“Questions on Doctrine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine (generally known by the shortened title Questions on Doctrine, abbreviated QOD) is a book published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church in 1957 to help explain Adventism to conservative Protestants and Evangelicals. The book generated greater acceptance of the Adventist church within the evangelical community, where it had previously been widely regarded as a cult. However, it also proved to be one of the most controversial publications in Adventist history^[1] and the release of the book brought prolonged alienation and separation within Adventism and evangelicalism.

Although no authors are listed on the title of the book (credit is given to "a representative group" of Adventist "leaders, Bible teachers and editors"), the primary contributors to the book were Le Roy Edwin Froom, Walter E. Read, and Roy Allan Anderson (sometimes referred to as "FREDA").

In Adventist culture, the phrase Questions on Doctrine has come to encompass not only the book itself but also the history leading up to its publication and the prolonged theological controversy which it sparked. This article covers all of these facets of the book's history and legacy.

History

Background

The publication of Questions on Doctrine grew out of a series of conferences between a few Adventist spokespersons and Protestant representatives from 1955 to 1956. The roots of this conference originated in a series of dialogues between Pennsylvania conference president, T. E. Unruh, and evangelical Bible teacher and magazine editor Donald Grey Barnhouse. Unruh was particularly concerned because of a scathing review written by Barnhouse about Ellen White's book, Steps to Christ. Unruh had sent him a copy of the book in 1949. In the spring of 1955 Barnhouse commissioned Walter Martin to write a book about Seventh-day Adventists. Martin requested a meeting with Adventist leaders so that he could question them about their beliefs.

The first meeting between Martin and Adventist leaders occurred in March 1955. Martin was accompanied by George Cannon and met with Adventist representatives Le Roy Edwin Froom and W. E. Read. Later Roy Allan Anderson and Barnhouse joined these discussions. Initially both sides viewed each other with suspicion as they worked through a list of 40 questions. Central to these concerns were four alleged items of Adventist theology: (1) the atonement was not completed at the cross; (2) salvation is the result of grace plus the works of the law; (3) Jesus was a created being, not from all eternity; and (4) that Jesus partook of man's sinful, fallen nature at the incarnation.

By the summer of 1956 the small group of evangelicals became convinced that Seventh-day Adventists were sufficiently orthodox to be considered Christian. Barnhouse published his conclusions in the September 1956 issue of Eternity magazine in the article, "Are Seventh-day Adventists Christians?"^[2] In it, they concluded, "Seventh-day Adventists are a truly Christian group, rather than an anti-Christian cult."^[3] This greatly surprised its readers, and 6,000 canceled their subscriptions in protest!^[4]

Following this announcement, Adventists were gradually invited to participate in Billy Graham's crusades.^[5]

Conflict within Adventism

In Barnhouse's article it was stated that most Adventists believed in the sinless human nature of Christ and those who did not were part of the "lunatic fringe."{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} M. L. Andreasen, a conservative Adventist theologian, took exception to this statement.

Further debate broke out between Andreasen and Froom in February 1957 after Froom published an article on the atonement in Ministry magazine. In this article Froom argued that the atonement was a "full and complete sacrifice."{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} He furthermore asserted that "the sacrificial act on the cross [is] a complete, perfect, and final atonement for man's sins."{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Froom's articulation of the atonement still held to the Adventist belief in Christ's work in the heavenly sanctuary going into the Holy of Holies to begin a final atonement for humanity.

Venden points out that the atonement must have been complete at the cross—the sacrifice was sufficient. When Jesus died for man's sin it was enough to purchase man's salvation and man cannot add anything to it. Yet, the atonement involves more that just sacrifice. The process of redemption, the restoration of man's broken relationship to at-one-ment with God, was not completed at the cross, else there would be no more sin or sickness or pain or sorrow or separation or battered children or hospitals or funeral trains or tombstones or broken hearts. It is the winning of men back to a love relationship with God that is not yet completed.^[6]

Andreasen articulated a three-phase understanding of the atonement. In the first phase Christ lived a perfect life despite having a fallen nature. During the second phase the death of Christ on the cross occurred. And finally, during the third phase (the focal point of his theology), Christ demonstrates that man can do what He did. Satan was not defeated at the cross but would be defeated by the "last generation" in its demonstration that an entire generation of people could live a sinlessly perfect life.^[7]^[8]

