| 词条 | Proto-Malay |
| 释义 |
|group = Proto-Malay Malaysia: Melayu Asli / Melayu Purba Indonesia: Melayu Tua / Melayu Kuno |image = |image_caption = A group of Proto-Malay Aboriginal people in Behrang, Perak, Malaysia, 1906. |population = 60.000[1] |popplace = Malay Archipelago: |region1 = {{flag|Malaysia}} |pop1 = 65,189 (2010) |ref1 = [2] |region2 = {{flag|Indonesia}} |pop2 = no specific census |ref2 = |region3 = {{flag|Philippines}} |pop3 = no specific census |ref3 = |rels = Animism, Islam, Christianity |langs = Malayan languages, Semelaic languages, Batak languages, Dayak languages, Malaysian language, Indonesian language |related = Senoi (Semaq Beri people, Mah Meri people), Orang laut, Malays (ethnic group), Native Indonesians }} The term Proto-Malay, which translates to Melayu Asli (aboriginal Malay) or Melayu Purba (ancient Malay) or Melayu Tua (old Malay),[3] refers to people, possibly from mainland Asia, who moved to the Malay peninsula and Malay archipelago in a long series of migrations between 2500 and 1500 BC, and in one model the first of two migrations of early Malay speakers, before that of the Deutero-Malays.[4] The Proto-Malays are the ancestors of the Malays in the modern Malaysia and Indonesia.[5] The Proto-Malays are believed to be seafarers knowledgeable in oceanography and possessing advanced fishing as well as basic agricultural skills. Over the years, they settled in various places and adopted various customs and religions as a result of acculturation and inter-marriage with most of the people they come in contact with Orang Asli tribes such as the Semang and Senoi peoples. OriginThe Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History has pointed out three theories of the origin of the Proto-Malay:-[6]
Some historical linguists have concluded that there is scant linguistic basis for a Proto-/Deutero-Malay split.[7] The findings suggests that the Proto-Malay and the Deutero-Malay peoples possibly belong to the same stock and origin. Previous theories suggested that the Deutero-Malays came in a second wave of migration, around 300 BCE, compared to the arrival of the Proto-Malays who came much earlier.[8] Geographical regionsMalaysiaIn Malaysia, the Proto-Malay are classified under the native Orang Asli group of people in the Peninsular Malaysia. They are officially known as:-[9]
Other ethnic groups outside of the Peninsular Malaysia that are also regarded as Proto-Malay apart from the Orang Asli people group are such as the Rungus people.[11] IndonesiaErnest-Théodore Hamy (1896) first identified 3 Proto-Malay groups that are found in Sumatra and Borneo, Indonesia:-[12][13]
Both Koentjaraningrat and Alfred Russel Wallace's (1869) research also concluded that most of the Moluccans come under the Proto-Malay classification.[14] However, António Mendes Correia's findings re-classified the Timorese[15] in Alfred Russel Wallace's ethnological chart as predominantly Proto-Malay.[16] This is evidenced by the striking similarity in the architectural designs of traditional houses in Lospalos, East Timor with the Batak and Toraja people.[17] In Sulawesi, not only are the Toraja people are regarded as part of the ancient Proto-Malay, but their neighboring Minahasan people as well who have migrated to the island in the megalithic period.[18] In Sumatra, a little known pygmy tribe called the Mante people of Aceh are regarded as Proto-Malay and have thought to be extinct.[19] Other ethnic groups that are closely related to the Proto-Malay are such as the Nage people from Flores, which are considered a mixture of Proto-Malay and Melanesian[20][21] and the Sakai people from Riau, which were originally pure Proto-Malay until later they were forced into the interior by the Deutero-Malays which led to their mixing with the Negritos.[22] Off the west coast of Bengkulu, Sumatra Island, the indigenous people of Enggano Island known as the Enggano people are considered largely Proto-Malays.[23] The PhilippinesIn the Philippines, there are several people groups that have been identified as part of the Proto-Malay group:-[24]
While there are other ethnic groups in the Philippines, that are in some ways related or shares a mixture of Proto-Malay, namely:-[24]
See also
References1. ^"POPULATION STATISTICS", {{commonscat|Proto Malay people}}{{Orang Asli}}{{Ethnic groups in Malaysia}}{{Ethnic groups in Indonesia}}2. ^{{cite book|author=Kirk Endicott|title=Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli|year=2015|contribution=|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=99-716-9861-7|page=3}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Bani Noor Muchamad|title=Anatomi rumah bubungan tinggi|year=2007|contribution=|publisher=Pustaka Banua|isbn=97-933-8133-7|page=2}} 4. ^Neil Joseph Ryan (1976). A History of Malaysia and Singapore. