| 词条 | Protocalliphora |
| 释义 |
| image = Protocalliphora.azurea2.-.lindsey.jpg | image_caption = Protocalliphora azurea | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Diptera | familia = Calliphoridae | subfamilia = Calliphorinae | genus = Protocalliphora | genus_authority = Hough, 1899[1] | type_species = Musca azurea | type_species_authority = Fallén, 1817 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = }}Protocalliphora or bird blowflies are a blow fly genus containing many species which are obligate parasites of birds.[2] Eggs are laid in bird nests. After hatching, the larvae suck the blood of nestlings. They sometimes feed inside the nostrils of nestling birds and destroy the tissue at the base leading to reduced growth of the upper mandible and the young growing with "shovel-beaks".[3] The species overwinter as adults.[4] The genus is affected by Wolbachia bacteria and it has been suggested that horizontal gene transfer may have led to the difficulty in separating species of Protocalliphora through DNA fingerprinting, with several species possessing identical mtDNA Cytochrome oxidase I sequences.[5] References1. ^{{cite journal |last= Hough |first= Gary de N. |date= 1899 |title= Some North American genera of the dipterous group, Calliphorinae Girschner. |journal= Entomological News |publisher= American Entomological Society |volume= 10 |issue= |pages= 62–66. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2572431#page/82/mode/1up |accessdate=4 August 2018}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Sabrosky |first1=Curtis W., |last2=Bennett |first2=Gordon F. |last3=Whitworth |first3=Terry L. |title=Bird blow-flies (Protocalliphora) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in North America with Notes on the Palearctic Species |date=1989 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |location=Washington |isbn=9780874748659 |pages=1-311 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100171#page/5/mode/1up |accessdate=4 August 2018}} 3. ^H. Elliott McClure (1962) Ten Years and 10,000 Birds (Concluded). Bird-Banding 33(2):69-84 4. ^{{cite journal |last1=Stiner |first1=Frederic M. |title=Overwintering by Protocalliphora metallica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |date=1969 |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=1205-1206}} 5. ^T.L. Whitworth, R.D. Dawson, H. Magalon, E. Baudry 2007. DNA barcoding cannot reliably identify species of the blowfly genus Protocalliphora (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274(1619):1731-1739 {{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} External links
4 : Calliphoridae|Parasitic flies|Parasites of birds|Oestroidea genera |
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