“Psyche (psychology)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In psychology, the psyche {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|k|i}} is the totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious. Psychology is the scientific or objective study of the psyche. The word has a long history of use in psychology and philosophy, dating back to ancient times, and represents one of the fundamental concepts for understanding human nature from a scientific point of view. The English word soul is sometimes used synonymously, especially in older texts.^[1]

Etymology

The basic meaning of the Greek word ψυχή (psyche) was "life" in the sense of "breath", formed from the verb ψύχω (psycho, "to blow"). Derived meanings included "spirit", "soul", "ghost", and ultimately "self" in the sense of "conscious personality" or "psyche".^[2]^[3] The association of "spirit" and "breath" is not unique to Greek or western cultures. The Chinese character for "spirit", "soul" is 魂 (hún, simplified) which is the merging of 云 (yún) and 鬼 (guǐ). 云 is commonly used as "clouds" but also as "breath" in expressions such as 吞云吐雾 (smoking or vaping). 鬼 is simply "ghost" or "spirit". The linkages between "spirit" and "breath" were formed independently by ancient people who at the time did not have any real contact with one another.

Ancient psychology

The idea of the psyche is central to the philosophy of Plato. In his Phaedo, Plato has Socrates give four arguments for the immortality of the soul and life after death following the separation of the soul from the body.^[4] Plato's Socrates also states that after death the Psyche is better able to achieve wisdom and experience the Platonic forms since it is unhindered by the body.^[5]

The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote an influential treatise on the psyche, called in Greek {{lang|grc|Περὶ Ψυχῆς}} (Peri Psyches), in Latin De Anima and in English On the Soul. Aristotle's theory of the "three souls (psyches)" (vegetal, animal, and rational) would rule the field of psychology until the 19th century. Prior to Aristotle, a number of Greek writings used the term psyche in a less precise sense.^[6] In late antiquity, Galenic medicine developed the idea of three "spirits" (pneuma) corresponding to Aristotle's three souls. The pneuma psychikon corresponded to the rational soul. The other two pneuma were the pneuma physicon and the pneuma zoticon.

Medieval psychology

The term psyche was Latinized to anima, which became one of the basic terms used in medieval psychology. Anima would have traditionally been rendered in English as "soul" but in modern usage the term "psyche" is preferable.^[7]

Phenomenology

19th century psychologists such as Franz Brentano developed the concept of the psyche in a more subjective direction.

Psychoanalysis

In psychoanalysis and other forms of depth psychology, the psyche refers to the forces in an individual that influence thought, behavior and personality.^[8]

Freudian school

Freud's original terms for the three components of the psyche, in German, were das Es (lit. the 'It'), das Ich (lit. the 'I'), and das Über-Ich (lit. the 'Over-I' or 'Upper-I'). According to Bruno Bettelheim, the Latin terms were proposed by Freud's English translators, probably to make them seem more 'medical' since, at the time, Latin was prevalent in medical terminology. Bettelheim deplores what he sees as pseudoscientific, Latin terms.^[10]

Jungian school {{anchor|Jung psyche def}}

Carl Jung wrote much of his work in German. Difficulties for translation arise because the German word Seele means both psyche and soul. Jung was careful to define what he meant by psyche and by soul.

Cognitive psychology

The word "mind" is preferred by cognitive scientists to "psyche". The mind is a set of cognitive faculties including consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, language and memory. It is usually defined as the faculty of an entity's thoughts and consciousness. ["mind – definition of mind in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2017-05-08] It holds the power of imagination, recognition, and appreciation, and is responsible for processing feelings and emotions, resulting in attitudes and actions Mind.

See also

Notes

1. ^{{Cite book|author=Hillman J (T Moore, Ed.) |title=A blue fire: Selected writings by James Hillman |publisher=HarperPerennial |location=New York, NY, USA |year=1989 |page=20 |isbn=}}
2. ^Henry George Liddell and Ridley Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon entry "psyche".
3. ^See p.187-197, 204 of {{Citation| last = François| first = Alexandre| author-link =| contribution = Semantic maps and the typology of colexification: Intertwining polysemous networks across languages| editor-last = Vanhove| editor-first = Martine| title = From Polysemy to Semantic change: Towards a Typology of Lexical Semantic Associations| volume = 106| pages = 163–215| publisher = Benjamins| place = Amsterdam, New York| year = 2008| series = Studies in Language Companion Series| isbn =| url= https://anu.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois/Papers/876329/Semantic_maps_and_the_typology_of_colexification_Intertwining_polysemous_networks_across_languages| ref =}}.
4. ^Plato, Phaedo 69e-84b.
5. ^Plato, Phaedo 59c-69e
6. ^Cf. Rohde, Psyche, Chapters I and VII. Also see the myth of Eros and Psyche, where Psyche was the embodiment of the soul.
7. ^Simon Kemp, Medieval Psychology; Simon Kemp, Cognitive Psychology in the Middle Ages; Anthony Kenny Aquinas on Mind.
8. ^Cf. Reed, Edward S., 1998, on the narrowing of the study of the psyche into the study of the mind. Especially [https://books.google.com/books?id=kK2OUFOCZcoC&pg=PP17&dq=Reed,+Edward+S.,+on+the+narrowing+of+the+study+of+the+psyche+into+the+study+of+the+mind.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMqrK1kLngAhXHo1kKHcEJBXEQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%20narrowing%20of%20the%20study%20of%20the%20psyche%20into%20the%20study%20of%20the%20mind.&f=false Preface, page xv].
9. ^{{cite book|last=Reber |first=Arthur S.|authorlink=|author2=Reber, Emily S. |title=Dictionary of Psychology|publisher=Penguin Reference|year=2001|location=New York|isbn=0-14-051451-1}}
10. ^Freud and Man's Soul, Vintage Books, 1984, pp.52-62.