词条 | Quantum calculus |
释义 |
Quantum calculus, sometimes called calculus without limits, is equivalent to traditional infinitesimal calculus without the notion of limits. It defines "q-calculus" and "h-calculus", where h ostensibly stands for Planck's constant while q stands for quantum. The two parameters are related by the formula where is the reduced Planck constant. DifferentiationIn the q-calculus and h-calculus, differentials of functions are defined as and respectively. Derivatives of functions are then defined as fractions by the q-derivative and by In the limit, as h goes to 0, or equivalently as q goes to 1, these expressions take on the form of the derivative of classical calculus. Integrationq-integralA function F(x) is a q-antiderivative of f(x) if DqF(x) = f(x). The q-antiderivative (or q-integral) is denoted by and an expression for F(x) can be found from the formula which is called the Jackson integral of f(x). For {{nowrap|0 < q < 1}}, the series converges to a function F(x) on an interval (0,A] if |f(x)xα| is bounded on the interval (0,A] for some {{nowrap|0 ≤ α < 1}}. The q-integral is a Riemann–Stieltjes integral with respect to a step function having infinitely many points of increase at the points qj, with the jump at the point qj being qj. If we call this step function gq(t) then dgq(t) = dqt.[1] h-integralA function F(x) is an h-antiderivative of f(x) if DhF(x) = f(x). The h-antiderivative (or h-integral) is denoted by . If a and b differ by an integer multiple of h then the definite integral is given by a Riemann sum of f(x) on the interval [a,b] partitioned into subintervals of width h. ExampleThe derivative of the function (for some positive integer ) in the classical calculus is . The corresponding expressions in q-calculus and h-calculus are with the q-bracket and respectively. The expression is then the q-calculus analogue of the simple power rule for positive integral powers. In this sense, the function is still nice in the q-calculus, but rather ugly in the h-calculus – the h-calculus analog of is instead the falling factorial, One may proceed further and develop, for example, equivalent notions of Taylor expansion, et cetera, and even arrive at q-calculus analogues for all of the usual functions one would want to have, such as an analogue for the sine function whose q-derivative is the appropriate analogue for the cosine. HistoryThe h-calculus is just the calculus of finite differences, which had been studied by George Boole and others, and has proven useful in a number of fields, among them combinatorics and fluid mechanics. The q-calculus, while dating in a sense back to Leonhard Euler and Carl Gustav Jacobi, is only recently beginning to see more usefulness in quantum mechanics, having an intimate connection with commutativity relations and Lie algebra. See also
References1. ^FUNCTIONS q-ORTHOGONAL WITH RESPECT TO THEIR OWN ZEROS, LUIS DANIEL ABREU, Pre-Publicacoes do Departamento de Matematica Universidade de Coimbra, Preprint Number 04–32
2 : Quantum mechanics|Differential calculus |
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