| 词条 | Qard al-Hasan |
| 释义 |
Qard al-hasan ({{lang-ar|قرض الحسن}}, transl. benevolent lending) is a form of interest-free loan (fungible, marketable wealth) that is extended by a lender to a borrower on the basis of benevolence (ihsan). Al-qard, from a shari’a point of view, is a non commutative contract, as it involves a facility granted only for the sake of tabarru’ (donation). Therefore, al-qard al-hasan is a gratuitous loan extended to people in need, for a specified period of time. At the end of that period, the face value of the loan (asl al-qard) is to be paid off. In other words, shari’a prohibits the stipulation of an excess for the lender, as it amounts to riba, whether the excess is expressed in terms of quality or quantity, or whether it is a tangible item or a benefit. However, it is permitted that the repayment of qardh (loan extinguishing) is made with an excess (tangible item, benefit, service, etc), provided that such an excess is neither expressly stipulated nor implicitly pre-arranged (through collusion or tawatu’) in the contract of loan. EtymologyQard ({{lang-ar|قرض }}), translated as loan in English, means "to cut", because historically the lender cut off part of his or her property to give to the borrower as a loan. The word hasan is derived from Ihsan ({{lang-ar|احسان }}), which is translated as splendid or beautiful.[1][2][3] Scriptural basisThe word qard appears in the Qur'an in six verses: Q2:245, Q5:12, Q57:11, Q57:18, Q64:17, Q73:20. In every verse it is used as part of the phrase qard al-hasan, and always in reference to a loan to Allah rather than other human beings.[4] One example is If you loan to Allah, a beautiful loan [tuqridu llaha qard hasan], He will double it to your (credit), and He will grant you Forgiveness ..(Qur’an 64(al-Tagabun):16–17.)[5]Qard also appears in numerous hadith. In contrast to use in the Quran, none of the hadith in the collections of Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, Nasa'i, Ibn Majah, Tirmidhi, Muwatta, Musnad Ahmad, or Darimi contain the phrase qard al-hasan. All use qard without any qualifier.[6] ConceptThe concept of Qard al-hasan is to assist the poor or needy by offering a loan without any interest. The Quran states that such a loan is beautiful and admirable[7] because the borrower of such a loan is God; not the person receiving the money.[8][9] According to the verses of Quran, God admires people who pay their wealth for servants of God by using this statement "loan to God", while this wealth is provided for people by God.[10] A different and non-orthodox interpretation of the Quran's verses on qard al-hasan (by M.O Farooq) is that the context of the verses does not "seem to have anything to do with qard in general as business transactions in this world", but instead involves "the symbolic transaction between Allah and the believers". In these sorts of transactions believers can only give Allah loans, not gifts, because "Whatever we offer to Allah is ... treated as loan", since it is always returned, "doubled or even more".[11] In contradiction to orthodox religious legal teachings that the Quranic verses prohibit Muslims from charging interest on business loans, Farooq notes that the verses "specify no detail whatsoever in regard to conditions or limitations, including whether qard or qard al-hasan must be without excess. On the contrary, qard al-hasan, as a contract with God, consistently specifies an excess,"[5] (as the Quran talks of doubling the qard hasan). In Islamic banking and financeQard al-hasan contracts between Islamic banks and borrowers state that the borrower only has to pay back the amount borrowed, although the borrower can pay back extra money as thanks. Loans such as this are used as an attempt to alleviate poverty and create economic growth. Also the Quran has introduced it as an outstanding element such as sadaqah, zakat and waqf, that is a necessary concept to provide the welfare of society.[1] Qard al-hasan supports the main principle of brotherhood. Also there are benefits such as the aid of the poor, establishing a strengthened relationship between poor and rich, the just distribution of national income between all citizens, removing caste differences and unemployment, and being an act with great reward at resurrection day.[12] See also{{portal|Islam}}
References1. ^1 {{cite journal|url=http://journals.iium.edu.my/enmjournal/index.php/enmj/article/view/201|title=A case study on the implementation of Qardhul hasan concept as a financing product in Islamic banks in Malaysia|last2=Alwi|first2=Norhayati Mohd|date=|journal=International Journal of Economics, Management, and Accounting|publisher=2011|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|last3=Ariffin|first3=Noraini Mohd|last1=Zainal Abidin|first1=Ahmad}} {{Islamic banking and finance}}2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.islamic-banking.com/glossary_q.aspx|title=Glossary of Financial Term - Q|date=|website=Institute of Islamic Banking and Insurance|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|last1=|first1=}} 3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puQdCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT236|title=Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions: A Study of their Objectives and Achievements|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=|isbn=978-1349564149|location=|pages=|quote=|via=|last1=Lone|first1=Fayaz Ahmad}} 4. ^{{cite book|ssrn=1418202|title=Qard al-Hasana, Wadiah/Amanah and Bank Deposits: Applications and Misapplications of Some Concepts in Islamic Banking|date=19 January 2012|last1=Farooq|first1=Mohammad Omar|accessdate=|chapter=6. Qard in the Qur’an}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|ssrn=1418202|title=Qard al-Hasana, Wadiah/Amanah and Bank Deposits: Applications and Misapplications of Some Concepts in Islamic Banking|date=19 January 2012|chapter=6. Qard in the Quran|last1=Farooq|first1=Mohammad Omar|accessdate=}} 6. ^{{cite book|ssrn=1418202|title=Qard al-Hasana, Wadiah/Amanah and Bank Deposits: Applications and Misapplications of Some Concepts in Islamic Banking|date=19 January 2012|chapter=5. Qard in ahadith|last1=Farooq|first1=Mohammad Omar|accessdate=}} 7. ^{{cite web|last1=Saeed|first1=Abdullah|title=Economics|website=in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|publisher=Georgetown University}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Askari|first1=Hossein|last2=Iqbal|first2=Zamir|last3=Mirakhor|first3=Abbas|title=Introduction to Islamic Economics: Theory and Application|date=2015|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1118732960|page=314|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2V2FBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA314}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Abdur Rashid|title=Qur'anic Keywords: A Reference Guide|date=2010|publisher=The Islamic Foundation|isbn=978-0860374466|page=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2hjCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Al-Qaradawi|first1=Yusuf|title=Fiqh Al Zakah|date=2013|publisher=Islamic Book Trust|isbn=978-9675062766|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jF5by_O_QIEC&pg=PA77}} 11. ^Maududi. op. cit., Vol. I, no. 267, 187; Abdullah Yusuf Ali, op cit., no. 275, 97; Muhammad Asad, op. cit. 54, no. 234; Irfan Ahmad Khan, Reflections on the Qur’an, Vol. I (Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 2005), 614. 12. ^{{cite book|last1=Effendi|first1=Jaenal|title=The role of Islamic microfinance in poverty alleviation and environmental ...|date=2013|publisher=universitatsverlag Gottinge|isbn=978-3-86395-137-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IiL4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11}} 5 : Loans|Islamic banking|Islamic worship|Islamic banking and finance terminology|Arabic words and phrases |
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