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 4 & 5. {{ISBN|0-19-580302-7}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/187435 |title=Geneticist clarifies role of Proto-Malays in human origin |publisher=Malaysiakini |date= |accessdate=2016-11-17}} 6. ^{{cite book|editor=Dato' Dr Nik Hassan Suhaimi & Nik Abdul Rahman |title=Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History|year=1999|contribution=|publisher=Archipelago Press|isbn=978-981-3018-42-6|page=}} 7. ^Karl Anderbeck, "Suku Batin - A Proto-Malay People? Evidence from Historical Linguistics", The Sixth International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics, 3 - 5 August 2002, Bintan Island, Riau, Indonesia 8. ^{{cite book|author=Steven L. Danver |title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues|year=2015|contribution=|publisher=Routledge|isbn=13-174-6399-4|page=}} 9. ^{{cite book|author=Jean Michaud, Margaret Byrne Swain & Meenaxi Barkataki-Ruscheweyh |title=Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif|year=2016|contribution=|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=14-422-7279-1|page=304}} 10. ^{{cite book|editor=Geoffrey Benjamin & Cynthia Chou |title=Tribal Communities in the Malay World: Historical, Cultural and Social Perspectives|year=2002|contribution=|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=98-123-0167-4|page=22}} 11. ^{{cite book|author= |title=Bulletin - Institute for Medical Research, Issues 19-20|year=1983|contribution=|publisher=Institute for Medical Research|isbn=|page=29}} 12. ^{{cite book|author=Ernest Théodore Hamy |title=Les races Malaiques et Americaines|year=1896|contribution=|publisher=L'Anthropologie|isbn=|page=}} 13. ^{{cite book|author=Fenneke Sysling |title=Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia|year=2016|contribution=|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=98-147-2207-3|page=143}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=Koentjaraningrat |title=Villages in Indonesia|year=2007|contribution=|publisher=Equinox Publishing|isbn=97-937-8051-7|page=129}} 15. ^{{cite book|author=Fenneke Sysling |title=Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia|year=2016|contribution=|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=98-147-2207-3|page=118}} 16. ^{{cite book|author=Ricardo Roque |title=Headhunting and Colonialism: Anthropology and the Circulation of Human Skulls in the Portuguese Empire, 1870-1930|year=2010|contribution=|publisher=Springer|isbn=02-302-5133-1|page=175}} 17. ^{{cite book|author=George Junus Aditjondro |title=East Timor: an Indonesian intellectual speaks out|year=1994|contribution=|publisher=Australian Council for Overseas Aid|isbn=09-098-3161-0|page=29}} 18. ^{{cite book|author=Joan Erickson |title=Southeast Asia|year=1982|contribution=|publisher=Lane Publishing Company|isbn=03-760-6764-0|page=156}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/98478-mante-suku-kuno-aceh-yang-terlupakan |title=Mante, Suku Kuno Aceh yang Terlupakan |author=Ferdian Ananda Majni |publisher=Media Indonesia |date=2017-03-28 |accessdate=2018-05-26}} 20. ^{{cite book|author=Fenneke Sysling |title=Racial Science and Human Diversity in Colonial Indonesia|year=2016|contribution=|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=98-147-2207-3|page=119}} 21. ^{{cite book|author=Reginald Ruggles Gates |title=Human ancestry from a genetical point of view|year=1948|contribution=|publisher=Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=|page=354}} 22. ^{{cite book|author=Parsudi Suparlan |title=Orang Sakai di Riau: masyarakat terasing dalam masyarakat Indonesia : kajian mengenai perubahan dan kelestarian kebudayaan Sakai dalam proses transformasi mereka ke dalam masyarakat Indonesia melalui Proyek Pemulihan Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Terasing, Departemen Sosial, Republik Indonesia|year=1995|contribution=|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|isbn=97-946-1215-4|page=40}} 23. ^{{cite book|author=Charles Alfred Fisher|title=South-east Asia: a social, economic, and political geography|year=1964|contribution=|publisher=Methuen|oclc=489670953|page=240}} 24. ^1 {{cite book|author=Ignacio Villamor & Felipe Buencamino |title=Census of the Philippine Islands Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Legislature in the Year 1918, Volume 2|year=1921|contribution=Philippines. Census Office|publisher=Bureau of printing|isbn=|page=}} 25. ^{{cite book|author=Michael Grosberg, Greg Bloom, Trent Holden, Anna Kaminski & Paul Stiles|title=Lonely Planet Philippines|year=2015|contribution=|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=17-436-0537-4|page=}} 26. ^1 {{cite book|author=William Cameron Forbes|title=The Philippine Islands|year=1985|contribution=|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=97-117-0712-8|page=258}} 27. ^1 {{cite book|author=|title=Kasaysayan at pag-unlad ng Wikang Pambansa ng Pilipinas|year=2008|contribution=Ligaya Tiamson- Rubin|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=97-123-3321-3|page=3}} 3 : Prehistoric Asia|Anthropology|Austronesian languages |
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