“Pure Earth”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Pure Earth, formerly known as the Blacksmith Institute, is a New York City-based international not-for-profit organization founded in 1999 that works to identify, clean up, and solve pollution problems in low- and middle-income countries, where high concentrations of toxic pollution have devastating health impacts, especially on children. These communities suffer disproportionately from pollution-related diseases. Pure Earth remains the only significant organization of its kind working to solve pollution on a global scale.

Pure Earth is known for leading the fight against global toxic pollution that affects human health with its various efforts, including the World's Worst Pollution Problems reports^[1]; the Toxic Sites Identification Program, the Pure Earth database of polluted sites, the Blacksmith Index (developed to assess polluted sites), the Global Alliance on Health and Pollution, the Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health, the [https://yourshotblog.nationalgeographic.com/post/155735704024/hashtag-challenge-tellyourpollutionstory-to Tell Your Pollution Story] project with National Geographic, the [https://www.pureearth.org/blog/ Pollution Blog], the Journal of Health and Pollution, and more.

In 2015, Pure Earth helped to successfully advocate for broadening the scope of toxic pollution addressed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).^[2]

Pure Earth's work focuses on multiple health issues, with two significant programs: reducing lead poisoning from the recycling of used lead-acid (car) batteries and from the use of leaded pottery; and reducing mercury poisoning from artisanal gold mining.

Pure Earth's latest report is [https://www.pureearth.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/PE_PollutionKnowsNoBordersOnline.pdf Pollution Knows No Borders: How the Pollution Crisis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Affects Everyone’s Health, and What We Can Do to Address It.]

Pure Earth has been recognized by Charity Navigator as one of the United States' top performing nonprofits.^[3]

Pollution: Largest Environmental Cause of Death In The World Today

In 2017, Pure Earth President Richard Fuller and Dr. Philip Landrigan, serving as co-chairs of the [https://www.thelancet.com/commissions/pollution-and-health Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health], issued an open letter, and presided over the release of the landmark report from the Commission, which confirmed that pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death in the world today--causing 3x more deaths than HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria combined, and 15x more deaths than wars and all forms of violence.^[4]

The report's findings made headlines around the world. The Washington Post's editorial concluded that "The Lancet study should remind leaders in the United States and elsewhere that, though there are costs associated with restricting pollution, countries also incur costs by failing to do so." Fareed Zakaria issued a passionate commentary about [https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2017/11/08/exp-gps-1105-witw-pollution.cnn pollution's deadly global impact.]

The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health is an initiative of The Lancet, the Global Alliance on Health and Pollution (for which Pure Earth serves as Secretariat), and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, with additional coordination and input from United Nations Environment, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), and the World Bank.

Toxic Sites Identification Program

Pure Earth's [https://www.pureearth.org/projects/toxic-sites-identification-program-tsip/ Toxic Site Identification Program] (TSIP) works to identify and screen contaminated sites in low- and middle-income countries where public health is at risk. Pure Earth has trained more than 400 toxic sites investigators around the world to find, map and assess polluted sites that pose health risks in their communities. To date, TSIP investigators have identified more than 3,100 sites in over 50 countries. These sites alone represent a potential health risk to more than 80 million poor people.

The data collected by TSIP investigators is entered into Pure Earth's database of polluted sites, the largest database of its kind. This information is made accessible to governments so that they can formulate plans to prioritize action on pollution that poses the most risk to populations.

The Global Alliance on Health and Pollution (GAHP)

In July 2012, Pure Earth convened a third meeting of world leaders^[5] and experts on pollution at the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Center in Italy. The Global Alliance on Health and Pollution was formed that year by Pure Earth, the World Bank, UNEP, UNDP, UNIDO, Asian Development Bank, the European Commission, Ministries of Environment and Health of many low- and middle-income countries to address pollution and health at scale. Blacksmith serves as Secretariat for the GAHP. Blacksmith began coordinating an international effort to create a global alliance in 2008. The effort was formerly called the Health and Pollution Fund.^[6]^[7]^[8]

The Journal Of Health and Pollution

Published by Pure Earth, the Journal of Health and Pollution (JH&P) is a quarterly on-line journal of peer reviewed research and news. JH&P is grant funded by the World Bank and the European Union. There are no charges to readers or authors. JH&P aims to facilitate discussion of toxic pollution, impacts to human health and strategies for site remediation. The journal focuses on work by researchers from or about under-represented low- and middle-income countries.

Key Projects

Other highlights

In 2010, Pure Earth's impact was charted in a profile of its founder Richard Fuller in Time's "Power of One" column.^[12]

2015 saw the release of the book [https://www.brownagenda.com/ The Brown Agenda.]

Name Change

In 2014, Blacksmith launched a new initiative – Blacksmith Institute for a Pure Earth – with English actor Dev Patel as celebrity ambassador.^[13] Patel worked closely with Blacksmith to suggest the new name, and will help support efforts to raise awareness about toxic pollution, an issue he says he first grew aware of after filming in India.^[14] Blacksmith will slowly transition to a new name – Pure Earth – with the aim of broadening awareness of global toxic pollution issues to the general public.