As a consequence, Andreasen embarked on a campaign against QOD. He published a series of responses to Froom in 9 papers written in 1957/1958 and in a series of booklets entitled Letters to the Churches (1959). On April 6, 1961, Andreasen's ministerial credentials were suspended by the church because of his ongoing public protests against church leadership{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}. But a few months later on March 1, 1962, after Andreasen died on Feb. 19, 1962, the General Conference executive committee revoked its earlier decision on his ministerial credentials.^[10]

Evangelicals Divided Over Questions on Doctrine

In 1960, Walter Martin published his own response to Questions on Doctrine, entitled The Truth About Seventh-day Adventism,^[11] which had wide circulation.^[12] The book carried with it a disclaimer that only those Adventists whose theology agreed with Questions on Doctrine were true members of the body of Christ.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} From June 1960 till July 1961 Adventist magazine Ministry published a long series of responses to Martin's book, which are available online.^[13] Other evangelicals besides Martin who argued for the acceptance of Adventism as an evangelical Christian group were Donald Barnhouse, E. Schuyler English, and Frank Mead.^[14]

Many conservative Evangelicals disagreed with Martin and Barnhouse's positive assessment of Adventism. The leaders of this view included a large amount of Reformed writers. Differences associated with the Calvinist-Arminian dispute were a major part in the debate (Adventism is soteriologically Arminian), but Martin did not regard conformity to Calvinism as a test of Christian orthodoxy.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} In 1962 Norman F. Douty published Another Look at Seventh-day Adventism and Herbert Bird, Theology of Seventh-day Adventism, both of which argued that Adventists were still a cult. Dutch Calvinist theologian Anthony Hoekema grouped Adventism together with Mormonism, Jehovah's Witnesses and Christian Science in his 1963 publication The Four Major Cults. In this book Hoekema praises Adventists for moving away from Arianism, but argues that Questions on Doctrine failed to truly repudiate the doctrine of Christ's sinful nature, and similarly failed to remove ambiguities and inconsistencies regarding the atonement.^[15]

Legacy

Around 138,000 to 147,000 copies of QOD were circulated, but the book was so controversial that it was placed out of print in 1963.^[12] Throughout the following decades, the two Adventist camps—those who supported and opposed QOD respectively—continued to struggle with the issues it brought up which was not eased by "the ambiguous stance taken by General Conference leadership on Questions on Doctrine".

Much of the controversy had centred on the nature of the incarnate Christ and the Augustinian doctrine of Original Sin. Regarding the Nature of Christ on earth, the prelapsarian position was accepted by the authors of QOD as a 'sine qua non' for acceptance with the Evangelicals. Froom had attempted to support this in QOD with a number of quotations from the writings of Ellen White. He used a "cut and paste" technique before digitisation was available. In 1978, Dr Ralph Larson published a short pamphlet entitled "The Fraud of the Unfallen Nature", in which he painstakingly dissected out the clauses pasted together by Froom and decisively demonstrated that in almost every instance the excerpts taken from her writings, in context, said exactly the opposite. He went on to show that Ellen White endorsed the postlapsarian position, either directly or by implication in over 400 quotations. The main use of her writings to endorse the opposite position had come from the famous "Baker Letter", written by EG White to a Tasmanian pastor who had taken a Christological position of Adoptionism, which was a variant of Arianism. At that time (1890s) the SDA position on the Trinity was moving away from the Arian position of some of the pioneers, such as Uriah Smith. Whilst supporting the equality and divinity of the three members of the Godhead, Ellen White prudently avoided using the term 'Trinity', as the term had variable interpretations by different religious groups, including Catholicism. She had simply warned Baker to be careful how he described the human nature of Christ, lest people were to believe that He was a created being, and therefore take the position that He was a sinner. Larson later published "The Word Was Made Flesh" in which he devoted a chapter to the misquoting of Ellen White on Christology (available at https://www.amazon.com/Word-Was-Made-Flesh-Seventh-Day/dp/1572580321).

Meanwhile, evangelicals were concerned that the withdrawal of QOD signified a doctrinal retreat by Adventists and called for the book to be reprinted. In an interview around 1986 with Adventist Currents, Martin himself said

"It's a very positive and aggressive statement of Adventist beliefs", according to George Knight.^[12] "This book played an important role in the history of the Adventist Church", according to Gerhard Pfandl.^[12] Questions on Doctrine generated a theological movement which backs the theology of Andreasen and opposes the teaching set forward in the book. These "historic Adventists" perceive Questions on Doctrine as representing a major departure from traditional Adventist teaching, and believe that its publication has been harmful to the church. Other Adventists feel that Questions on Doctrine represents a courageous and insightful restatement of Adventist theology, while acknowledging that the book is not free from fault. For instance, it is clear that the authors pushed the facts too far with regard to Adventism's historic understanding of the Trinity, and present data about the human nature of Christ in a way that presents a false impression.

