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词条 Economy of France
释义

  1. Corporations

  2. Rise and decline of dirigisme

  3. Government finance

      National debt  

  4. Data

  5. Economic sectors

      Industry   Energy   Agriculture    Tourism    Arms industry  

  6. Transport

  7. Labour market

  8. External trade

  9. Régions economy

  10. Departments economy and cities

      Departmental income inequalities    Urban income inequalities  

  11. Wealth

      Overview    Millionaires  

  12. See also

  13. Notes and references

  14. External links

{{About|the current economic situation of France|historical information|Economic history of France}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}{{Infobox economy
|country = France
|image = La Défense from the Arc de Triomphe, Paris 6 March 2015 003.jpg
|gdp = $2.794 trillion (nominal; 2018)[1]
$2.968 trillion (PPP; 2018)[1]
|gdp rank = {{hlist|6th (nominal)|10th (PPP)}}
|image_size = 300px
|caption = La Défense is the financial hub of France
|currency = 1 Euro = 1.14 USD
|year = 1 January – 31 December
|organs = EU, WTO and OECD
|growth = 1.6% (2018)[2]
|per capita = $43,600 (nominal; 2018)[1]
$45,474 (PPP; 2018)[1]
|per capita rank = {{hlist|21st (nominal)|29th (PPP)}}
|sectors = agriculture (1.6%), industry (19.4%), services (78.9%) (2017 est)[3]
|inflation = {{increase}} 2% (May 2018)[4]
|poverty = 5,5% or 13,2% with DOM-TOM
|gini = 30.0 (2017 est.)[3]
|labor = 35.5 million (2017)[5]
|edbr = {{decrease}} 32nd (2019)[6]
|occupations = services (71.8%), industry (24.3%), agriculture (3.8%) (2016)
|average gross salary = €35,484 / $42,300 annually (2017)[7]
|average net salary = €26,700 / $30,840 annually (2017)[8]
|unemployment = {{decreasepositive}} 8.8% (Q4 2018)[9]
|industries = {{hlist| Machinery| chemicals| automobiles| metallurgy| aircraft| electronics| textiles| food processing| tourism }}
|exports = {{increase}} $522.8 billion (2017 est.)[3]
|export-goods = machinery and equipment, aircraft, plastics, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages
|export-partners = {{flag|Germany}} 16%,
{{flag|Spain}} 7.6%,
{{flag|United States}} 7.3%,
{{flag|Italy}} 7.2%,
{{flag|United Kingdom}} 7%,
{{flag|Belgium}} 6.8%, (2016)[3]
|imports = {{increaseNegative}} $611.7billion (2017 est.)[3] i
|import-goods = machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft, plastics, chemicals
|import-partners = {{flag|Germany}} 19.3%,
{{flag|Belgium}} 10.6%,
{{flag|Netherlands}} 7.9%,
{{flag|Italy}} 7.8%,
{{flag|Spain}} 7%,
{{flag|United States}} 5.8%,
{{flag|China}} 5.1%,
{{flag|United Kingdom}} 4.2%, (2016)[3]
|FDI = $842.5 billion (31 December 2017)[3]
|gross external debt = $5.250 trillion (31 March 2017)[10]
|debt = 96.8% of GDP (2018 est.)[3]
|revenue = $1.3 trillion (2017 est.)
|expenses = $1.5 trillion (2017 est.)
|credit = {{plainlist|
  • Standard & Poor's:[11]
{{hlist|AA |Outlook: Stable}}
  • Moody's:[12]
{{hlist|Aa2 |Outlook: Stable}}
  • Fitch:[13]
{{hlist|AA |Outlook: Stable}}
  • Scope:[14]
{{hlist|AA |Outlook: Stable}}
}}
|reserves = $153.8 billion (March 2016)
|aid = donor: ODA, $9.50 billion (2016)[15]
|cianame = fr
}}

France has the world's 6th largest economy by 2018 nominal figures and the 10th largest economy by PPP figures. It has the 3rd largest economy in the European Union after Germany and United Kingdom.[16]

France has a diversified economy. The chemical industry is a key sector for France, helping to develop other manufacturing activities and contributing to economic growth.[17] France's tourism industry is a major component of the economy, as France is the most visited destination in the world.[18][19] Sophia Antipolis is the major technology hub for the economy of France. Paris is ranked as the most elegant city in the world, which propels the agglomeration of the fashion industry.[20] According to the IMF, in 2013, France was the world's 20th country by GDP per capita with $44,600 per inhabitant. In 2013, France was listed on the United Nations's Human Development Index with 0.884 (very high human development) and 25th on the Corruption Perceptions Index. The OECD is headquartered in Paris, the nation's financial capital.

France's economy entered the recession of the late 2000s later and appeared to leave it earlier than most affected economies, only enduring four-quarters of contraction.[21] However, France experienced stagnant growth between 2012 and 2014, with the economy expanding by 0% in 2012, 0.8% in 2013 and 0.2% in 2014, though growth picked up in 2015 with a growth of 0.8% and a growth of 1.1% for 2016, to a growth of 2.2% for 2017 and to later reach 2.1% for 2018.[22]

Corporations

With 28 of the 500 biggest companies of the world in 2018, France ranks 5th in the Fortune Global 500, behind the USA, China, Japan and Germany

Several French corporations rank amongst the largest in their industries such as AXA in insurance and Air France in air transportation.[23] Luxury and consumer good are particularly relevant, with L'Oreal being the world's largest cosmetic company while LVMH and PPR are the world's two largest luxury product companies. In energy and utilities, GDF-Suez and EDF are amongst the largest energy companies in the world, and Areva is a large nuclear-energy company; Veolia Environnement is the world's largest environmental services and water management company; Vinci SA, Bouygues and Eiffage are large construction companies; Michelin ranks in the top 3 tire manufacturers; JCDecaux is the world's largest outdoor advertising corporation; BNP Paribas, Credit Agricole and Societe Generale rank amongst the largest in the world by assets.

