| 释义 |
- Overview
- See also
- Notes
- References
- Further reading
- External links
{{italic title}}Protologism is a term invented in the early 2000s{{refn|For the earliest date of the use of the word protologism, {{harvtxt|Maxwell|2014}} and {{harvtxt|Miller|2014|p=x}} indicate 2005; {{harvtxt|Eismann|2015|p=1756}} and {{harvtxt|Epstein|2011|p=19}} indicate 2003.}} by Mikhail Epstein, an American literary theorist, to refer to a new word which has not gained wide acceptance in the language.{{refn|name=Humez}}{{refn|name=Moore}} A protologism becomes a neologism as soon as it appears in published press, on a website or book independent from the coiner.[1]OverviewThe word protologism describes one stage in the development of neologisms, at which a word is proposed, extremely new, or not established outside a very limited group of people.{{refn|name=Gryniuk}}{{refn|name=Aitken}} A protologism is coined to fill a gap in the language, with the hope of its becoming an accepted word.{{refn|name=Eismann}}{{refn|name=Maxwell}} When it was created, the term protologism was autological; it was an example of the thing it describes.{{refn|{{harvtxt|Maxwell|2014}} writes, "In other words, the term protologism is a protologism. This phenomenon, where a word itself possesses the property it refers to, is technically described as being autological". {{harvtxt|Aitken|2013|p=316}}, {{harvtxt|Humez|Humez|Flynn|2010|p=36}}, and {{harvtxt|Moore|2011}}, on the other hand, each describe protologism as a neologism.}} Epstein coined the term by combining the Greek words {{lang|grc|protos}} and {{lang|grc|logos}}: {{quote|I suggest calling such brand new words 'protologisms' (from Greek protos, meaning 'first, original' and Greek logos, meaning 'word'; cf. prototype, protoplasm). The protologism is a freshly minted word not yet widely accepted. It is a verbal prototype, which may eventually be adopted for public service or remain a whim of linguo-poetic imagination.{{sfnp|Epstein|2012|p=101}}}}According to Epstein, every word in use started out as a protologism, subsequently became a neologism, and then gradually grew to be part of the language.{{sfnp|Epstein|2012|p=101}} There is no fixed rule determining when a protologism becomes a stable neologism.{{sfnp|Solnyshkina|2009|p=186}} According to Kerry Maxwell, author of Brave New Words: {{quote|[A] protologism is unlikely to make the leap to neologism status unless society connects with the word or identifies a genuine need for it [...] there's no guarantee that simple exposure to these creations will be effective in getting them used, as discovered by British inventor Sir James Dyson when he fruitlessly attempted to promote a verb dyson (by analogy with hoover) in the early 2000s.{{sfnp|Maxwell|2014}}
}} See also - Hapax legomenon, a word occurring only once in a given context, such as in the works of a particular author
- Nonce word, a word created for a single occasion
Notes 1. ^Lysanets, Yu V., and K. H. Havrylieva. "Medical neologisms in the british mass media discourse." (2017).
