词条 | Public transport in New Zealand | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Public transport in New Zealand exists in many of the country's urban areas, and takes a number of forms. Bus transport is the main form of public transport. Two major cities, Auckland and Wellington, also have suburban rail systems which have been gaining more patronage and new investment in recent years. Some cities also operate local ferry services. There are no remaining tram (i.e. light rail) systems active anywhere in New Zealand (except for some museum systems and a tourist-oriented service at Wynyard Quarter in Auckland and in Christchurch), though trams (and their horse-drawn predecessors) once had a major role in New Zealand's public transport. UsageThe use of public transport in New Zealand is low. In the latest census figures available (2013), 4.2% of those who worked travelled to work by bus, 1.6% travelled by train, and more than 7 in 10 people travelled to work in a vehicle they drove themselves.[1] The Household Travel Survey proportion of public transport trips was even lower at 2.3% in 2013/14.[2] These figures are for the whole of New Zealand and include centres that may have limited or no public transport. However, use of public transport was higher in major cities, which have more developed systems. In Wellington City, 16.8% of workers travelled by bus, more than twice as many as the next highest, Auckland City (6.5%).[3] In 2001, Wendell Cox, a public policy consultant, described the Auckland Regional Council's (ARC) plan to increase public transport to the downtown area to 20% of total share as "a simply unachievable goal". He also described as "a fantasy" Christchurch's plans for an increase to 10–15% by 2018.[4] As can be seen from this table, there has been minimal increase over 5 years - public transport mode % of total trip legs by region (from NZ Household Travel Survey)[5] -
More up to date figures are available for numbers of bus passengers, which show declines in most areas outside the main cities -[6]
ModesBuses are the most common form of public transport in New Zealand, making up the majority of trips in every city that has public transport (and often being the only public transport mode available). InterCity and SKIP Bus[7] are the only companies operating city to city bus transportations. They are followed by trains, which are found in Wellington and Auckland. Ferries also play a role, mainly in Auckland but also in other cities. Trams in New Zealand, while once common in many cities and towns, now survive only as heritage displays. Cable cars have also been employed; the Dunedin cable tramway system was both the second and second-last to operate in the world, while the Wellington Cable Car is now a funicular. Provision by areaAuckland{{main|Public transport in Auckland}}Public transport in Auckland is managed by Auckland Transport, a CCO of Auckland Council, under the AT Metro brand. It consists of buses, trains, and ferries. The Auckland public transport system is New Zealand's largest by total passenger volume, although not by trips per capita. Buses are the most widely used form of public transport in Auckland. They are operated by a number of companies, including NZ Bus (operating under various brands), Ritchies Transport, Birkenhead Transport, Howick and Eastern Buses, and Tranzurban Auckland. The route network is dense, covering all parts of the Auckland urban area (including Waiheke Island). Auckland also has a commuter rail system, one of two in the country. The system uses AM class electric trains, following the electrification of the Auckland rail network in 2014. There are four lines, designated Western Line, Onehunga Line, Southern Line, and Eastern Line. The trains are operated by Transdev Auckland. Ferries also play a significant role in Auckland's transport network — more so than in other New Zealand cities. Ferries travel between the city centre and a number of destinations, including several points on the North Shore, Half Moon Bay, Waiheke Island, Rangitoto Island, and Great Barrier Island. The largest operator is Fullers Ferries. Auckland, like many others in New Zealand, previously operated trams. The first, horse-drawn, ran in 1884. Electric trams were introduced in 1902, operating until 1956. The Museum of Transport and Technology subsequently constructed a 2 km heritage line linking its two sites and Auckland Zoo. A tourist-oriented tram service has operated at Wynyard Quarter since 2011.[8] Christchurch{{main|Public transport in Christchurch}}The Christchurch public transport system is based principally around buses, although the city also has a ferry service and a heritage tramway. The services are operated under the Metro brand by bus companies Red Bus and Go Bus, administered by the regional council, Environment Canterbury. Buses operate to all parts of the Christchurch urban area, including Lyttelton. There are also services to outlying towns such as Rangiora, Lincoln, and Burnham. There are around 40 routes in total,[9] A free shuttle in the central city with hybrid-electric Designline buses was formerly operated until the 2011 Christchurch earthquake.[10] Since 12 November 2007, Christchurch has been carrying out the first New Zealand trial for bikes on buses,[11] which amongst other things gives cyclists access through the Lyttelton road tunnel.