| 词条 | Pseudozizeeria maha |
| 释义 |
| name = Pale grass blue | image = Pale Grass Blue October 2007.jpg | image_caption = | taxon = Pseudozizeeria maha | authority = (Kollar 1844) | synonyms = *Zizeeria maha }}Pseudozizeeria maha, the pale grass blue,[1][2] is a small butterfly found in South Asia that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family.[1][2][3] SubspeciesThe subspecies of Pseudozizeeria maha are-[3][1][2][4]
Description{{Entomology glossary hatnote}}Wet-season broodMale. Upperside silvery light blue with a satiny sheen in certain lights. Forewing: the apical half of the costa narrowly and the terminal margin for varying widths fuscous black, bounded outwardly on the latter by an obscure anteciliary black line. Hindwing: the costa broadly, the termen somewhat more narrowly fuscous black as in the forewing, with the width of this dark edging similarly variable; in addition there is a very diffuse and ill-defined subterminal series of spots darker than the fuscous margin. Underside: brownish grey. Forewing: a spot in cell, a transverse lunule on the discocellulars, and a transverse anteriorly inwardly curved series of eight discal spots, black; the transverse lunule and each spot encircled with a narrow white edging; the posterior two spots of the discal series geminate (paired). Beyond these are a postdiscal and a subterminal series of short transverse dusky black spots followed by an anteciliary black line; the ground colour between the discal and postdiscal series and between the latter and the subterminal series of spots posteriorly paler than on the rest of the wing. Hindwing: a transverse, subbasal, slightly sinuate line of four spots, a short, slender, lunular line on the discocellulars, and a very strongly curved discal series of eight small spots, black; the lunule and each spot encircled with a narrow edging of white; the posterior two spots of the discal series geminate as on the forewing; beyond these as on the forewing there is a double line of dusky spots, only more lunular, with between them and between the discal and postdiscal series the ground colour in the same way followed by slightly paler; an anteciliary fine black line. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings whitey brown, darker anteriorly on the forewing. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, shafts of the antennae ringed with white; in fresh specimens the thorax and abdomen with a little light blue pubescence; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen white.[10] Female upperside: brownish black; the basal halves of the wings slightly suffused with light blue, anteciliary black lines on both forewings and hindwings, and on the latter wing an obscure subterminal series of spots as in the male. Underside, similar,only the ground colour darker, the markings larger and more clearly defined. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male, but with no blue pubescence on the thorax and abdomen on the upperside.[10] Dry-season broodMale upperside: pale bluish grey with, in some specimens, a pinkish undertone. Forewing: as in the wet-season brood, but the black terminal edging much reduced in width in some specimens to a transverse, somewhat diffuse, very narrow band that borders the anteciliary black line on the inner side, in others to a much broader similar band that coalesces with the anteciliary black line and occupies about the outer sixth of the wing. This edging along the termen is sometimes even, sometimes it widens from a slender anteciliary at and above the tornus to a broad black patch at the apex of the wing.[10] Hindwing: the terminal black edging much narrower proportionately than in wet-season specimens, most often reduced to a slender black anteciliary line with a series of black spots on the inner side, bordering and sometimes coalescing with the line. Underside: as in the wet-season brood but the ground colour paler, in some specimens much paler, the markings on both forewings and hindwings similar, with frequently the terminal markings obsolescent, sometimes entirely absent or only indicated anteriorly on each wing. Cilia whitish. Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen as in the wet-season specimens.[10] Female similar to the female of the wet-season brood, but more like the male, with the light silvery-blue suffusion very irregular, but generally extended much further outwards from the base. Underside: as in the male, the ground colour slightly darker. Other variations exist:[10] {{quote|In a female from Poona, now before me, the fore wing on the upper-side has the basal half silvery blue, the outer half black; on the hind wing, however, the blue colour extends almost to the termen which is only narrowly edged with diffuse dusky black.|Charles Thomas Bingham}}[10]Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of the male.