.}}{{Refn |name=Eismann |"Ėpštejn's projective dictionary should be a collection of protologisms, a protologism being a new word, coined to designate a new phenomenon or to fill in blank spaces and semantic voids in the lexical-conceptual system, as he proclaimed in 2003" {{harv|Eismann|2015|p=1756}}.}}{{Refn |name=Gryniuk |"This process [of lexicalization] does not seem to be coincidental because neologisms themselves are prone to go through certain stages of transformation. They begin as unstable creations (otherwise called protologisms), that is, they are extremely new, being proposed, or being used only by a small subculture" {{harv|Gryniuk|2015|p=150}}.}}{{Refn |name=Humez |"One such neologism is the Wiktionary's protologism, a term invented by Mikhail Epstein of Emory University to refer to a newly created and proposed word which has not yet gained acceptance" {{harv|Humez|Humez|Flynn|2010|p=36}}.}}{{Refn |name=Maxwell |"The term protologism describes a word which has been coined in the 'hope' that it will become accepted into usage" {{harv|Maxwell|2014}}.}}{{Refn |name=Moore |"Recognising the preliminary (or even want-to-be) nature of many neologisms, Mikhail N. Epstein the American literary theorist and thinker coined his own: ‘protologism’, which refers to a neologism that has not yet been accepted as a useful or substantiated addition to the vocabulary" {{harv|Moore|2011}}.}}
}} References - {{cite book |ref=harv | last = Aitken |first = James K. | editor1 = Aitken, J.K. | editor2 = Clines, J.M.S. | editor3 = Maier, C.M. | chapter = Neologisms: A Septuagint Problem | title = Interested Readers: Essays on the Hebrew Bible in Honor of David J. A. Clines | date = 2013 | publisher = Society of Biblical Literature | location = Atlanta, Georgia | isbn = 978-1-58983-926-7 | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=JNqdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA316&dq=protologisms+protologism }}
- {{cite book |ref=harv | last = Eismann |first = Wolfgang | editor1 = Müller, Peter O. | editor2 = Ohnheiser, Ingeborg | editor3 = Olsen, Susan | editor4 = Rainer, Franz | display-editors = 1 | date = 2015 | chapter = Individual initiatives and concepts for expanding the lexicon in Russian | title = Word-Formation: An International Handbook of the Languages of Europe: Volume 3 | publisher = Walter de Gruyter | location = Berlin, Germany; Boston, USA | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=myuCCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1756&dq=protologism | isbn = 978-3-11-037566-4 }}
- {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Epstein |first=Mikhail |date=2011 |title=PreDictionary: Experiments in Verbal Creativity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gk9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19&dq=protologism+2003 |publisher=Franc-Tireur |isbn=978-1-257-83189-0 |oclc=758864333}}
- {{cite book |ref=harv | last = Epstein |first = Mikhail | date = 2012 | title = The Transformative Humanities: A Manifesto | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rYnFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101&dq=protologism | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing | isbn = 978-1-4411-6094-2 }}
- {{cite book |ref=harv | last = Gryniuk | first = D. | editor1 = Malec, W. | editor2 = Rusinek, M. | date = 2015 | chapter = On Institutionalization and De-Institutionalization of Late 1990s Neologisms | title = Within Language, Beyond Theories (Volume III): Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics and Corpus-based Studies | publisher = Cambridge Scholars Publishing | location = Newcastle upon Tyne, UK | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=HoLWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA150&dq=protologisms | isbn = 978-1-4438-7822-7 }}
- {{cite book |ref=harv |last1 = Humez |first1 = Alexander |last2 = Humez |first2 = Nicholas |last3 = Flynn |first3 = Rob | title = Short Cuts: A Guide to Oaths, Ring Tones, Ransom Notes, Famous Last Words, and Other Forms of Minimalist Communication | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UONLUQJoxwwC&pg=PA36&dq=protologism | date = 3 August 2010 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-538913-5 }}
- {{cite web |ref=harv |last=Maxwell |first=Kerry |date=28 October 2014 |title=BuzzWord: protologism |publisher=Macmillan |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/buzzword/entries/protologism.html}}
- {{cite journal | ref=harv | last1 = Moore | first1 = Andrew | title = The hypothesis' ambassador | date = January 2011 | journal = BioEssays | page = 1 | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | doi = 10.1002/bies.201090064| pmid = 21157784 }}
- {{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Miller |first1=D. Gary |title=English Lexicogenesis |date=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-100420-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8LRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10&dq=protologism+2005 |language=en}}
- {{cite book |ref=harv | last = Solnyshkina | first = Marina I. | chapter = Lexicographical Basis for Russian Naval Sublanguage Dictionary: Theoretical Considerations | editor1 = Karpova, Olga | editor2 = Kartashkova, Faina | title = Essays on Lexicon, Lexicography, Terminography in Russian, American and Other Cultures | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=s6cYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186&dq=protologism+neologism | date = 2009 | publisher = Cambridge Scholars Publishing | isbn = 978-1-4438-0645-9 }}
Further reading - {{cite magazine |last1=Skidelsky |first1=William |title=Will's words |magazine=Prospect |date= April 2007 |url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/8624-willswords |subscription=yes}}
External links {{Wiktionary}}- List of protologisms
- List of protologisms by topic
7 : Words coined in the 2000s|Lexicology|Terminology|Neologisms|Linguistic hypotheses|Literary theory|Linguistic morphology |