop Mashtots. The earlier history of the language is unclear and the subject of much speculation. It is clear that Armenian is an Indo-European language, but its development is opaque. In any case, Armenian has many layers of loanwords and shows traces of long language contact with Indo-Aryan Mitanni. DevelopmentThe Proto-Armenian sound changes are varied and eccentric (such as *dw- yielding erk-) and, in many cases, uncertain. That prevented Armenian from being immediately recognized as an Indo-European branch in its own right, and it was assumed to be simply a very divergent Iranian language until Heinrich Hübschmann established its independent character in 1874.[1] The Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops are aspirated in Proto-Armenian. That gave rise to an extended version of the glottalic theory that the aspiration may have already been subphonemic in Proto-Indo-European. In certain contexts, the aspirated stops are further reduced to w, h or zero in Armenian: Proto-Indo-European (accusative) *pódm̥ "foot" > Armenian otn vs. Greek (accusative) póda, Proto-Indo-European tréjes "three" > Armenian erekʿ vs. Greek treis. {{quote|The Armenians according to Diakonoff, are then an amalgam of the Hurrians (and Urartians), Luvians and the Mushki. After arriving in its historical territory, Proto-Armenian would appear to have undergone massive influence on part the languages it eventually replaced. Armenian phonology, for instance, appears to have been greatly affected by Urartian, which may suggest a long period of bilingualism.[2]}}Diakonoff (1985) and Greppin (1991) etymologize several Old Armenian words as having a possible Hurro-Urartian origin:
Arnaud Fournet proposes additional borrowed words.[3] Vyacheslav Ivanov argues the complete fallacy of all the constructions of I. M. Dyakonov regarding the origin of the ethnonym "hay" and other issues of the Armenian ethnogenesis[4] Modern studiesModern studies[5][6][7] show that assertions about the proximity of Greek and Phrygian (mushks) with Armenian are not confirmed in the language material. See also
References1. ^Karl Brugmann, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen (1897) Das Armenische (II), früher fälschlicherweise für iranisch ausgegeben, von H. Hübschmann KZ. 23, 5 ff. 400 ff. als ein selbständiges Glied der idg. Sprachfamilie erwiesen 2. ^“Armenians” in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, edited by J. P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997. 3. ^Archív Orientalni. 2013. [https://www.academia.edu/5551322/Arch%C3%ADv_Orientalni._2013._About_the_vocalic_system_of_Armenian_words_of_substratic_origin._81.2_207_22_ About the vocalic system of Armenian words of substratic origin.] (81.2:207–22) by Arnaud Fournet 4. ^{{cite journal |author = Иванов Вяч. Вс. |editor= |format= |url= http://hpj.asj-oa.am/3827/1/1983-4(22).pdf#page=9 |title= Выделение разных хронологических слоев в древнеармянском и проблема первоначальной структуры текста гимна Вахагну |type= |origyear= | agency = |edition= Историко-филологический журнал |location= Ереван |date= 1983 |publisher= |at= |volume= |issue= |number= 4|pages = |page= |series= |isbn = |issn = |doi = |bibcode = |arxiv = |pmid = |ref= |archiveurl = |archivedate = |language= |quote= }} 5. ^{{cite book| author = Vavroušek P. | chapter = Frýžština| chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = Jazyky starého Orientu | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= Praha |date = 2010 |publisher= Univerzita Karlova v Praze |at= |volume= |issue = | pages = 129| page = | series = | isbn = 978-80-7308-312-0| ref = }} 6. ^{{cite book| author = J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams. | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= London |date = 1997 |publisher= Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |at= |volume= |issue = | pages = 419| page = | series = | isbn = 9781884964985| ref = }} 7. ^{{cite book| author = Brixhe C. | chapter = Phrygian| chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= New York |date = 2008 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |at= |volume= |issue = | pages = 72| page = | series = | isbn = | ref = }} Sources{{refbegin}}
External links
3 : Proto-languages|Armenian languages|Languages of ancient Anatolia |
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