[5][6] Food plantsThe eggs are laid on the host plants and the larvae hatch to feed on them. The plants include members of the Oxalidaceae including Oxalis corniculata, some Leguminosae and Acanthaceae.[7] Other studiesA study in Japan used this species to detect the side-effects of transgenic Bt corn, particularly by way of pollen falling onto leaves of the Oxalis host plants. No significant effect was found in that study.[8] Other Japanese studies showed increased abnormalities in individuals of this species subjected to radiation following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Additionally, there are different studies on the recent migrations of the species to northern climates, where cold habitat leads to the increase of modifications of wing color pattern, found in northern margin populations of Japan.[21][22][23] Cultural referencesThe album Dark Sky Island by Enya features a bonus track (No.13) entitled "Pale Grass Blue" (the English name of this species).[24][25] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287980260|title=A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India |last=Varshney |first=R.K. |last2=Smetacek|first2=Peter|publisher=Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-81-929826-4-9|location=New Delhi|pages=135|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/lycaenidae/polyommatinae/pseudozizeeria/#maha |title=Pseudozizeeria maha (Kollar, [1844]) |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |accessdate=July 3, 2018}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://yutaka.it-n.jp/lyc4/80920001.html|title=Zizeeria maha maha (Kollar, [1844])|last=Inayoshi|first=Yutaka|website=Butterflies in Indo-China|access-date=}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Pseudozizeeria maha Kollar, 1844 – Pale Grass Blue|url=http://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/#!/sp/607/Pseudozizeeria-maha|accessdate=27 August 2017}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{citation-attribution|{{cite book |last1=Bingham |first1=C.T. |authorlink=Charles Thomas Bingham |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma |url=https://archive.org/stream/butterflies02bingiala#page/354/mode/2up/ |volume=II |edition=1st |publisher= Taylor and Francis, Ltd. |location=London |year=1907|pages=355–357}}|}} 6. ^{{citation-attribution|{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/103631#page/267/mode/1up|title=Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. VII |last=Swinhoe|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Swinhoe|publisher=Lovell Reeve and Co.|year=1905–1910|isbn=|location=London|pages=253–255}}|}} 7. ^Robinson, G. S. Phillip R. Ackery, Ian J. Kitching, George W. Beccaloni AND Luis M. Hernández. HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants Accessed January 2007 8. ^Yoichi Shirai; Mami Takahashi (2005) Effects of transgenic Bt corn pollen on a non-target lycaenid butterfly, Pseudozizeeria maha Applied Entomology and Zoology 40(1):151-159 Full text 9. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Hiyama | first1 = A. | last2 = Nohara | first2 = C. | last3 = Kinjo | first3 = S. | last4 = Taira | first4 = W. | last5 = Gima | first5 = S. | last6 = Tanahara | first6 = A. | last7 = Otaki | first7 = J. M. | doi = 10.1038/srep00570 | title = The biological impacts of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the pale grass blue butterfly | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 2 | year = 2012 | pmid = | pmc = }} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Ewen|date=2013-07-16|title=Fukushima offers real-time ecolab|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=499|issue=7458|pages=265–266|doi=10.1038/499265a|pmid=23868240|issn=0028-0836}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Nohara|first=Chiyo|last2=Taira|first2=Wataru|last3=Hiyama|first3=Atsuki|last4=Tanahara|first4=Akira|last5=Takatsuji|first5=Toshihiro|last6=Otaki|first6=Joji M.|date=2014-09-23|title=Ingestion of radioactively contaminated diets for two generations in the pale grass blue butterfly|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=14|pages=193|doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0193-0|issn=1471-2148|pmc=4171559|pmid=25330067}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Taira|first=Wataru|last2=Nohara|first2=Chiyo|last3=Hiyama|first3=Atsuki|last4=Otaki|first4=Joji M.|date=2014-09-01|title=Fukushima's Biological Impacts: The Case of the Pale Grass Blue Butterfly|url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/105/5/710/2961788|journal=Journal of Heredity|language=en|volume=105|issue=5|pages=710–722|doi=10.1093/jhered/esu013|issn=0022-1503}} 13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Nohara|first=Chiyo|last2=Hiyama|first2=Atsuki|last3=Taira|first3=Wataru|last4=Tanahara|first4=Akira|last5=Otaki|first5=Joji M.