Carrefour is the world's second largest retail group in terms of revenue; Total is the world's fourth largest private oil company; Danone is the world's fifth largest food company and the world's largest supplier of mineral water; Sanofi Aventis is the world's fifth largest pharmaceutical company; Publicis is the world's third largest advertising company; PSA is the world's 6th and Europe's 2nd largest automaker; Accor is the leading European hotel group; Alstom is one of the world's leading conglomerates in rail transport.

Rise and decline of dirigisme

France embarked on an ambitious and very successful programme of modernization under state coordination. This programme of dirigisme, mostly implemented by governments between 1944 and 1983, involved the state control of certain industries such as transportation, energy and telecommunications as well as various incentives for private corporations to merge or engage in certain projects.

The 1981 election of president François Mitterrand saw a short-lived increase in governmental control of the economy, nationalising many industries and private banks. This form of increased dirigisme, was criticised as early as 1982. By 1983, the government decided to renounce dirigisme and start an era of rigueur ("rigour") or corporatization. As a result, the government largely retreated from economic intervention; dirigisme has now essentially receded, though some of its traits remain. The French economy grew and changed under government direction and planning much more than in other European countries.

Despite being a widely liberalized economy, the government continues to play a significant role in the economy: government spending, at 56% of GDP in 2014, is the second highest in the European Union. Labour conditions and wages are highly regulated. The government continues to own shares in corporations in several sectors, including energy production and distribution, automobiles, transportation, and telecommunications. However these shareholdings are being rapidly sold, the state keeping mostly symbolic stakes in those companies (aside rail transportation and energy).

Government finance

{{See also|Budget of France|Taxation in France}}

In April and May 2012, France held a presidential election in which the winner François Hollande had opposed austerity measures, promising to eliminate France's budget deficit by 2017. The new government stated that it aimed to cancel recently enacted tax cuts and exemptions for the wealthy, raising the top tax bracket rate to 75% on incomes over a million euros, restoring the retirement age to 60 with a full pension for those who have worked 42 years, restoring 60,000 jobs recently cut from public education, regulating rent increases; and building additional public housing for the poor.

In June 2012, Hollande's Socialist Party won an overall majority in the legislative elections, giving it the capability to amend the French Constitution and allowing immediate enactment of the promised reforms. French government bond interest rates fell 30% to record lows,[24] less than 50 basis points above German government bond rates.[25]

National debt

The Government of France has run a budget deficit each year since the early 1970s. In mid-2012, French government debt levels reached €1,833 billion.[26] This debt level was the equivalent of 91% of French GDP.[26]

Under European Union rules, member states are supposed to limit their debt to 60% of output or be reducing the ratio structurally towards this ceiling, and run public deficits of no more than 3.0% of GDP.[26]

In late 2012, credit-rating agencies warned that growing French government debt levels risked France's AAA credit rating, raising the possibility of a future credit downgrade and subsequent higher borrowing costs for the French government.[27] In 2012 France was downgraded by ratings agencies Moody's, Standard&Poor's, and Fitch to the AA+ credit rating.[28][29]

In December 2014 France's credit rating was further downgraded by Fitch (and S&P) to the AA credit rating.[30]

Data

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017.Inflation below 2% is in green.[31]