Evangelical Kenneth Samples has described four unique perspectives of Walter Martin given by Adventist friends of Samples. A more evangelical Adventist told him, "I really like Walter Martin. He stood up for us." A more liberal Adventist said, "Who's Walter Martin that he should ever question our orthodoxy?!" A more fundamentalist Adventist said, "Walter Martin poisoned our church." A cultural Adventist friend said, "Who's Walter Martin?"!^[22]

Walter Martin considered his impact on evangelicals' perception of Adventism one of the highlights of his career{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}.

50th anniversary conference

A scholarly conference marking the 50th anniversary of the book's publication was held from October 24–27, 2007 at Andrews University in Michigan.^[23] It was precipitated by Julius Nam's 2005 doctoral dissertation on the book.^[24] Scholars, church leaders and pastors from widely varying positions on the Adventist theological spectrum gathered with non-Adventist evangelical scholars interested in Questions on Doctrine for dialogue. Prior to the event, General Conference administrators including incumbent president Jan Paulsen had voiced reservations and even outright opposition to the conference, fearing that it might reignite a firestorm of controversy within the denomination.^[25] In spite of this, the conference was hailed as a success by participants from all sides, and was felt to have promoted "healing".^[23]

The organizers of the conference were Julius Nam, Michael W. Campbell and Jerry Moon, Adventist scholars specializing in Adventist history. Three institutions co-sponsored the event: Andrews University, Loma Linda University and Oakwood College. The keynote speakers were conservative theologian Herbert Douglass, Adventist historian George Knight, and Biblical Research Institute director Ángel Rodríguez. Presenters included Roy Adams, Arthur Patrick, Jon Paulien, Richard Rice, A. Leroy Moore and Woodrow Whidden. The "conservative" position was represented by Larry Kirkpatrick, Colin and Russell Standish as well as Douglass. In addition there were contributions from non-Adventist scholars Kenneth Samples and Donald Dayton.^[26]