|date=2014-05-15|title=The biological impacts of ingested radioactive materials on the pale grass blue butterfly|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/srep04946|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=4|issue=1|doi=10.1038/srep04946|issn=2045-2322|pmc=4027884|pmid=24844938}} 14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Taira|first=Wataru|last2=Hiyama|first2=Atsuki|last3=Nohara|first3=Chiyo|last4=Sakauchi|first4=Ko|last5=Otaki|first5=Joji M.|date=2015-12-01|title=Ingestional and transgenerational effects of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the pale grass blue butterfly|url=https://academic.oup.com/jrr/article/56/suppl_1/i2/2580179|journal=Journal of Radiation Research|language=en|volume=56|issue=suppl_1|pages=i2–i18|doi=10.1093/jrr/rrv068|issn=0449-3060|pmc=4732531|pmid=26661851}} 15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hiyama|first=Atsuki|last2=Taira|first2=Wataru|last3=Nohara|first3=Chiyo|last4=Iwasaki|first4=Mayo|last5=Kinjo|first5=Seira|last6=Iwata|first6=Masaki|last7=Otaki|first7=Joji M.|date=2015-02-10|title=Spatiotemporal abnormality dynamics of the pale grass blue butterfly: three years of monitoring (2011–2013) after the Fukushima nuclear accident|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=15|pages=15|doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0297-1|issn=1471-2148|pmc=4335452|pmid=25888050}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://thewinnower.com/discussions/37-understanding-fukushima-through-butterfly-biology-academic-freedom-for-scientists-and-the-public|title=Understanding Fukushima through Butterfly Biology: Academic Freedom for Scientists and the Public|website=thewinnower.com|access-date=2018-05-17}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%202015%20Proceedings|title=ICRP: ICRP 2015 Proceedings|website=www.icrp.org|access-date=2018-05-17}} 18. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kazuo Sakai|date=|title=Integrated system of radiological protection of people and the environment A view from Japan.|url=http://www.icrp.org/docs/icrp2017/27%20Sakai%20Presentation.pdf|journal=4th International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection|volume=|pages=|via=}} 19. ^{{Cite journal|last=Iwata|first=Masaki|last2=Hiyama|first2=Atsuki|last3=Otaki|first3=Joji M.|date=2013-08-06|title=System-dependent regulations of colour-pattern development: a mutagenesis study of the pale grass blue butterfly|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/srep02379|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=3|issue=1|doi=10.1038/srep02379|issn=2045-2322|pmc=3753731|pmid=23917124}} 20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hiyama|first=Atsuki|last2=Nohara|first2=Chiyo|last3=Taira|first3=Wataru|last4=Kinjo|first4=Seira|last5=Iwata|first5=Masaki|last6=Otaki|first6=Joji M.|date=2013-08-12|title=The Fukushima nuclear accident and the pale grass blue butterfly: evaluating biological effects of long-term low-dose exposures|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=13|pages=168|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-168|issn=1471-2148|pmc=3751199|pmid=23937355}} 21. ^Otaki JM, Hiyama A, Iwata M and Kudo T (2010). Phenotypic plasticity in the range-margin population of the lycaenid butterfly Zizeeria maha. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10:252. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/252 22. ^{{Cite journal|last=Buckley|first=James|last2=Bridle|first2=Jon R.|last3=Pomiankowski|first3=Andrew|date=2010-12-09|title=Novel variation associated with species range expansion|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=10|pages=382|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-382|issn=1471-2148|pmc=3014935|pmid=21143917}} 23. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hiyama|first=Atsuki|last2=Taira|first2=Wataru|last3=Otaki|first3=Joji M.|date=2012|title=Color-Pattern Evolution in Response to Environmental Stress in Butterflies|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|language=English|volume=3|doi=10.3389/fgene.2012.00015|issn=1664-8021|pmc=3277265|pmid=22363341}} 24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://enya.com/music/|title=Enya Official Site, 'DARK SKY ISLAND'|last=|first=|date=|website=Enya Website|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-07-29}} 25. ^{{Cite news|url=http://enya.sk/music/dark-sky-island/pale-grass-blue/|title=Pale Grass Blue - EnyaBlues|work=EnyaBlues|access-date=2018-07-29|language=en-GB}} General reading
External links
4 : Polyommatini|Butterflies of India|Butterflies of Singapore|Butterflies described in 1848 |
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