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Punctualism (commonly also called "pointillism" or "point music") is a style of musical composition prevalent in Europe between 1949 and 1955 "whose structures are predominantly effected from tone to tone, without superordinate formal conceptions coming to bear" {{harv|Essl|1989|loc=93}}. In simpler terms: "music that consists of separately formed particles—however complexly these may be composed—[is called] punctual music, as opposed to linear, or group-formed, or mass-formed music" ({{harvnb|Stockhausen|1998|loc=452}}, bolding in the source). This was accomplished by assigning to each note in a composition values drawn from scales of pitch, duration, dynamics, and attack characteristics, resulting in a "stronger individualizing of separate tones" {{harv|Frisius|1994}}. Another important factor was maintaining discrete values in all parameters of the music. Punctual dynamics, for example mean that all dynamic degrees are fixed; one point will be linked directly to another on the chosen scale, without any intervening transition or gesture. Line-dynamics, on the other hand, involve the transitions from one given amplitude to another: crescendo, decrescendo and their combinations. This second category can be defined as a dynamic glissando, comparable to glissandi of pitch and of tempi (accelerando, ritardando). {{harv|Boulez|1971|loc=60}} "The almost analytical focus on individual events, and then the transition between them, brings a stillness to this music far removed from the gestural quality of other pieces" {{harv|Grant|2001|loc=78}}. From a purely technical point of view, the term "punctual" has the sense of "a point of intersection of parameters" in serial music {{harv|Eggebrecht|1974}}. Retrospectively attributed to the music of Anton Webern, the term was originally coined in German (punktuelle Musik), by Karlheinz Stockhausen and Herbert Eimert (who also used the expression "star music") to describe pieces such as Olivier Messiaen's "Mode de valeurs et d'intensités" (1949) {{harv|Stockhausen|1989|loc=34–35}}. However, it is most commonly associated with serial compositions such as Pierre Boulez's Structures, book 1 (1952), Karel Goeyvaerts's Sonata for Two Pianos and Nummer 2 for thirteen instruments (1951), Luciano Berio's Nones, and Luigi Nono's Polifonica–Monodia–Ritmica, as well as some early compositions of Stockhausen, such as Kreuzspiel ({{harvnb|Hicks|1989|loc=258}}; {{harvnb|Stockhausen|1989|loc=34–35}}; {{harvnb|Toop|2005|loc=3}}). Herman Sabbe, however, argues that "Stockhausen never strictly speaking composed punctually" {{harv|Sabbe|1981|loc=68}}. Eimert foresaw problems "because of the common term of "pointillism" [German Pointillismus] in French painting. It would wrongly be assumed that paintings by Seurat and his contemporaries were being transformed into music" {{harv|Stockhausen|1998|loc=451}}. The confusion in French was immediate, as Stockhausen relates: I still remember how, in Paris, I threw around the expression "punctual music" as a term for my KREUZSPIEL, SPIEL for Orchestra, SCHLAGQUARTETT, and so forth. Pierre Boulez corrected me, "Pointilliste, la musique pointilliste!" and I said, "Non, ponctuelle." He replied: “What’s that, then? That’s not French at all, the word is pointilliste." So I explained: "Non, il faut faire attention, or else people might think we are bringing up musical impressionism . . . Seurat painted little dots: dots upon dots, in various colours and sizes, so that a tree would shimmer. . . . In terms of technique there is no connection between musical impressionism and pictorial impressionism. That’s why I am using the term musique ponctuelle." Both musique ponctuelle and musique pointilliste are still seen today. {{harv|Stockhausen|1998|loc=451}} In fact, as early as 1922 the French word pointillisme, evoking Seurat's painting technique, had been applied to music in this opposite sense of a "mosaic-like method of construction, an infinite accumulation of small and insignificant inorganic details", with reference to Arnold Schoenberg's operas, Erwartung and Die glückliche Hand {{harv|Gray|1922|loc=84}}. (An alternative translation for punktuelle Musik/musique ponctuelle is "punctile music" {{harv|Lippman|1992|loc=417}}, but it has not achieved wide currency.) The concept and its purpose were first articulated in print by Pierre Boulez, in his 1954 article "Recherches maintenant": "Nevertheless, despite an excess of arithmetic, we had achieved a certain ‘punctuality’ of sound—by which I mean, literally, the intersection of various functional possibilities in a given point. What had brought this 'punctual' style about? The justified rejection of thematicism" {{harv|Boulez|1991|loc=16}}. Sources- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Boulez|1971}}|reference=Boulez, Pierre. 