World's Worst Polluted Places Reports

For over a decade, Pure Earth's World’s Worst Pollution Problems reports identified and drew attention to the worst, and most dangerously polluted places on the planet, while documenting and quantifying the startling health and environmental impacts of this neglected problem. The series of reports succeeded in raising global awareness about the extent and impacts of toxic pollution in low- and middle-income countries. All reports are archived at http://worstpolluted.org

2016 report: The Toxics Beneath Our Feet (Top Polluting Industries)

2015 report: Top Six Toxic Threats

2014 report: Top Ten Countries Turning The Corner on Toxic Pollution

2013 report: Top Ten Toxic Threats in 2013: Cleanup, Progress, and Ongoing Challenges

2012 report: The Top Ten Sources by Global Burden of Disease

2011 report: The Top Ten of the Toxic Twenty

2010 report: Top Six Toxic Threats

The report identifies and quantifies the impacts of the most damaging toxic pollutants. The Top Six Toxic Threats are:^[17]

2009 report: 12 Cases of Cleanup and Success

The report lists 10 programs, unranked, as examples of successful efforts to reduce the toll of pollution on human health. It also includes two initiatives with worldwide impact.^[18]^[19]^[19]^[20]

2008 report: Top Ten World's Worst Pollution Problems

2006 and 2007 reports: Top Ten World's Worst Polluted Places

As of September 2007, the Institute lists the following as the world's ten most polluted places (in alphabetical order by country):^[22]

Also mentioned

References

1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1d4c0916-6156-11dc-bf25-0000779fd2ac.html|title=Planet’s most polluted sites unveiled|last=Harvey|first=Fiona|date=2007-09-12|work=The Financial Times}}
2. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.undispatch.com/meet-2015-er-richard-fuller/|title=MEET A 2015-ER: RICHARD FULLER|last=Sampathkumar|first=Mythili|date=April 8, 2015|work=Un Dispatch|access-date=}}
3. ^http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=11750#.VCG3by5dUTE
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=various authors|first=|date=October 19, 2017|title=The Lancet Commission on pollution and health|url=https://www.thelancet.com/commissions/pollution-and-health|journal=The Lancet|volume=Vol. 391, No. 10119|pages=|via=}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/blog/?p=1025|title=Incubating Ideas for Change at the Bellagio Center|date=18 April 2012|work=Pollution Blog|publisher=Blacksmith Institute|accessdate=21 November 2013}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hpfund.org/bp.php|title=Health and Pollution Fund|accessdate=21 November 2013}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gahp.net/new/|title=Global Alliance on Health and Pollution|accessdate=21 November 2013}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/05/us-development-pollution-interview-idUSTRE5442C520090505|title=Toxic hotspots affect 600 million in developing world|last=Dolan|first=David|date=5 May 2009|work=Reuters|accessdate=21 November 2013}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/may/28/the-worlds-most-toxic-town-the-terrible-legacy-of-zambias-lead-mines|title=The world's most toxic town: the terrible legacy of Zambia's lead mines|last=editor|first=Damian Carrington Environment|date=2017-05-28|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-01-31|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}
10. ^http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-09-15/the-chemical-weapons-ukrainian-separatists-didnt-get
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38428&Cr=disaster&Cr1=risk|title=Six UN-backed green awards handed out for work in disasters|date=18 May 2011|work=UN News Centre|accessdate=21 November 2013}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2024212,00.html|title=Power of One|last=Walsh|first=Bryan|date=18 October 2010|work=TIME Magazine|accessdate=21 November 2013}}
13. ^http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/global/dev-patel-launches-pure-earth-nontoxic-campaign/article_21aeab8b-508c-502c-ac97-fbcb3ab0de64.html
14. ^http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/blog/qa-with-slumdog-millionaire-dev-patel-on-his-belated-birthday-present-a-pure-earth/
15. ^2015 full report
16. ^2014full report
17. ^{{cite web|title=Worst Polluted|url=http://www.worstpolluted.org/|accessdate=21 November 2013}}
18. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|last=Rudolf|first=John Collins|title=Report Notes Few Toxic Cleanup Successes|url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/29/report-notes-few-toxic-cleanup-successes/|work=The New York Times|accessdate=21 November 2013|date=29 October 2009}}
19. ^{{cite web|last=Biello|first=David|title=Can the World's Most Polluted Places Ever Be Cleaned?|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=can-the-worlds-most-polluted-places-09-10-29&SID=mail&sc=emailfriend|work=Scientific American|accessdate=21 November 2013|date=29 October 2009}}
20. ^{{cite web|last=Frierson|first=Burton|title=Global pollution-fighters find scant success|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/10/28/us-pollution-idUKTRE59R4BE20091028|work=Reuters|accessdate=21 November 2013|date=28 October 2009}}
21. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰{{cite web|last=Leahy|first=Stephen|title=A Dozen Countries Take on Toxic Pollution|url=http://ipsnorthamerica.net/news.php?idnews=2636|work=North America Inter Press Service|accessdate=21 November 2013|date=29 October 2009}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Top 10 Most Polluted Places 2007|url=http://www.worstpolluted.org/reports/change/2007|work=Worst Polluted|accessdate=21 November 2013}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=12 Cases of Cleanup and Success 2009|url=http://www.worstpolluted.org/reports/change/2009|work=Worst Polluted|accessdate=21 November 2013}}