YearGDP
(in Bil. Euro)		GDP per capita
(in Euro)		GDP growth
(real)		Inflation rate
(in Percent)		Unemployment
(in Percent)		Budget balance
(in % of GDP)
1980453.2{{Increase}}8,435{{Increase}}1.8 %13.1 %6.2 %{{Decrease}}−0.4 %
1981{{Increase}}511.7{{Increase}}9,470{{Increase}}1.1 %{{increaseNegative}}13.3 %{{increaseNegative}}7.4 %{{Decrease}}−2.4 %
1982{{Increase}}587.9{{Increase}}10.821{{Increase}}2.5 %{{increaseNegative}}12.0 %{{increaseNegative}}8.1 %{{Decrease}}−2.8 %
1983{{Increase}}652.8{{Increase}}11,945{{Increase}}1.2 %{{increaseNegative}}9.5 %{{decreasePositive}}7.4 %{{Decrease}}−2.5 %
1984{{Increase}}709.6{{Increase}}12,927{{Increase}}1.5 %{{increaseNegative}}7.7 %{{increaseNegative}}8.5 %{{Decrease}}−2.7 %
1985{{Increase}}760.5{{Increase}}13,788{{Increase}}1.6 %{{increaseNegative}}5.8 %{{increaseNegative}}8.7 %{{Decrease}}−2.9 %
1986{{Increase}}817.8{{Increase}}14,759{{Increase}}2.4 %{{increaseNegative}}2.5 %{{increaseNegative}}8.9 %{{Decrease}}−3.2 %
1987{{Increase}}859.8{{Increase}}15,442{{Increase}}2.6 %{{increaseNegative}}3.3 %{{increaseNegative}}9.2 %{{Decrease}}−2.0 %
1988{{Increase}}929.4{{Increase}}16,607{{Increase}}4.7 %{{increaseNegative}}2.7 %{{decreasePositive}}8.8 %{{Decrease}}−2.5 %
1989{{Increase}}1,001.8{{Increase}}17,805{{Increase}}4.4 %{{increaseNegative}}6.6 %{{decreasePositive}}8.7 %{{Decrease}}−1.8 %
1990{{Increase}}1,058.6{{Increase}}18,711{{Increase}}2.9 %{{increase}}0.3 %{{decreasePositive}}8.4 %{{Decrease}}−2.4 %
1991{{Increase}}1,097.1{{Increase}}19,304{{Increase}}1.0 %{{increaseNegative}}3.4 %{{increaseNegative}}8.6 %{{Decrease}}−2.8 %
1992{{Increase}}1,136.8{{Increase}}19,906{{Increase}}1.6 %{{increaseNegative}}2.5 %{{increaseNegative}}9.4 %{{Decrease}}−4.6 %
1993{{Increase}}1,148.4{{Increase}}20,018{{Decrease}}−0.6 %{{increaseNegative}}2.2 %{{increaseNegative}}10.3 %{{Decrease}}−6.3 %
1994{{Increase}}1,186.3{{Increase}}20,609{{Increase}}2.3 %{{increase}}1.7 %{{increaseNegative}}10.7 %{{Decrease}}−5.4 %
1995{{Increase}}1,225.0{{Increase}}21,211{{Increase}}2.1 %{{increase}}1.8 %{{decreasePositive}}10.5 %{{Decrease}}−5.1 %
1996{{Increase}}1,259.0{{Increase}}21,730{{Increase}}1.4 %{{increaseNegative}}2.1 %{{increaseNegative}}10.8 %{{Decrease}}−3.9 %
1997{{Increase}}1,299.7{{Increase}}22,365{{Increase}}2.3 %{{increase}}1.3 %{{increaseNegative}}10.9 %{{Decrease}}−3.6 %
1998{{Increase}}1,358.8{{Increase}}23.307{{Increase}}3.6 %{{increase}}0.7 %{{decreasePositive}}10.7 %{{Decrease}}−2.4 %
1999{{Increase}}1,408.1{{Increase}}24,072{{Increase}}3.4 %{{increase}}0.6 %{{decreasePositive}}10.4 %{{Decrease}}−1.6 %
2000{{Increase}}1,485.3{{Increase}}25,235{{Increase}}3.9 %{{increase}}1.8 %{{decreasePositive}}9.2 %{{Decrease}}−1.3 %
2001{{Increase}}1,544.6{{Increase}}26,026{{Increase}}2.0 %{{increase}}1.8 %{{decreasePositive}}8.5 %{{Decrease}}−1.4 %
2002{{Increase}}1,594.3{{Increase}}26,711{{Increase}}1.1 %{{increase}}1.9 %{{decreasePositive}}8.3 %{{Decrease}}−3.1 %
2003{{Increase}}1,637.4{{Increase}}27,244{{Increase}}0.8 %{{increaseNegative}}2.2 %{{increaseNegative}}8.5 %{{Decrease}}−3.9 %
2004{{Increase}}1,710.7{{Increase}}28,274{{Increase}}2.8 %{{increaseNegative}}2.3 %{{increaseNegative}}8.8 %{{Decrease}}−3.5 %
2005{{Increase}}1,772.0{{Increase}}29,066{{Increase}}1.6 %{{increase}}1.9 %{{increaseNegative}}8.9 %{{Decrease}}−3.2 %
2006{{Increase}}1,853.2{{Increase}}30,184{{Increase}}2.4 %{{increase}}1.9 %{{decreasePositive}}8.8 %{{Decrease}}−2.3 %
2007{{Increase}}1,945.7{{Increase}}31,486{{Increase}}2.4 %{{increase}}1.6 %{{decreasePositive}}8.0 %{{Decrease}}−2.5 %
2008{{Increase}}1,995.8{{Increase}}32,121{{Increase}}0.2 %{{increaseNegative}}3.2 %{{decreasePositive}}7.5 %{{Decrease}}−3.2 %
2009{{Decrease}}1,939.0{{Decrease}}31,041{{Decrease}}−2.9 %{{increase}}0.1 %{{increaseNegative}}9.1 %{{Decrease}}−7.2 %
2010{{Increase}}1,998.4{{Increase}}31,841{{Increase}}2.0 %{{increase}}1.7 %{{increaseNegative}}9.3 %{{Decrease}}−6.8 %
2011{{Increase}}2,059.3{{Increase}}32,651{{Increase}}2.1 %{{increaseNegative}}2.3 %{{decreasePositive}}9.2 %{{Decrease}}−5.1 %
2012{{Increase}}2,086.9{{Increase}}32,929{{Increase}}0.2 %{{increaseNegative}}2.2 %{{increaseNegative}}9.8 %{{Decrease}}−4.8 %
2013{{Increase}}2,115.3{{Increase}}33,208{{Increase}}0.6 %{{increase}}1.0 %{{increaseNegative}}10.3 %{{Decrease}}−4.0 %
2014{{Increase}}2,147.6{{Increase}}33,542{{Increase}}0.9 %{{increase}}0.6 %{{steady}}10.3 %{{Decrease}}−3.9 %
2015{{Increase}}2,194.2{{Increase}}34,125{{Increase}}1.1 %{{increase}}0.1 %{{increaseNegative}}10.4 %{{Decrease}}−3.6 %
2016{{Increase}}2,228.9{{Increase}}34,524{{Increase}}1.1 %{{increase}}0.3 %{{decreasePositive}}10.0 %{{Decrease}}−3.4 %
2017{{Increase}}2,288.1{{Increase}}35,309{{Increase}}1.8 %{{increase}}1.2 %{{decreasePositive}}9.4 %{{Decrease}}−2.6 %

Economic sectors

Industry

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = 2006 electricity production of France
|other =
|label1 = Nuclear power
|value1 = 78.1
|color1 = #92C976
|label2 = Hydroelectric power
|value2 = 11.1
|color2 = #DFE575
|label3 = Fossil fuel power
|value3 = 9.5
|color3 = #75CBE5
|label4 = Other
|value4 = 1.3
|color4 = #EF9928
}}

The leading industrial sectors in France are telecommunications (including communication satellites), aerospace and defense, ship building (naval and specialist ships), pharmaceuticals, construction and civil engineering, chemicals, textiles, and automobile production.

Research and development spending is also high in France at 2.26% of GDP, the fourth-highest in the OECD.[32]

Energy

{{Further|Energy in France}}

France is the world-leading country in nuclear energy, home of global energy giants Areva, EDF and GDF Suez: nuclear power now accounts for about 78% of the country's electricity production, up from only 8% in 1973, 24% in 1980, and 75% in 1990. Nuclear waste is stored on site at reprocessing facilities.

