| 词条 | QF 13-pounder 9 cwt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=QF 13 pounder 9 cwt anti-aircraft gun | image= 13 pounder 9 cwt AA guns at Cambrin Mar 1918 IWM Q 8559.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption=on Mark IV mounting on Peerless lorries at Cambrin, 13 March 1918 |origin=United Kingdom |type=Anti-aircraft gun |is_ranged=yes |is_artillery=yes |is_UK=yes |service= 1915–1920s[1] |used_by=British Empire |wars=World War I |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date= |number= |variants= |weight=7.5 tons[2] |length= |part_length=Bore: {{convert|7|ft|9|in|m|sigfig=3}}; Total: {{convert|8|ft|1|in|m|sigfig=3}}[2] |width= |height= |crew= |caliber= {{convert|3|in|mm|sigfig=3|adj=on}} |cartridge= {{convert|12.5|lb|kg|sigfig=3}} Shrapnel; later HE |action= |rate=8 rds/min |velocity={{convert|2150|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}[3] |range= |max_range={{convert|19000|ft|m|abbr=on}}[4] |feed= |sights= |breech= |recoil=Hydro-spring, constant {{convert|24|in|mm|sigfig=3}} (Mk III mount); {{convert|35|in|mm|sigfig=3}} (Mk IV mount)[2] |carriage=high-angle mounting on lorry |elevation=0°–80°[2] |traverse=360°[2] }} The 13 pounder 9 cwt anti-aircraft gun[5] became the standard mobile British anti-aircraft gun of the World War I era, especially in theatres outside Britain. HistoryEarlier anti-aircraft guns based on 13 pounder and 18 pounder guns proved unsatisfactory, primarily due to their low muzzle velocities. On 18 February 1915 Sir John French, commander of the British Expeditionary Force in France, asked for an anti-aircraft gun with a muzzle velocity of {{convert|2000|ft/s|m/s}}.[6] On 19 August 1915 the Army Council proposed adapting existing 18-pounder guns (3.3-inch bore) to use 13-pounder (3-inch) shells, thus meeting the requirement for higher velocity.[7] This weapon combined an 18 pounder breech and barrel with a liner (sleeve) inserted to reduce the bore from {{convert|3.3|in|mm|adj=on}} to {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}} so that it could fire the slightly smaller 13 pounder shell but still use the larger cartridge and propellant charge of the 18 pounder resulting in a much higher velocity. A slight neck was introduced in the 18 pounder cartridge to hold the slightly narrower 13 pounder shell in place. The initial Mk III mounting was based on the 13 pounder Mk II anti-aircraft mounting, but proved to be not strong enough for the extra power of the 18 pounder cartridge. The Mk IV mounting which followed raised the height by {{convert|9|in|mm}} and increased recoil from 24 to {{convert|35|in|mm}} and hence relieved the strain on the mounting.[8] Several guns are known to have been mounted on 2-wheeled high-angle field carriages and deployed on the Italian front. Hogg & Thurston state that they could theoretically be used as anti-aircraft guns, field guns or howitzers, but they were not officially introduced and may have been of an experimental nature.[9] Routledge states that the carriage was improvised because some of 4th AA Group's guns had arrived in Italy without mountings.[10] Combat useAs World War I progressed, it was replaced in the home air defence of England (against German heavy bombers) by the more powerful QF 3 inch 20 cwt gun, but continued in all other theatres. It was usually deployed mounted on medium lorries such as the Thornycroft Type J with a speed of 18 miles per hour, in sections of 2 guns. On the Western Front they were typically used to protect troop columns, airfields, bases, supply dumps and observation balloons.[11] As important as the raw performance of the gun itself was the new technology being developed to allow fast calculation of aircraft height and predict where it would be when the shell arrived near it. Modern aircraft could fly at over 100 miles per hour and to 20,000 ft (much lower over the battlefield) by 1918, which made the old reliable artillery shooting techniques obsolete. The shell took 10.1 seconds to reach {{convert|5000|ft|m|abbr=on}} fired at 25° above horizontal, 15.5 seconds to reach {{convert|10000|ft|m|abbr=on}} at 40°, 22.1 seconds to reach {{convert|15000|ft|m|abbr=on}} at 55°.[12] Hence the aircraft position had to be calculated 10–22 seconds in advance and fuzes needed to be set to explode at the correct height. By the end of World War I, a 13 pounder AA Section was accompanied by 2 Wilson-Dalby Trackers with a rudimentary electronic computer to provide tachymetric prediction, a UB2 rangefinder, a Height/Fuze Indicator (HFI) and an Identification telescope. German fighters countered by attacking at low level—a few hundred feet. AA guns would continue to fire but the shells would then explode over the heads of those they were defending. But it brought attacking aircraft within range of defensive machine guns. Few aircraft were actually directly shot down, each requiring an average 4,000–4,500 shells,[13] but guns were often employed in aerial barrages to deny an airspace to aircraft rather than to simply shoot down individually targeted aircraft. Brigadier Routledge notes that "in the BEF [i.e. on the Western Front] stress was laid on long-range deterrent fire; indeed in Fourth Army this was the BRA's stated policy. 'Kills' were therefore less common. Moreover, gun and fighter zones were not separated, as in Britain, and this made set plans for action less workable".[14] Routledge further comments that in World War I British cooperation between infantry and anti-aircraft sections was generally rudimentary. However, he points out a successful integration in the Allied advance on the Piave in Italy in late 1918, where S and V Batteries of 4th AA group used their 13 pdr 9 cwt guns to provide mobile air and ground fire in close support of infantry. This tactic later became common in World War II.[10] At the end of World War I, a total of 306 were in service worldwide, 232 of these on the Western Front (out of a total 348 AA guns there).[15] PerformanceThe following table[16] compares the gun's performance with the other British World War I anti-aircraft guns:-
See also
Surviving examples
Notes1. ^Hogg & Thurston state it was declared obsolete in British service in 1921 but continued in service with the Canadian and Dutch armies for several more years 2. ^1 2 3 4 Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 65 3. ^1 Routledge 1994, page 9 quotes muzzle velocity {{convert|1990|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}. Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 65 quote 2150 ft/second 4. ^Farndale 1986, page 132, 364 5. ^In the name, 13 pounder referred to the approximate weight of the standard shell, and 9 cwt referred to the weight of the barrel and breech (9 × 112 lb = 1008 lb), to differentiate it from other varieties of "13 pounder". 6. ^History of the Ministry of Munitions, page 26 7. ^History of the Ministry of Munitions, page 27 8. ^Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 64 9. ^Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 66-67 10. ^1 Routledge 1994, page 33 11. ^Routledge 1994, page 32 12. ^Routledge 1994, page 9 13. ^Routledge 1994, page 20, 24, 23 14. ^Routledge 1994, page 21 15. ^Routledge 1994, page 27 16. ^Routledge 1994, Page 9 17. ^Hogg & Thurston 1972, Page 234-235 18. ^Routledge 1994, Page 13 19. ^WWII details from Tony DiGiulian's website 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30025226 |title=13 pdr 9 cwt Anti-Aircraft Gun (ORD 103) |work=IWM Collections Search |author=Imperial War Museum |date=2013 |accessdate=10 March 2013}} References{{reflist|2}}Bibliography
External links{{Commons category|QF 13 pounder 9 cwt}}{{GreatWarBritishWeapons}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Qf 13 Pounder 9 Cwt}} 3 : World War I artillery of the United Kingdom|World War I anti-aircraft guns|76 mm artillery |
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