| 词条 | Pyemotes herfsi |
| 释义 |
| name = Pyemotes herfsi | image = Pyemotes herfsi_2.jpg | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Arachnida | subclassis = Acari | ordo = Trombidiformes | familia = Pyemotidae | genus = Pyemotes | species = P. herfsi | binomial = Pyemotes herfsi | binomial_authority = (Oudemans, 1936) }}Pyemotes herfsi, also known as the oak leaf gall mite or itch mite, is an ectoparasitic mite identified in Western Canada in 1923 and subsequently found in India, Asia, and the United States. The mite parasitizes a variety of insect hosts and bites humans, causing red, itchy, and painful wheals (welts). The mites are barely visible, measuring about 0.2-0.8 millimeters; their great reproductive potential, small size, and high capacity for dispersal by wind make them difficult to control or avoid.[1] Life cycleNewly emerged and mated females inject a neurotoxin-containing saliva into their hosts, which paralyzes the host and enables the gravid female mites to feed on the host's hemolymph.[1] The posterior portion (opisthosoma) of the female enlarges as its progeny develops inside, and, within a few days, up to 250 adult mites emerge from the gravid female.[1] Bruce and Wrensch (1990) found that progeny of the straw itch mite averaged 254 offspring of which 92% were females. Males emerge before the females, position themselves around the mother's genital opening, and mate with emerging females.[1] Then, mated females disperse to find new hosts.[1] These mites often are dispersed by wind, and when they land on vertebrate hosts, they attempt to feed, resulting in the bites.[1] A life cycle can be completed within seven days, and progeny emergence can be extended to 15 days.[1] The mites' reported hosts have included Anobium punctatum, the pink bollworm, Grapholita molesta, Tineola bisselliella, Apis cerana (Asiatic honey bee), periodic cicadas, and various pests of stored grain, as well as humans and their pets.[2][3][4] Their usual hosts in the United States are oak midge larvae.[2] Cooler, more moist conditions favor its population growth. Outbreaks of attacks on humans in the United States have been attributed to fluctuations in the supply of oak midge larvae.[1] DistributionP. herfsi has been recorded in Czechoslovakia,[5] Egypt,[6] Australia,[7] northern India,[8] and the United States. It is a regulated pest in Germany.[9]Impact on humansThe United States Centers for Disease Control estimated that during an outbreak in August 2004, 54% of the population of Crawford County, Kansas, or about 19,000 people, suffered from its bites.[18] Other states in the US where humans have been affected during the 2000s are Nebraska, Oklahoma, Missouri, Tennessee Shelby County, Texas,[10] and Illinois.[11] In August 2008 an outbreak was reported in the northern suburbs of Cincinnati, Ohio by the Hamilton County Public Health Department.[12] Humans typically report itching from mite bites within 10 to 16 hours after contact. The victims often do not recall being bitten. The rash that results from the bites is usually described as a red patch with a small blister in the center, most often found on the neck, face, arms, or upper torso. A secondary bacterial infection sometimes arises when the bite is scratched. The suggested treatments include the application of calamine lotion, an antihistamine cream such as diphenhydramine, or a corticosteroid cream; a suggested preventive measure is the application of DEET before outdoor activity.[13] Anecdotal reports from the Kansas outbreak, however, suggest that DEET might not provide complete protection against P. herfsi.[14] The bites are not life-threatening, but a few individuals suffering 100 or more bites have undergone brief hospitalizations.[15] References
1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|title=Pyemotes herfsi (Acari: Pyemotidae), a Mite New to North America as the Cause of Bite Outbreaks|url=http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/3600/1/IND43948382.pdf|publisher=USDA|accessdate=2010-04-25|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072019/http://ddr.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/3600/1/IND43948382.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-21|df=}} 2. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Broce AB, Zurek L, Kalisch JA, etal |title=Pyemotes herfsi (Acari: Pyemotidae), a mite new to North America as the cause of bite outbreaks |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=610–3 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16739423 |url=http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1603%2F0022-2585(2006)43%5B610%3APHAPAM%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |doi=10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[610:PHAPAM]2.0.CO;2}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Bibliography of Commonwealth Apiculture|author=Richard Jones|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|year=2005|page=104|ISBN=978-0-85092-771-9}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Pests that affect human health - Oak leaf Itch Mite|url=http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/entml2/mf2806.pdf|publisher=Kansas State University|accessdate=2010-04-25|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716115233/http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/entml2/mf2806.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-16|df=}} 5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Samsinák K, Chmela J, Vobrázková E |title=Pyemotes herfsi (Oudemans, 1936) as causative agent of another mass dermatitis in Europe (Acari, Pyemotidae) |journal=Folia Parasitol. |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=51–4 |year=1979 |pmid=156143 }} 6. ^USDA. A Bibliography of the Pink Bollworm 7. ^Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090609121749/http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/ento/staff4.htm |date=2009-06-09 }} 8. ^Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 9. ^Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft 10. ^University of Nebraska, May 2, 2005 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816073516/http://ianrnews.unl.edu/static/0505021.shtml |date=August 16, 2007 }} 11. ^Chicago Tribune, August 14, 2007 12. ^WLWT TV, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 26, 2008 13. ^University of Nebraska, 2005 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816073516/http://ianrnews.unl.edu/static/0505021.shtml |date=2007-08-16 }} 14. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Outbreak of pruritic rashes associated with mites--Kansas, 2004 |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=54 |issue=38 |pages=952–5 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16195693 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5438a3.htm |author1= Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}} 15. ^University of Nebraska, July 2005 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509131236/http://ianrnews.unl.edu/static/0507150.shtml |date=2006-05-09 }} External links
3 : Arachnids of Europe|Trombidiformes|Animals described in 1936 |
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