Due to its heavy investment in nuclear power, France is the smallest emitter of carbon dioxide among the seven most industrialized countries in the world.[33]

In 2006 electricity generated in France amounted to 548.8 TWh, of which:[34]

  • 428.7 TWh (78.1%) were produced by nuclear power generation
  • 60.9 TWh (11.1%) were produced by hydroelectric power generation
  • 52.4 TWh (9.5%) were produced by fossil-fuel power generation
    • 21.6 TWh (3.9%) by coal power
    • 20.9 TWh (3.8%) by natural-gas power
    • 9.9 TWh (1.8%) by other fossil fuel generation (fuel oil and gases by-products of industry such as blast furnace gases)
  • 6.9 TWh (1.3%) were produced by other types of power generation (essentially waste-to-energy and wind turbines)
    • The electricity produced by wind turbines increased from 0.596 TWh in 2004, to 0.963 TWh in 2005, and 2.15 TWh in 2006, but this still accounts only for 0.4% of the total production of electricity (as of 2006).

In November 2004, EDF (which stands for Electricité de France), the world's largest utility company and France's largest electricity provider, was floated with huge success on the French stock market. Notwithstanding, the French state still retains 70% of the capital.

Other electricity providers include Compagnie nationale du Rhône (CNR) and Endesa (through SNET).

Agriculture

France is the world's sixth largest agricultural producer and EU's leading agricultural power, accounting for about one-third of all agricultural land within the EU.

Northern France is characterized by large wheat farms. Dairy products, pork, poultry, and apple production are concentrated in the western region. Beef production is located in central France, while the production of fruits, vegetables, and wine ranges from central to southern France. France is a large producer of many agricultural products and is currently expanding its forestry and fishery industries. The implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) have resulted in reforms in the agricultural sector of the economy.

As the world's second-largest agricultural exporter, France ranks just after the United States.[35] The destination of 49% of its exports is other EU members states. France also provide agricultural exports to many poor African countries (including its former colonies) which face serious food shortages. Wheat, beef, pork, poultry, and dairy products are the principal exports.

Exports from the United States face stiff competition from domestic production, other EU member states, and third-world countries in France. US agricultural exports to France, totaling some $600 million annually, consist primarily of soybeans and soybean products, feeds and fodders, seafood, and consumer products, especially snack foods and nuts. French exports to the United States are much more high-value products such as its cheese, processed products and its wine.

The French agricultural sector receives almost €11 billion in EU subsidies. France's competitive advantage is mostly linked to the high quality and global renown of its produce, such as cheese and wine.

Tourism

{{Main|Tourism in France}}

France is the most popular tourist destination with more than 83.7 million foreign tourists in 2014,  ahead of Spain (58.5 million in 2006) and the United States (51.1 million in 2006). This figure excludes people staying less than 24 hours in France, such as northern Europeans crossing France on their way to Spain or Italy during the summer.

France is home to cities of much cultural interest (Paris being the foremost), beaches and seaside resorts, ski resorts, and rural regions that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquillity. France also attracts many religious pilgrims to Lourdes, a town in the Hautes-Pyrénées département, which hosts several million visitors a year.

According to figures from 2003, some popular tourist sites include (in visitors per year):[36] Eiffel Tower (6.2 million), Louvre Museum (5.7 million), Palace of Versailles (2.8 million), Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie (2.6 million), Musée d'Orsay (2.1 million), Arc de Triomphe (1.2 million), Centre Pompidou (1.2 million), Mont-Saint-Michel (1 million), Château de Chambord (711,000), Sainte-Chapelle (683,000), Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg (549,000), Puy de Dôme (500,000), Musée Picasso (441,000), Carcassonne (362,000). However, the most popular site in France is Disneyland Paris, with 9.7 million visitors in 2017 [37]

Arms industry

The French arms industry's main customer, for whom they mainly build warships, guns, nuclear weapons and equipment, is the French government.

Record high defence expenditure (currently{{When|date=May 2018}} at €35 billion), which was considerably increased under the government of Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin, goes largely to the French arms industries.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

During the 2000–2015 period, France was the fourth largest weapons exporter in the world[38][39]

French manufacturers export great quantities of weaponry to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Brazil, Greece, India, Pakistan, Taiwan, Singapore and many others.

It was reported that in 2015, French arms sales internationally amounted to 17.4 billion U.S. dollars,[40] more than double the figure of 2014.[41] Vice News explained that "While the United Kingdom has lapsed somewhat in this regard, France has maintained a high-level of production of military equipment for land, air, and sea defense – an expensive approach that relies on the export of arms and technology."[42]

Transport

{{main|Transport in France}}

Transportation in France relies on one of the densest networks in the world with 146 km of road and 6.2 km of rail lines per 100 km2. It is built as a web with Paris at its center.[43] The highly subsidised rail transport network makes up a relatively small portion of travel, most of which is done by car. However the high-speed TGV trains make up a large proportion of long-distance travel, partially because intercity buses were prevented from operating until 2015.

France also boasts a number of seaports and harbours, including Bayonne, Bordeaux, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Brest, Calais, Cherbourg-Octeville, Dunkerque, Fos-sur-Mer, La Pallice, Le Havre, Lorient, Marseille, Nantes, Nice, Paris, Port-la-Nouvelle, Port-Vendres, Roscoff, Rouen, Saint-Nazaire, Saint-Malo, Sète, Strasbourg and Toulon. There are approximately 470 airports in France and by a 2005 estimate, there are three heliports. 288 of the airports have paved runways, with the remaining 199 being unpaved. The national carrier of France is Air France, a full service global airline which flies to 20 domestic destinations and 150 international destinations in 83 countries (including Overseas France) across all 6 major continents.