[12] A ferry service operates between Lyttelton and Diamond Harbour, a small settlement on the opposite side of Lyttelton Harbour. Christchurch used to operate an extensive tram network,[13] but this service was discontinued in 1954. In 1995, a heritage tramway was re-opened in the city centre, primarily serving tourists. The circuit was damaged by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake and has recently reopened. Dunedin{{main|Public transport in Dunedin}}Dunedin has a substantial public transport system based around buses. There are 14 routes, covering the Dunedin urban area (including Mosgiel and Port Chalmers), plus a service to Waikouaiti and Palmerston. Services are administered by the Otago Regional Council, and run mainly by Citibus (owned by the Dunedin City Council) and Passenger Transport, (a private company based in Invercargill). The city formerly operated other forms of public transport — the Dunedin cable tramway system (similar to the famous San Francisco cable cars) operated between 1881 and 1957, and electric trams operated on several routes from 1900 to 1956. Commuter trains ran from the Dunedin Railway Station to Mosgiel and Port Chalmers until 1979 and 1982, respectively. Hamilton{{main|Public transport in Hamilton and Waikato}}Hamilton has a bus system covering most of its urban area, with around 25 routes.[14] There are also bus services to (and sometimes between) other towns in the Waikato region — Taupo, Huntly, Coromandel, Thames, Tokoroa, Meremere, Te Kauwhata, Cambridge, Paeroa, Raglan, Mangakino, and Te Awamutu are among the destinations.[15]Hamilton formerly had a commuter train to Auckland, the Waikato Connection. Proposals were floated in 2007 to re-instate the service. The proposal was dropped on a 2011 report[16] in favour of extension only from Pukekohe to Tuakau. Invercargill{{main|Public transport in Invercargill}}Invercargill has a bus service with eight routes [17] (four of which are loops that have different designations for the inbound and outbound sections). They operate from a hub in the central city, and are administered by the Invercargill City Council. Some of the routes are free, and others are free outside peak hours. Invercargill formerly had the southernmost tram system in the world; construction began in January 1911[18] and the network operated from 26 March 1912 to 10 September 1952. At its greatest extent, it had four separate routes.[19] Commuter trains also ran along the Bluff Branch railway line between Invercargill and Bluff from the line's opening in 1867 until the final service was cancelled in 1967. Multiple stops within Invercargill were serviced, and as late as 1950, seven trains ran each way on the average weekday. New Plymouth{{main|Public transport in New Plymouth}}New Plymouth has a bus system with nine routes covering most of its urban area, operated by Tranzit Coachlines.[20] There are also bus services to other towns in the New Plymouth District; Bell Block, Inglewood, Oakura and Waitara. Services are administered by the Taranaki Regional Council. New Plymouth formerly operated electric trams over four routes between 10 March 1916 and 23 July 1954, as well as New Zealands only regional trolleybus system between 1950 and 1967. Wellington{{main|Public transport in the Wellington Region}}Wellington has the highest percentage of citizens using public transport in the country.[21] Its public transport system, organised under the Metlink brand, consists of buses, trains, ferries, and a funicular (the Wellington Cable Car). The most widely used form of public transport is buses, which are operated mainly by Tranzurban Wellington and NZ Bus (both using multiple brands). The network extends across the whole region, with slightly over 100 routes and around 2,800 stops. Until its final closure in 2017 some bus routes were served by the Wellington trolleybus system, which replaced the city's historic Wellington tramway system. The second most popular form of public transport is rail, which makes up around a third of the total. Wellington's commuter rail network carries passengers between the central city and suburban areas to the north, as well as to smaller towns in Wairarapa. It is the larger of New Zealand's two commuter rail systems, with 49 stations, and is mostly electrified. The two non-electrified services are diesel trains: the Wairarapa Connection from Masterton and the Capital Connection from Palmerston North. The latter is not run by the suburban operator, Transdev, but by long distance operator Tranz Scenic; however, in practice, it serves as a commuter service. The remainder of trips use either the Wellington ferry system or the Wellington Cable Car. The ferry service operates across Wellington Harbour, connecting Eastbourne, Matiu/Somes Island, and the central city. The iconic Wellington Cable Car (strictly speaking, a funicular, rather than a true cable car) travels between the central city and the suburb of Kelburn, and is still used as a regular means of transport. Other areas
Overview tableThe table below lists towns in New Zealand that have or once had public transport systems. It includes only internal services (as opposed to services between towns), and does not include services run primarily for heritage reasons.