1971. Boulez on Music Today, translated by Susan Bradshaw and Richard Rodney Bennett. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Boulez|1991}}|reference=Boulez, Pierre. 1991. Stocktakings from an Apprenticeship, translated by Stephen Walsh, with an introduction by Robert Piencikowski. Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ISBN|0-19-311210-8}}.}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Eggebrecht|1974}}|reference=Eggebrecht, Hans Heinrich. 1974. "Punktuelle Musik" In Zur Terminologie der Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts. Bericht uber das 2. Colloquium der Walcker-Stiftung 9.–10.3.1972 in Freiburg/Breisgau. Veröffentlichungen der Walcker-Stiftung für orgelwissenschaftliche Forschung 5, edited by Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht, 162–87. Stuttgart: Musikwissenschaftliche Verlags-Gesellschaft.}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Essl|1989}}|reference=Essl, Karlheinz. 1989. Aspekte des Seriellen bei Stockhausen. In: Wien Modern ’89, edited by Lothar Knessel, 90–97. Vienna: Wien Modern.}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Frisius|1998}}|reference=Frisius, Rudolf. 1998. Serielle Musik. In: Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik. Second, newly compiled edition, edited by Ludwig Finscher, part 1 (Sachteil), vol. 8 (Quer–Swi). Kassel & New York: Bärenreiter; Stuttgart: Metzler. {{ISBN|978-3-7618-1109-2}} (Bärenreiter) {{ISBN|978-3-476-41008-5}} (Metzler).}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Grant|2001}}|reference=Grant, M[orag]. J[osephine]. 2001. Serial Music, Serial Aesthetics: Compositional Theory in Post-war Europe. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press.}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Gray|1922}}|reference=Gray, Cecil. 1922. "Arnold Schönberg—A Critical Study". Music & Letters 3, no. 1 (January): 73–89.}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Hicks|1989}}|reference=Hicks, Michael. 1989. “Exorcism and Epiphany: Luciano Berio’s Nones”. Perspectives of New Music 27, no. 2 (Summer): 252–68.}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Lippman|1992}}|reference=Lippman, Edward. 1992. A History of Western Musical Aesthetics. Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press.}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Moelants|n.d.}}|reference=Moelants, Dirk. “Statistical Analysis of Written and Performed Music: A Study of Compositional Principles and Problems of Coordination and Expression in 'Punctual' Serial Music.” Journal of New Music Research 29, no. 1 (March): 37–60.}}{{Full citation needed|date=September 2014}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Sabbe|1981}}|reference=Sabbe, Herman. 1981. "Die Einheit der Stockhausen-Zeit ...: Neue Erkenntnismöglichkeiten der seriellen Entwicklung anhand des frühen Wirkens von Stockhausen und Goeyvaerts. Dargestellt aufgrund der Briefe Stockhausens an Goevaerts". In: Musik-Konzepte 19: Karlheinz Stockhausen: ... wie die Zeit verging ..., edited by Heinz-Klaus Metzger and Rainer Riehn, 5–96. Munich: Edition Text + Kritik.}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Sabbe|1994}}|reference=Sabbe, Herman. 1994. “Goeyvaerts and the Beginnings of 'Punctual' Serialism and Electronic Music”. Revue Belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Muziekwetenschap 48:55-94.}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stockhausen|1989}}|reference=Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1989. Stockhausen on Music:Lectures and Interviews, compiled by Robin Maconie. London & New York: Marion Boyars. {{ISBN|0-7145-2887-0}} (cloth), {{ISBN|0-7145-2918-4}} (pbk).}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Stockhausen|1998}}|reference=Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1998. "Es geht aufwärts". In: Stockhausen, Texte zur Musik 1984–1991, vol. 9: 391–512. Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag.}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Toop|2005}}|reference=Toop, Richard. 2005. Six Lectures from the Stockhausen Courses Kürten 2002. Stockhausen-Verlag. {{ISBN|3-00-016185-6}}.}}
- {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Whittall|2008}}|reference=Whittall, Arnold. 2008. The Cambridge Introduction to Serialism. Cambridge Introductions to Music. New York: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-86341-4}} (hardback) {{ISBN|978-0-521-68200-8}} (pbk).}}
{{Twelve-tone technique}} 2 : Musical techniques|20th-century classical music |