Labour market

According to a 2011 report by the American Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), France's GDP per capita at purchasing power parity is similar to that of the UK, with just over US$35,000 per head.[44] To explain why French per capita GDP is lower than that of the United States, the economist Paul Krugman stated that "French workers are roughly as productive as US workers", but that the French have allegedly a lower workforce participation rate and "when they work, they work fewer hours". According to Krugman, the difference is due to the French making "different choices about retirement and leisure".[45]

Keynesian economists sought out different solutions to the unemployment issue in France, and their theories led to the introduction of the 35-hour workweek law in 1999. Between 2004 and 2008, the government attempted to combat unemployment with supply-side reforms, but was met with fierce resistance;[47] the contrat nouvelle embauche and the contrat première embauche (which allowed more flexible contracts) were of particular concern, and both were eventually repealed.[48] The Sarkozy government used the revenu de solidarité active (in-work benefits) to redress the allegedly negative effect of the revenu minimum d'insertion (unemployment benefits which do not depend on previous contributions, unlike normal unemployment benefits in France) on the incentive to accept even jobs which are insufficient to earn a living.[49]

French employment rates for 15–64 years is one of the lowest of the OECD countries: in 2012, only 71% of the French population aged 15–64 years were in employment, compared to 74% in Japan, 77% in the UK, 73% in the US and 77% in Germany.[50] This gap is due to the low employment rate for 15–24 years old: 38% in 2012, compared to 47% in the OECD. Neoliberal economists attribute the low employment rate, particularly evident among young people, to allegedly high minimum wages that would prevent low productivity workers from easily entering the labour market.[51]

A December 2012 New York Times article reported on an allegedly "floating generation" in France that formed part of the 14 million unemployed young Europeans documented by the Eurofound research agency.[52] In the same article, Anne Sonnet, a senior economist studying unemployment at the OECD claimed that nearly two million young people in France had given up looking for employment at that time, while French labour minister Michel Sapin said that 82 percent of people hired were only on temporary contracts. Sapin further explained that, in his opinion, the challenge at that time was to create a more flexible system, in which greater trust existed between unions and companies, and "partial unemployment" was accommodated during difficult periods. The so-called floating generation was attributed to an allegedly dysfunctional system: "an elitist educational tradition that does not integrate graduates into the work force, a rigid labour market that is hard to enter for newcomers, and a tax system that makes it expensive for companies to hire full-time employees and both difficult and expensive to lay them off".[53] In July 2013, the unemployment rate for France was 11%.[54]

In early April 2014, employers' federations and unions negotiated an agreement with technology and consultancy employers, as employees had been experiencing an extension of their work time through smartphone communication outside of official working hours. Under a new, legally binding labour agreement, around 250,000 employees will avoid handling work-related matters during their leisure time and their employers will, in turn, refrain from engaging with staff during this time.[55]

Everyday, about 80,000 French citizens are commuting to work in neighbouring Luxembourg, making it the biggest cross-border workforce group in the whole of the European Union.[56] They are attracted by much higher wages for the different job groups than in their own country and the lack of skilled labour in the booming Luxembourgish economy.

External trade

{{see also|List of exports of France}}

France is the second-largest trading nation in Europe (after Germany).[57] Its foreign trade balance for goods had been in surplus from 1992 until 2001, reaching $25.4 billion (25.4 G$) in 1998; however, the French balance of trade was hit by the economic downturn, and went into the red in 2000, reaching a US$15bn deficit in 2003. Total trade for 1998 amounted to $730 billion, or 50% of GDP—imports plus exports of goods and services. Trade with European Union countries accounts for 60% of French trade.

In 1998, US–France trade stood at about $47 billion – goods only. According to French trade data, US exports accounted for 8.7% – about $25 billion – of France's total imports. US industrial chemicals, aircraft and engines, electronic components, telecommunications, computer software, computers and peripherals, analytical and scientific instrumentation, medical instruments and supplies, broadcasting equipment, and programming and franchising are particularly attractive to French importers.

The principal French exports to the US are aircraft and engines, beverages, electrical equipment, chemicals, cosmetics, luxury products and perfume. France is the ninth-largest trading partner of the US.

Export in Billion US-Dollar
RankCountry[58]Export
(2016)
1.{{flag|Germany}}70.1
2.{{flag|United States}}40.4
3.{{flag|Belgium}}
{{LUX}}		36.7
4.{{flag|Italy}}35.3
5.{{flag|United Kingdom}}35.3
6.{{flag|Spain}}34.6
7.{{flag|China}}18.6
8.{{NLD}}16.8
9.{{CHE}}16.2
10.{{JPN}}8.9
11.{{POL}}7.9
12.{{SGP}}7.8
13.{{TUR}}7.5
14.{{HKG}}6.4
15.{{IRL}}6.3
16.{{RUS}}6.1
17.{{SWE}}5.7
18.{{KOR}}5.7
19.{{ALG}}5.3
20.{{PRT}}5.3
Import in Billion US-Dollar
RankCountry[58]Import
(2016)
1.{{flag|Germany}}99.8
2.{{flag|China}}47.9
3.{{ITA}}43.7
4.{{flag|Belgium}}
{{LUX}}		41.6
5.{{flag|United States}}37.9
6.{{ESP}}37.1
7.{{NLD}}26.4
8.{{GBR}}22.4
9.{{CHE}}15.8
10.{{POL}}10.4
11.{{flag|Japan}}10.1
12.{{IRL}}7.6
13.{{CZE}}7.6
14.{{TUR}}7.5
15.{{NOR}}6.4
16.{{PRT}}6.3
17.{{SWE}}6.0
18.{{AUT}}5.6
19.{{IND}}5.1
20.{{VNM}}5.0
Total Trade in Billion US-Dollar
RankCountry[58]Total Trade
(2016)
1.{{flag|Germany}}169.9
2.{{ITA}}79.0
3.{{flag|United States}}78.3
4.{{flag|Belgium}}
{{LUX}}		78.3
5.{{ESP}}71.7
6.{{flag|China}}66.5
7.{{GBR}}57.7
8.{{NLD}}43.2
9.{{CHE}}32.0
10.{{flag|Japan}}19.0
{{clear}}

Régions economy

{{main|List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP}}

The economic disparity between French regions is not as high as that in other European countries such as the UK, Italy or Germany, and higher than in countries like Sweden or Denmark, or even Spain. However, Europe's wealthiest and second largest regional economy, Ile-de-France (the region surrounding Paris), has long profited from the capital city's economic hegemony.

The most important régions are Île-de-France (world's 4th and Europe 2nd wealthiest and largest regional economy), Rhône-Alpes (Europe's 5th largest regional economy thanks to its services, high-technologies, chemical industries, wines, tourism), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (services, industry, tourism and wines), Nord-Pas-de-Calais (European transport hub, services, industries) and Pays de la Loire (green technologies, tourism). Regions like Alsace, which has a rich past in industry (machine tool) and currently stands as a high income service-specialized region, are very wealthy without ranking very high in absolute terms.