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-transport-comms/travel-to-work.aspx|accessdate=19 July 2017|title=Main means of travel to work|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Stats NZ – stats.govt.nz}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.transport.govt.nz/ourwork/tmif/travelpatterns/tp003/|title=Travel patterns : Household travel {{!}} Ministry of Transport|website=www.transport.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2017-07-19}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-transport-comms/travel-to-work.aspx|accessdate=19 July 2017|title=Main means of travel to work|date=3 February 2015|publisher=Stats NZ – stats.govt.nz}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-wlgtext.htm|title=Urban Transport Planning in New Zealand: From Fantasy to Reality |author=Wendell Cox|accessdate=19 July 2017}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.transport.govt.nz/ourwork/tmif/travelpatterns/tp003/|title=Travel patterns : Household travel {{!}} Ministry of Transport|website=www.transport.govt.nz|access-date=2016-10-17}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.transport.govt.nz/resources/tmif/transport-volume/tv020/|title=Public transport volumes|last=|first=|date=|website=www.transport.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-07-20}} 7. ^New Zealand’s newest bus company set to hit the road 8. ^{{cite news|title=Tram tracks first step in harbour transport project|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/transport/news/article.cfm?c_id=97&objectid=10698271|accessdate=11 January 2011|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|date=7 January 2011}} 9. ^Metro - Timetables 10. ^Metro - The Shuttle (PDF) 11. ^Bikes on Buses 12. ^Progress with Bikes on Buses 13. ^Christchurch Tramway - Education 14. ^- Hamilton routes 15. ^BusIt Waikato regional services 16. ^http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/19529/2081010.pdf 17. ^Invercargill City Council - Bus Timetables 18. ^Graham Stewart, The End of the Penny Section: When Trams Ruled the Streets of New Zealand, rev. ed. (Wellington: Grantham House, 1993), p. 112. 19. ^Stewart, The End of the Penny Section, p. 236. 20. ^{{cite web|title=Taranaki Bus Information|url=http://www.trc.govt.nz/taranaki-bus-information/|work=Taranaki Regional Council website|publisher=Taranaki Regional Council|accessdate=23 July 2013}} 21. ^Metlink website - Statistics 22. ^Blenheim Bus (PDF) 23. ^Gisborne District Council - Bus Routes (PDF) 24. ^Horizons Regional Council - Levin Buses 25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.horizons.govt.nz/HRC/media/Media/Road%20Safety/Horowhenua-Bus-Booklet-Survey-for-Download.pdf?ext=.pdf|title=Did you know Horizons Regional Council provides three public bus services in the Horowhenua District?|last=|first=|date=15 July 2018|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://uzabus.co.nz/urban-services/|title=Urban Timetables and Routes|last=|first=|date=|website=Uzabus|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 27. ^Nimon - Timetable 28. ^Nelson City Council - Bus brochure (PDF) 29. ^Nelson Coaches - Nelson-Richmond timetable 30. ^Horizons Regional Council - Palmerston North Urban Bus Routes 31. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.orc.govt.nz/public-transport/queenstown-buses/bus-information/introducing-the-new-service |title=Welcome to Orbus Queenstown |work=Otago Regional Council |date=28 May 2018 |accessdate=24 December 2018}} 32. ^Bay Bus - Rototua 33. ^Taupo Connector timetable (PDF) 34. ^Bay Bus - Tauranga 35. ^http://www.baybus.co.nz/regions/Tauranga/Default.aspx 36. ^Bay Ferries & Harbour Cruises 37. ^Metro - Timaru 38. ^Horizons Regional Council - Wanganui City Bus Routes 39. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.wcrc.govt.nz/Documents/Regional%2520Transport/Regional%2520Public%2520Transport%2520Plan%2520-%2520Operative%2520Plan.pdf|title=West Coast Regional Public Transport Plan 2015|website=www.wcrc.govt.nz|access-date=2016-06-13}} 40. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.transport.govt.nz/ourwork/tmif/travelpatterns/tp003/|title=Travel patterns : Household travel {{!}} Ministry of Transport|website=www.transport.govt.nz|access-date=2016-06-13}} 41. ^{{Cite news|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19450119.2.28&srpos=51&zto=1|title=Trains Stop|date=1945-01-19|newspaper=New Zealand Herald|pages=4|access-date=2016-06-13}} 42. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.railheritage.org.nz/assets/dates_and_names.pdf|title=Names & Opening & Closing Dates of Railway Stations in New Zealand 1863 to 2010|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}} 43. ^CityLink Whangarei 44. ^Whangarei Bus Route Map (PDF) 45. ^{{Cite web|url=http://busit.co.nz/regional-services/huntly-internal-service/|title=Huntly internal service {{!}} Busit|website=busit.co.nz|access-date=2017-07-19}} 46. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.tcdc.govt.nz/Our-Services/Thames-Connector-public-bus-service/|title=Thames-Coromandel District Council - Thames Connector public bus service|last=Dobie|first=Michael|website=www.tcdc.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2018-07-20}} 47. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.southwaikato.govt.nz/our-services/UrbanConnector/Pages/Map.aspx|title=Tokoroa Circuit - South Waikato District Council|website=www.southwaikato.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2017-07-19}} External links
1 : Public transport in New Zealand |
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