| 词条 | Puirt à beul |
| 释义 |
Puirt à beul ({{IPA-gd|pʰurˠʃtʲ a ˈpial̪ˠ|pron}}, literally "tunes from a mouth") is a traditional form of song native to Scotland, Ireland, and Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. NameThe Scottish Gaelic term port à beul refers to "a tune from a mouth—specifically a cheerful tune—which in the plural becomes puirt à beul".[1][2] In Great Britain, they are usually referred to as puirt à beul but a variety of other spellings and misspellings also exist, for example port-a-beul, puirt a bheul, puirt a' bhéil, etc. These are mostly because a number of grammatical particles in Gaelic are very similar in nature, such as the definite article a, the prepositions "of" and "to" which can both be a and the preposition á "from" which can appear without the acute accent.[3] Modern Irish dictionaries give port (aireacht) béil,[4] translated as "mouth music" also referred to as lilting. Older dictionaries, such as Dinneen, only give portaiḋeaċt, portaireaċt, or portonaċt.[5] Origin{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2010}}Puirt à beul has sometimes been used for dancing when no instruments were available. Although some people believe that puirt à beul derives from a time when musical instruments—in particular bagpipes—were unavailable because they were banned, there is no evidence that musical instruments were banned by the Disarming Acts or the Act of Proscription 1746.[6] In his book Traditional Gaelic Bagpiping 1745-1945, John Gibson reprints the entire Disarming Act of 1746 (which is the act usually blamed for the proscription of bagpipes), and shows that bagpipes were not banned.[6] This in and of itself does not clarify whether or not musical instruments were taken away from the people. CharacteristicsUsually, the genre involves a single performer singing lighthearted, often bawdy lyrics, although these are sometimes replaced with meaningless vocables. In puirt à beul, the rhythm and sound of the song often have more importance than the depth or even sense of the lyrics. Puirt à beul in this way resembles other song forms like scat singing. Normally, puirt are sung to a {{music|time|4|4}} or {{music|time|6|8}} beat. Performances today may highlight the vocal dexterity by one or two singers, although four-person performances are sometimes made at mods. Some elements of puirt à beul may have originated as memory aids or as alternatives to instrumental forms such as bagpipe music.[7] {{quote|We also have puirt a beul or mouth music—songs in which the rhythm of the words is meant to replicate the rhythm of certain dance tunes. Some of these songs may have been composed to assist fiddlers, and occasionally pipers, in learning a tune. Others may have been composed as a means of remembering tunes when the playing of the bagpipes or fiddle were proscribed or frowned upon.[8]}}A well-known example of puirt à beul is "Brochan Lom", which is sung in the film Whisky Galore!, and occurs as background music in the film The Bridal Path.[9] A third example, sung by Kitty MacLeod and her sister, occurs in Walt Disney’s Rob Roy, the Highland Rogue, during the wedding celebration. The rock band Cocteau Twins were noted for their use of puirt à beul in their songs in the eighties and nineties. Quadriga Consort has been the first ensemble to bring puirt à beul into early music revival. Mouth music in the AmericasMouth music was probably once common in areas of North America where Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlanders predominated, in particular the Cape Fear area of North Carolina and Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. Nowadays it is largely restricted to the latter, as it was a more homogeneous society with less access to other cultural areas. See also
References1. ^{{Cite book |author=Watson, A. |title=The Essential Gaelic - English Dictionary |publisher=Birlinn |year=2001}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Graham |first1=Katie |last2=Spadaro |first2=Katherine M. |title=Colloquial Scottish Gaelic: the complete course for beginners |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York|isbn=0-415-20675-8|page=176|quote='Puirt' is actually the plural of 'port'—a cheerful song.}} 3. ^{{Cite book |last=Mark |first=Colin B D |trans-title=The Gaelic-English dictionary |title=Am faclair Gàidhlig-Beurla |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-29761-3 |oclc=231984961}} 4. ^{{Cite book |author=Ó Dónaill, N. |title=Foclóir Gaeilge - Béarla |publisher=An Gúm |year=1992}} 5. ^{{Cite book |last=Dinneen |first=Patrick |title=Foclóir Gaeḋlge agus Béarla |location=Dublin |publisher=Irish Texts Society |year=1927}} 6. ^{{Cite book |author=Gibson, John G. |title=Traditional Gaelic Bagpiping 1745–1945 |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-7735-6890-5 }} 7. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Newton|first=Michael|date=Summer 1997|title=Were the bagpipes ever banned in Scotland?|journal=Am Bràighe|location=Mabou, NS|quote=mnemonic devices for encoding bagpipe and fiddle tunes, before the year 1746|url=http://people.stfx.ca/mnewton/werebagpipesbanned.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124222206/http://people.stfx.ca/mnewton/werebagpipesbanned.pdf|archivedate=2011-01-24|df=}} 8. ^Am Baile (The Gaelic Village) 9. ^http://www.ambaile.org.uk/en/item/item_audio.jsp?item_id=24493 External links
2 : Celtic music|Vocal music |
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