| 词条 | Public Enemy No. 1 (street gang) |
| 释义 |
| name = Public Enemy No.1 | image = | image_size = | caption = | founded = 1986 | founding location = Long Beach, California, U.S. | years active = 1986-present | territory = California, Arizona, Idaho and Nevada | ethnic makeup = White Americans | membership est = | criminal activities = Drug trafficking, arms trafficking, assault, identity theft, murder, dog fighting | allies = Aryan Brotherhood Nazi Lowriders Sureños | rivals = }}Public Enemy No. 1 (abbreviated as PENI), also known as PENI Death Squad (or PDS), is a prison and street gang birthed in Long Beach, California,[1] and now based in Southern California, United States.[2][3] The California Department of Justice in 2004 described it as "one of the most powerful and fastest-growing gangs inside and outside prison"[4] and said it had about 200 members statewide. Its main activities include identity theft, credit card fraud and methamphetamine sales.[5] HistoryBackground and originsThe formation of the group was greatly influenced by members in the hardcore punk rock scene in Long Beach, California during the 1980s.[6][7] However, by the 1990s, PENI’s base of operations was in Orange County where they began recruiting white suburban adolescents.[8][7] They have ties to the prison gangs.[9][10] Criminal activityPENI is notoriously heavily involved in identity theft, which is not a crime often associated with street gangs; most of the income from this is allegedly used to finance methamphetamine sale and other operations. Originally they did this by raiding mailboxes and trash cans for personal information, but the gang later used contacts inside of banks, mortgage companies and state motor vehicle departments in order to gain access to credit profiles. This has led to law enforcement officials requesting that their personal information be removed so that it can't be used by gang members to identify home addresses of police officers.[7] Symbology and identificationThe gang uses the numeric symbol "737" to indicate association with the gang. The numbers correspond to the letters P, D, and S on a telephone keypad. The initials stand for PENI Death Squad, another name for the group.[11] Members often mark themselves with tattoos of different acronyms for the gang. Designs commonly include the words "PENI", "PDS" or the numbers "737", and sometimes in the form of runes, such as "ᛈᛖᚾᛁ" (PENI) or "ᛈᛞᛋ" (PDS), from Germanic runic alphabets. Popular culture and mediaTV documentaries
Films
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://lbpost.com/life/the-long-beach-origins-of-one-of-californias-most-notorious-white-power-gangs/|title=The Long Beach origins of one of California’s most notorious white power gangs • Long Beach Post|website=lbpost.com|access-date=2019-03-12}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Simi|first=Pete|last2=Smith|first2=Lowell|last3=Reeser|first3=Ann M. S.|date=October 13, 2008|title=From Punk Kids to Public Enemy Number One|journal=Deviant Behavior|volume=Volume 29, Issue 8|issue=8|pages=753–774|doi=10.1080/01639620701873905}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/education/resources/profiles/public-enemy-number-one|title=Public Enemy Number 1 (PENI)|last=|first=|date=|website=Anti-Defamation League|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 17, 2018}} 4. ^"Racist gang caught in sting kept a list of Orange County police targets", San Diego Union-Tribune, December 17, 2006 5. ^"Hit list led to wave of O.C. arrests", Los Angeles Times, December 16, 2006 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://lbpost.com/life/the-long-beach-origins-of-one-of-californias-most-notorious-white-power-gangs/|title=The Long Beach origins of one of California’s most notorious white power gangs • Long Beach Post|website=lbpost.com|access-date=2019-03-12}} 7. ^1 2 "Alliance adds to gang's clout: Public Enemy No. 1 rumored though not true to be teaming with Aryan Brotherhood", Associated Press, cited by San Diego Union-Tribune, March 4, 2007 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://lbpost.com/life/the-long-beach-origins-of-one-of-californias-most-notorious-white-power-gangs/|title=The Long Beach origins of one of California’s most notorious white power gangs • Long Beach Post|website=lbpost.com|access-date=2019-03-12}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://lbpost.com/life/the-long-beach-origins-of-one-of-californias-most-notorious-white-power-gangs/|title=The Long Beach origins of one of California’s most notorious white power gangs • Long Beach Post|website=lbpost.com|access-date=2019-03-12}} 10. ^"Hit list led to wave of O.C. arrests", Los Angeles Times, December 16, 2006 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/737|title=737 {{!}} Numeric Hate Symbols {{!}} Racist Prison Gang Symbols|last=|first=|date=|website=Anti-Defamation League|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 17, 2018}} External links{{Organized crime groups in America}} 6 : Gangs in California|Street gangs|White supremacist organized crime groups in the United States|Prison gangs in the United States|European-American gangs|Organizations based in Long Beach, California |
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