The rural areas are mainly in Auvergne, Limousin, and Centre-Val de Loire, and wine production accounts for a significant proportion of the economy in Aquitaine (Bordeaux (or claret)), Burgundy, and champagne produced in Champagne-Ardennes.

Rank Region GDP
(in million euros, 2009) 		GDP per capita
(euros, 2009)		 GDP
(in million US Dollars, 2009) 		GDP per capita
(US Dollars, 2009)
1 Île-de-France552,05251,101769,70569,973
2 Rhône-Alpes181,81029,420253,49141,019
3 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur138,00227,855192,41138,837
4 Nord-Pas de Calais96,83924,025135,01933,497
5 Pays de la Loire94,03226,481131,10536,921
6 Aquitaine85,69326,710119,47837,241
7 Brittany81,63225,739113,81635,887
8 Midi-Pyrénées76,52226,628106,69237,126
9 Centre-Val de Loire65,17325,57190,86835,653
10 Languedoc-Roussillon60,52322,98484,38532,046
11 Lorraine55,39623,65377,23732,978
12 Alsace50,70127,32270,69038,094
13 Upper Normandy48,55526,59967,69837,086
14 Picardy43,72522,89460,96431,920
15 Poitou-Charentes42,37924,04659,08733,526
16 Burgundy41,80525,51658,28735,576
17 Champagne-Ardenne35,77926,76849,88537,322
18 Lower Normandy34,86923,73748,61733,096
19 Auvergne33,17424,68046,25334,410
20 Franche-Comté28,08324,04239,15533,521
21 Limousin17,50923,63724,41232,956
22 Corsica7,27923,80010,14933,183
Source : INSEE. Source : fxtop.com.

Departments economy and cities

Departmental income inequalities

{{see also|Departments of France}}

In terms of income, important inequalities can be observed among the French départements.

According to the 2008 statistics of the INSEE, the Yvelines is the highest income department of the country with an average income of €4,750 per month. Hauts-de-Seine comes second, Essonne third, Paris fourth, Seine-et Marne fifth. Île-de-France is the wealthiest region in the country with an average income of €4,228 per month (and is also the wealthiest region in Europe) compared to €3,081 at the national level. Alsace comes second, Rhône-Alpes third, Picardy fourth, and Upper Normandy fifth.

The poorest parts of France are the French overseas departments, French Guiana being the poorest department with an average household income of €1,826. In Metropolitan France it is Creuse in the Limousin region which comes bottom of the list with an average household income of €1,849 per month.[59]

Urban income inequalities

Huge inequalities can also be found among cities.

In the Paris metropolitan area, significant differences exist between the higher standard of living of Paris Ouest and lower standard of living in areas in the northern banlieues of Paris such as Seine-Saint-Denis.

For cities of over 50,000 inhabitants, Neuilly-sur-Seine, a western suburb of Paris, is the wealthiest city in France with an average household income of €5,939, and 35% earning more than €8,000 per month.[60]

But within Paris, four arrondissements surpass wealthy Neuilly-sur-Seine in household income: the 6th, the 7th, the 8th and the 16th; the 8th "arrondissement" being the wealthiest district in France (the other three following it closely as 2nd, 3rd and 4th wealthiest ones).

Wealth

Overview

In 2010, the French had an estimated wealth of US$14.0 trillion for a population of 63 million.[61]

  • In terms of aggregate wealth, the French are the wealthiest Europeans, accounting for more than a quarter of wealthiest European households.[62] Globally, the French nation ranks fourth-wealthiest.[63][64]
  • In 2010, wealth per French adult was a little higher than $290,000, down from a pre-crisis high of $300,000 in 2007. According to this ratio, French are the wealthiest in Europe. The tax on wealth is paid by 1.1M of people in France, the payment of this tax starts when a €1.3M of assets is reached (there is a discount on the principal residence value).
  • Almost every French household has at least $1,000 in assets.[65] Proportionally, there are twice as many French with assets of over $10,000 and four times as many French with assets of over $100,000 than the world average.[66]
  • The French are also among the least indebted populations in the developed world with personal debt accounting for "little more than 10% of household assets".[67]

Millionaires

France has the third highest number of millionaires in Europe as of 2017. There were 1.617 million millionaire households (measured in terms of US dollars) living in France in 2017, behind the UK (2.225M) and Germany (1.637).[68]

The wealthiest man in France is the LVMH CEO and owner Bernard Arnault.

See also

  • Economy of France in: French Guiana, French Polynesia, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Réunion, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna
  • Taxation in France
  • Economic history of France
  • Economy of Paris
  • Poverty in France
General:
  • France
  • Economy of Europe
  • Economy of the European Union

