| 词条 | Prunella vulgaris |
| 释义 |
|name = Prunella vulgaris |image = Prunella vulgaris - harilik käbihein.jpg |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Asterids |ordo = Lamiales |familia = Lamiaceae |genus = Prunella |species = P. vulgaris |binomial = Prunella vulgaris |binomial_authority = L. }} Prunella vulgaris (known as common self-heal, heal-all, woundwort, heart-of-the-earth, carpenter's herb, brownwort and blue curls)[1][2][3] is a herbaceous plant in the genus Prunella. Self-heal is edible: the young leaves and stems can be eaten raw in salads; the plant in whole can be boiled and eaten as a potherb; and the aerial parts of the plant can be powdered and brewed in a cold infusion to make a beverage.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} DescriptionPrunella vulgaris grows 5 to 30 cm high[4] (2-12inches), with creeping, self-rooting, tough, square, reddish stems branching at leaf axis.[5]The leaves are lance shaped, serrated and reddish at the tip, about 2.5 cm (1 inch) long and 1.5 cm (half an inch) broad, and growing in opposite pairs down the square stem.[5] Each leaf has 3-7 veins that shoot off the middle vein to the margin. The stalks of the leaves are generally short, but can be up to 5 cm (2 inches) long.[5] The flowers grow from a clublike, somewhat square, whirled cluster; immediately below this club is a pair of stalkless leaves standing out on either side like a collar. Flowers are two lipped and tubular. The top lip is a purple hood, and the bottom lip is often white; it has three lobes, with the middle lobe being larger and fringed upwardly. Flowers bloom at different times depending on climate and other conditions, but mostly in summer (from June to August in the USA).[6] Self-heal propagates both by seed and vegetatively by creeping stems that root at the nodes.[7] RangeHeal-all is a perennial herb found throughout Europe, Asia and North America, as well as most temperate climates. In Ireland it is generally abundant.[8][9] HabitatRoadsides, gardens and waste-places.[8] Woodland edges, and usually in basic and neutral soils.[6][10] EdibilityHeal-all is edible, and can be used in salads, soups, stews, and boiled as a pot herb. The Cherokee cooked and ate the young leaves. The Nlaka'pamux drank a cold infusion of the whole plant as a common beverage.[11] The plant contains vitamins A, C, and K, as well as flavonoids and rutin.[12] Folk medicineThe plant is considered by the Chinese to "change the course of a chronic disease".[11] ChemistryThe plant's chemical constituents include betulinic acid, D-camphor, D-fenchone, cyanidin, delphinidin, hyperoside, manganese, lauric acid, oleanolic acid, rosmarinic acid, myristic acid, rutin, linoleic acid, ursolic acid, beta-sitosterol, lupeol, and tannins.[12][13] EtymologyPrunella is derived from 'Brunella', a word which is itself a derivative, taken from "die Bräune", the German name for quinsy (a type of throat inflammation), which it was historically used to cure.[14]Vulgaris means 'usual', 'common', or 'vulgar'.[14]Cultural referencesRobert Frost's 1916 poem The Design describes a spider on a heal all: I found a dimpled spider, fat and white, On a white heal-all, holding up a moth.[15] References{{Commons|Prunella vulgaris}}{{Wikispecies}}1. ^{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=Samuel F.|title=Natural Arrangement of British Plants: According to Their Relations to Each Other, as Pointed Out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown &c... vol 2|date=1821|publisher=Baldwin, Cradock and Joy|page=389|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TDc-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA389|language=en}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q158469}}2. ^{{cite book|last1=Lust|first1=John|title=The Herb Book: The Most Complete Catalog of Herbs Ever Published|date=2014|publisher=Courier Corporation|location=USA|isbn=9780486794785|page=399|edition=Dover republication|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YsfAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA399}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Robert|title=The English Names of Our Commonest Wild Flowers ...|date=1932|publisher=T. Buncle & Company|page=195|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4nlFAAAAMAAJ&q=prunella++%22brownwort%22|language=en}} 4. ^Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. p. 347. Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-04656-4}} 5. ^{{cite book |last=Duke |first=James |chapter=Prunella vulgaris |title=Handbook of Edible Weeds |publisher=CRC |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8493-2946-3 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rVrteo-8cI0C&pg=PA158}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/charProfile?symbol=PRVU |title=Conservation Plant Characteristics for Prunella vulgaris L. (common selfheal) |work=Plants Database |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture}} 7. ^{{cite book |last1=DiTomaso |first1=Joseph M. |last2=Healy |first2=Evelyn A. |title=Weeds of California and Other Western States, Volume 1 |publisher=ANR |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-879906-69-3 |page=884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=REZnaLndgoAC&pg=PA884}} 8. ^1 Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press. {{ISBN|978-185918-4783}} 9. ^Scannell, M.P. and Synnott, D.M. 1972 Census Catalogue of the Flora of Ireland. Dublin Stationery Office 10. ^{{Cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Steven |last2=Hobbs |first2=Christopher |chapter=Self-heal, Heal-All |title=A Field Guide to Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-395-83806-8 |page=231 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg_bPUzhJ9oC&pg=PT231}} 11. ^1 {{cite book |last=Meuninck |first=Jim |title=Medicinal Plants of North America: A Field Guide |publisher=Globe Pequot |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7627-4298-1 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zz_mk5A2jSEC&pg=PA41}} 12. ^1 {{cite book |last=Khare |first=C.P. |title=Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-387-70637-5 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMwLwbUwtfkC&pg=PA103}} 13. ^{{cite book |last1=Duke |first1=James A. |last2=Beckstrom-Sternberg |first2=Stephen M. |title=Handbook of Medicinal Mints (Aromathematics): Phytochemicals and Biological Activities |publisher=CRC |year=2001|isbn=978-0-8493-2724-7 |page=222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygJeMWHCS-EC&pg=PA222}} 14. ^1 Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521866453}} (hardback), {{ISBN|9780521685535}} (paperback). pp 316, 404 15. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/design |title=Design|last=Frost |first=Robert |publisher=https://www.poets.org |access-date=October 19, 2018}} 6 : Prunella (plant)|Medicinal plants|Plants used in Native American cuisine|Flora of North America|Plants described in 1753|Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
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