Topics

See also

References

1. ^George Knight in the annotated edition describes the original as "the most divisive book in Seventh-day Adventist history", p.xiii
2. ^Donald Grey Barnhouse, "Are Seventh-day Adventists Christians?" Eternity, September 1956, 7.
3. ^as quoted by Loren Dickinson
4. ^Richard Schwarz, Light Bearers to the Remnant (Boise, Idaho: Pacific Press, 1979), 544; as quoted by Dickinson
5. ^Dickinson
6. ^¹Venden, Morris, 1996, Never without an intercessor, p. 140-41
7. ^M. L. Andreasen, The Sanctuary Service, chapter entitled "The Last Generation"
8. ^{{cite book|author=Anthony A. Hoekema|title=The Four Major Cults|year=1963|publisher=Eerdmans|page=124}}
9. ^White, E., 1903, Education, p. 15
10. ^Questions on Doctrine, annotated edition; Andrews University Press, 2003. Page xxv.
11. ^Walter Martin, The Truth about Seventh Adventists (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1960)
12. ^¹²³⁴Questions on Doctrine Annotated, Republished {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524022911/http://www.adventistreview.org/2004-1502/news.html |date=May 24, 2007 }} by Mark Kellner. Adventist Review
13. ^Articles from Ministry (Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald), {{issn|0026-5314}}. Accessed 2007-11-16* Edward Heppenstall. "The Law in Adventist Theology and Christian Experience {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062332/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1960-06/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=4 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}}. 33:6 (June 1960), 4–11* W. E. Read. "The Investigative Judgment: Does This Teaching Have Any Biblical Basis? {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062338/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1960-07/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=4 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}}. 33:7 (July 1960), 4–8* August 1960 – no article* Richard Hammill. "A Discussion of Walter Martin's Comments Relative to the Sabbath and the Lord's Day {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062351/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1960-09/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=16 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}}. 33:9 (September 1960), 16–20, 37–38* ________. "The Sabbath or the Lord's Day? {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062357/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1960-10/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=6 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}} (part 2). 33:10 (October 1960), 6–11* ________. "Primary Anti-Sabbatarian Texts {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062403/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1960-11/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=12 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}} (part 3). 33:11 (November 1960), 12–18* ________. "Primary Anti-Sabbatarian Texts {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062547/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1960-12/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=7 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}} (4th and final part). 33:12 (December 1960), 7–12* W. E. Read. "The Investigative or Pre-Advent Judgment {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062555/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1960-12/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=14 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}}. 33:12 (December 1960), 14–19, 35* R. Allen Anderson. "Life Only in Christ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062602/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1961-01/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=7 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}}. 34:1 (January 1961), 7–14, 35–37* ________. "Natural Immortality Unsupported by Hebrew and Greek {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062608/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1961-02/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=8 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}}. 34:2 (February 1961), 8–13, 39–40* D. E. Mansell. "Walter Martin and the Nature of Man {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062619/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1961-03/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=20 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}}. 34:3 (March 1961), 20–23* ________. "Walter Martin and the Nature of Man {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062630/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1961-04/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=11 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}}. 34:4 (April 1961), 11–16* 34:5 (May 1961) – no article (?)* Edward Heppenstall. "The Hour of God's Judgment Is Come {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062636/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1961-06/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=8 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}}. 34:6 (June 1961), 8–13, 30–31* F. G. Clifford. "The Basis of Christian Belief {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062646/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1961-06/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=14 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}}. 34:6 (June 1961), 14* Edward Heppenstall. "The Hour of God's Judgment Is Come {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522062659/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/MIN/MIN1961-07/index.djvu?djvuopts&page=6 |date=May 22, 2011 }}"{{DjVulink}} (conclusion). 34:7 (July 1961), 6–13, 38
14. ^{{cite web |title = The Questions on Doctrine Saga: Contours and Lessons |author = Julius Nam |url = http://progressiveadventism.com/2007/11/02/the-questions-on-doctrine-saga-contours-and-lessons/ |publisher = Paper presented to QOD 50th anniversary conference |year = 2007 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080509065203/http://progressiveadventism.com/2007/11/02/the-questions-on-doctrine-saga-contours-and-lessons/ |archivedate = 2008-05-09 |df = }}
15. ^{{cite book|title=The Four Major Cults|year=1963|author=Anthony A. Hoekema|publisher=Eerdmans}}
16. ^{{cite book | editor = George R. Knight | title = Questions on Doctrine: Annotated Edition | publisher = Andrews University Press | year = 2003 | location = Berrien Springs, Michigan | isbn = 1-883925-41-X | page = v, 522}}
17. ^as quoted on http://qod.andrews.edu/index.html
18. ^{{cite conference | first = Jon | last = Paulien | authorlink = Jon Paulien | title = Questions on Doctrine and the Church: Present and Future | booktitle = | pages = | publisher = | date = | location = | url = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }} Publication on the internet forthcoming. Conference attendees received a copy of all the papers presented
19. ^"Currents Interview: Walter Martin" in Adventist Currents, July 1983, 15. Text as quoted by Kellner
20. ^World Church: "Questions on Doctrine" Book Annotated, Republished, Adventist News Network, 18 November 2003.
21. ^Nancy Vyhmeister, review of Questions on Doctrine 2003 edition. College and University Dialogue 2005, v17, n3, p30-31
22. ^Kenneth Samples, "Evangelical Reflections on Seventh-day Adventism: Yesterday and Today". Paper presented at the Questions on Doctrine 50th anniversary conference; appears in the audio version (MP3) only [see last two minutes], not his written paper.
23. ^¹{{cite web|title=Conference Provides Forum for Dialogue|url=http://www.andrews.edu/news/2007/11/qod_conference.html|publisher=Andrews University news|date=November 12, 2007|accessdate=2007-11-28}}
24. ^{{cite book | author = Juhyeok Nam | title = Reactions to the Seventh-day Adventist Evangelical Conferences and Questions on Doctrine 1955–1971 | publisher = Andrews University | year = 2005 | location = Berrien Springs, Michigan}} Chapter 4 available online.
25. ^{{cite web|title=Maintaining Church Unity in a Post Modern Era: Many Right Ways to Think|url=http://www.atoday.com/node/3068|author=Ervin Taylor|publisher=Adventist Today|date=October 30, 2007|accessdate=2007-11-28}}
26. ^Keynote speakers and presenters from the Questions on Doctrine website