Notes and references

1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=9&pr.y=6&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=France, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018|publisher=International Monetary Fund}}
2. ^{{citeweb|url=http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLDl/FRA|title=Real GDP growth; Annual percent change|publisher=International Momentaryq Fund}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html |title=The World Factbook- France |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=4 May 2018}}
4. ^https://www.insee.fr/en/accueil
5. ^{{cite web|title=Labor force, total|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN|location=France|website=World Bank|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=1 September 2016}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/france |title=Ease of Doing Business in France |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |accessdate=2017-11-21 }}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.journaldunet.com/economie/magazine/1166094-salaire-moyen/#salaire-brut-mensuel-moyen.html | title=Average wage in France: net, gross, by sex, by CSP | website=Journaldunet.com | accessdate= 18 July 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://salaryaftertax.com/fr |title=Salary after Tax Calculator - France (FR) |website=Salaryaftertax.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-27}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3713743}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Banque de France|url=http://webstat.banque-france.fr/en/browseTable.do?node=5384921|accessdate=2017-07-09}}
11. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.globalcreditportal.com/ratingsdirect/renderArticle.do?articleId=1780963&SctArtId=412609&from=CM&nsl_code=LIME&sourceObjectId=9936460&sourceRevId=1&fee_ind=N&exp_date=20270106-21:38:13|title = Sovereign Ratings List|publisher = Standard & Poor's|date = January 6, 2017 |accessdate = 2015-06-06}} Note: this source is continually updated.
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Frances-government-bond-ratings-to-Aa2-from-Aa1--PR_334715|title=Moody's downgrades France's government bond ratings to Aa2 from Aa1; outlook changed to stable from negative|date=2015-09-18|website=Moody's Investors Service|access-date=2017-09-23}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/frances-credit-downgraded-to-aa-at-fitch-ratings-2014-12-12 |title=France's credit downgraded to AA at Fitch Ratings - MarketWatch |format= |work= |accessdate=2014-12-12}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.scoperatings.com/#search/research/detail/154564EN |title=Scope confirms and publishes France’s credit rating of AA and changes the Outlook to Stable |format= |work= |accessdate=2017-06-30}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Development aid rises again in 2016 but flows to poorest countries dip |url=http://www.oecd.org/dac/development-aid-rises-again-in-2016-but-flows-to-poorest-countries-dip.htm |website=OECD |accessdate=2017-09-25 |date=2017-04-11 }}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C946%2C914%2C137%2C612%2C546%2C614%2C962%2C311%2C674%2C213%2C676%2C911%2C548%2C193%2C556%2C122%2C678%2C912%2C181%2C313%2C867%2C419%2C682%2C513%2C684%2C316%2C273%2C913%2C868%2C124%2C921%2C339%2C948%2C638%2C943%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C836%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C734%2C336%2C144%2C263%2C146%2C268%2C463%2C532%2C528%2C944%2C923%2C176%2C738%2C534%2C578%2C536%2C537%2C429%2C742%2C433%2C866%2C178%2C369%2C436%2C744%2C136%2C186%2C343%2C925%2C158%2C869%2C439%2C746%2C916%2C926%2C664%2C466%2C826%2C112%2C542%2C111%2C967%2C298%2C443%2C927%2C917%2C846%2C544%2C299%2C941%2C582%2C446%2C474%2C666%2C754%2C668%2C698%2C672&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=&pr.x=45&pr.y=14|title=GDP ranking {{!}} Data|website=www.imf.org|language=en-us|access-date=2017-12-20}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.invest-in-france.org/Medias/Publications/227/Chemical%20Industry.pdf|title=Chemical industry|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820153526/http://www.invest-in-france.org/Medias/Publications/227/Chemical%20Industry.pdf|archivedate=20 August 2010|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/tourism-business-portal/documents/business/internationalisation/france_country_report.pdf|title=Tourism industry sub-sectors: COUNTRY REPORT – FRANCE|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217192231/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/tourism-business-portal/documents/business/internationalisation/france_country_report.pdf|archivedate=17 February 2015|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights14_en_hr_0.pdf|title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2014 Edition|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217141742/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights14_en_hr_0.pdf|archivedate=17 December 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
20. ^https://m.zalando.co.uk/worlds-most-elegant-cities/?awc=3356_1518352180_83f935be011f295b546745584c1ce5b7&wmc=AFF44_AW_EN.78888_..&opc=2211
21. ^{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2009/08/13/news/international/europe_economy.reut/index.htm|agency=CNN|title=Germany, France pull out of recession|date=13 August 2009}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=84&pr.y=2&sy=2010&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDP_RPCH&grp=0&a=|title=5. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|publisher=International Monetary Fund}}
23. ^{{cite web |title= Global 2000 Leading Companies |publisher= Forbes|url= https://www.forbes.com/global2000/list/#header:revenue_sortreverse:true_industry:Airline |date= May 2015 }}
24. ^Bloomberg (2012) [https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/GFRN10:IND French government bond interest rates] (graph)
25. ^Bloomberg (2012) [https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/GDBR10:IND German government bond interest rates] (graph)
26. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120928-french-debt-jumps-minister-promises-meet-deficit-target |title=French debt jumps, minister promises to meet deficit target |publisher=FRANCE 24 |date=28 September 2012 |accessdate=27 November 2012 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
27. ^{{cite news|last=John |first=Mark |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/26/us-france-debt-idUSBRE89P0SO20121026 |title=Analysis: Low French borrowing costs risk negative reappraisal |publisher=Reuters |date= 26 October 2012|accessdate=27 November 2012}}
28. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16552623 | work=BBC News | title=France loses AAA rating as euro governments downgraded | date=13 January 2012}}
29. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-12/france-loses-top-credit-rating-as-fitch-cites-lack-of-growth.html | work=Bloomberg | first=Mark | last=Deen | title=France Loses Top Credit Rating as Fitch Cites Lack of Growth | date=12 July 2013}}
30. ^{{cite news|last1=Deenpattern dots|first1=Mark|title=France's Credit Rating Cut by Fitch to 'AA'; Outlook Stable|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-12/france-s-credit-rating-cut-by-fitch-to-aa-outlook-stable|website=Bloomberg.com|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=12 March 2015|date=12 December 2014}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|periodical=|publisher=|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=85&pr.y=4&sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPPC,PCPIPCH,LUR,GGXCNL_NGDP&grp=0&a=|deadurl=|format=|accessdate=2018-09-02|archiveurl=|archivedate=|last=|date=|year=|month=|day=|language=en-US|pages=|quote=}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ambafrance-us.org/spip.php?article511|title=France in the United States: Economy|publisher=Embassy of France in Washington|accessdate=23 April 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009235442/http://ambafrance-us.org/spip.php?article511|archivedate=9 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/air_co2_emissions.htm|title=CO2 emissions per capita in 2006|publisher=United Nations|date=August 2009|work=Environmental Indicators: Greenhouse Gas Emissions}}
34. ^Source: L’Electricité en France en 2006 : une analyse statistique
35. ^{{fr icon}} L'Agriculture en chiffres
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/deps/mini_chiff_03/fr/musee.htm|title=Musées et Monuments historiques|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224180811/http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/deps/mini_chiff_03/fr/musee.htm|archivedate=24 December 2007|df=dmy-all}}
37. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.statista.com/statistics/236162/attendance-at-the-paris-disneyland-park-theme-park/|title=Disneyland Park Paris attendance}}
38. ^SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, data 2000–10. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
39. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/arms-trade-exporters-importers-weapons-transfers-sipri-a6891491.html Arms trade: One chart that shows the biggest weapons exporters of the last five years], The Independent
40. ^France doubles arms sales in 2015, UPI.com
41. ^Arms sales becoming France’s new El Dorado, but at what cost?, France24
42. ^[https://news.vice.com/article/if-the-us-wont-sell-you-weapons-france-might-still-hook-you-up If the US Won't Sell You Weapons, France Might Still Hook You Up], Vice News
43. ^Les grands secteurs économiques Ministère des Affaires étrangères Retrieved 4 November 2007
44. ^{{cite web |title=International Comparisons of GDP per Capita, and per Hour, 1960–2011 |url=http://www.bls.gov/fls/intl_gdp_capita_gdp_hour.pdf |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |accessdate=13 April 2014 |format=PDF |date=7 November 2012}}
45. ^{{cite news|title=GDP Per Capita, Here and There|url=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/gdp-per-capita-here-and-there/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0|accessdate=13 April 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=28 January 2011|author=Paul Krugman}}
46. ^https://data.oecd.org/lprdty/gdp-per-hour-worked.htm#indicator-chart
47. ^{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/04/04/france.jobslaw/index.html |title=More than 1 million protest French jobs law |publisher=CNN |accessdate=21 July 2011}}
48. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4816306.stm |title=Q&A: French labour law row |publisher=BBC News |date=11 April 2006 |accessdate=21 July 2011}}
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rsa.gouv.fr/-English-version-.html |title=Le Revenu de Solidarité active |publisher=Rsa.gouv.fr |accessdate=9 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717012046/http://www.rsa.gouv.fr/-English-version-.html |archivedate=17 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
50. ^{{cite web |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |year=2012 |url=http://www.oecd.org/els/emp/employmentoutlookstatisticalannex.htm |title=OECD Employment Outlook 2012 – Statistical Annex |format=PDF |accessdate=29 June 2013}}
51. ^{{cite book |authorlink=Philippe Aghion|author=Philippe Aghion|first2=Gilbert|last2= Cette|first3=Élie|last3= Cohen|first4=Jean|last4=Pisani-Ferry|authorlink4=Jean Pisani-Ferry|publisher=Conseil d'analyse économique|year=2007|url=http://www.cae.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/072.pdf |title=Les leviers de la croissance française |accessdate=1 September 2008|page=55|format=PDF|isbn=978-2-11-006946-7|place=Paris|language=fr}}
52. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/world/europe/young-and-educated-in-france-find-employment-elusive.html?_r=0 |title=Young, Educated and Jobless in France}}
53. ^{{cite news|title=Young, Educated and Jobless in France|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/world/europe/young-and-educated-in-france-find-employment-elusive.html?pagewanted=1|accessdate=13 April 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 December 2012|author=Steven Erlanger|author2=Maïa de la Baume|author3=Stefania Rousselle}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=teilm020&tableSelection=1&plugin=1 |title=Harmonised unemployment rate by gender – total – % (SA) |publisher=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=21 July 2011}}
55. ^{{cite news|title=When the French clock off at 6 pm, they really mean it|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/shortcuts/2014/apr/09/french-6pm-labour-agreement-work-emails-out-of-office?CMP=fb_gu|accessdate=13 April 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=9 April 2014|author=Lucy Mangan}}
56. ^{{cite web|title=Foreign labour in 2014|url=http://www.statistiques.public.lu|publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques du Luxembourg|accessdate=1 June 2015}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2008_e/section1_e/i08.xls|title=Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2007|publisher=World Trade Organization|accessdate=3 June 2009}}
58. ^1 2 [https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/fra/ (1)] The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC)
59. ^  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104183327/http://www.salairemoyen.com/departement.php?dept=23|date=4 November 2011}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.salairemoyen.com/revenus.php?Commune=92051&Ville=92200+-+NEUILLY+SUR+SEINE |title=Salaire moyen Neuilly-sur-Seine – 92200 (60501 habitants) : 4649 euros / mois par ménage – Tout savoir sur revenu moyen, salaire net, salaire brut et retraite par ville de France |publisher=Salairemoyen.com |date= |accessdate=27 November 2012}}
61. ^Credit Suisse 2010's Global Wealth Report p32
62. ^"Europe as a whole accounts for 35% of the individuals in the global top 1% (of wealthiest households), but France itself contributes a quarter of the European contingent." 2010's Global Wealth Report
63. ^Rankings: 1st: USA with $54.6 trillion for 318 million inhabitants; 2nd: Japan with $21 trillion for 127 million inhabitants; 3rd: China with $16.5 trillion for 1.331 billion inhabitants; 4th: France with $14.0 trillion for 63 million inhabitants
64. ^" Although it has just 1.1% of the world’s adults, France ranks fourth among nations in aggregate household wealth – behind China and just ahead of Germany" 2010's Global Wealth Report {{cite web |url=http://thewisebuck.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/credit_suisse_global_wealth_report1.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-03-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427015348/http://thewisebuck.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/credit_suisse_global_wealth_report1.pdf |archivedate=27 April 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
65. ^2010's Global Wealth Report, p32: Very few households in France are recorded as having less than US$1000 per adult
66. ^2010's Global Wealth Report, p32: The proportion with assets over $10,000 is double the world average, and the proportion with more than $100,000 is four times the global figure
67. ^(2010's Global Wealth Report)
68. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/countries-with-most-millionaires-2017-4|title=The 18 countries with the most millionaires|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-19|language=en}}

External links

{{Z148}}
  • [https://www.insee.fr/en/accueil National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies - Insee]
  • [https://www.banque-france.fr/en Banque de France]
  • [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/FRA World Bank: France Trade Statistics]
  • France - OECD
  • [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html France profile] at the CIA World Factbook
  • France profile at The World Bank
{{France topics}}{{World Trade Organization}}{{Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}{{Economy of Europe}}{{EU Dependent economies|state=collapsed}}{{Europe topic|Agriculture in}}

5 : Economy of France|European Union member economies|World Trade Organization member economies|OECD member economies|Economies of Europe
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