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词条 Rail transport in Jamaica
释义

  1. History

     1845 to the Second World War   Bauxite lines   Post-Second World War 

  2. Jamaica Railway Corporation

     1960 to 1975  Closure  Current operations  Revival 

  3. Mail carriage

  4. Architecture

  5. Accidents

  6. Natural disasters

  7. Managers

  8. See also

  9. References

     Notes  Further reading 

  10. External links

The Railways of Jamaica, constructed from 1845, were the second British Colony after Canada's Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad of 1836 to receive a railway system.[1][2] Construction started only twenty years after George Stephenson's Stockton and Darlington Railway commenced operations in the United Kingdom.[3]

The public passenger railway service in Jamaica, which was closed in October 1992,[3] had a brief revival in 2011 only to be closed once again in August 2012.[4] The Parliament of Jamaica debate leading towards a revival under a public joint venture corporation proposed with an offshore partner.[5] Private freight transport continues on limited tracks leading to the various docks around the island, transporting bauxite and sugar cane for export.

History

World War II

1845 to the Second World War

The first railway called the Western Jamaica Connecting Railway was built in 1845 from Kingston {{convert|14.5|mi|km|order=flip}} to Angels.[3] The railway was proposed and started by William Smith, originally from Manchester who owned land in Jamaica, and his sugar planter brother David.[3]

The system approved by the Assembly of Jamaica in 1843 was for a double track between Kingston and Spanish Town, with branch lines to Angels, Port Henderson and the Caymanas sugar estate.[3] On 21 November 1845[6] the Governor of Jamaica James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and ten carriages of passengers, pulled by the companies two locomotives Projector and Patriot built by Sharp Brothers of Manchester,[3] travelled {{convert|12|mi|km|order=flip}} from Kingston to Spanish Town.[3] The first train came after the British Government had enacted the Sugar Duties Act 1846 and just after the emancipation of slaves, meaning the sugar industry needed the efficiency that the railway would bring to the difficult to passage island.

The construction of the first single-track section was budgeted to cost £150,000, but cost £222,250, or £15,377 per kilometre (£24,747 per mile). As a result of the cost of building and a downturn in the sugar industry, only another {{convert|11|mi|km|order=flip}} were added until 1869 in the form of an extension from Spanish Town to Old Harbour[3] at a cost of £60,000.[6]

After a period of decline, new Governor Sir Anthony Musgrave agreed a deal in 1879 to buy the existing {{convert|26|mi|km|order=flip}} of the system for £93,932.[3][7] After an investment and improvement programme, the expansion of the citrus and banana industries led to two extensions, extending the total system to {{convert|65|mi|km|order=flip}}: westward from Old Harbour to Porus ({{convert|24.5|mi|km|order=flip}});[6] northwards from Angel to the interior district of Ewarton[3][7] ({{convert|14.25|mi|km|order=flip}}).[6] Both were completed in 1885 at a total cost of approximately £280,000.[6] Main article: Spanish Town to Ewarton.

After debates about extensions, on 1 January 1890 the railway was transferred to an American consortium headed by New York merchant Frederick Wesson, and extensions from Porus {{convert|62|mi|km|order=flip}} to Montego Bay in 1895,[7] and an extension through the banana, cacao, citrus and coconut districts of St Catherine, St Mary and Portland was developed over {{convert|54|mi|km|order=flip}} from Bog Walk to Port Antonio in 1896.[7] Main article Bog Walk to Port Antonio.

The Jamaican system now had a total of {{convert|185|mi|km|0|order=flip}} of railway lines stretching from the south-eastern to the north-western and north-eastern ends of the island.[3]

However, the loans taken out to secure railway ownership by the company, together with its purchase of {{convert|76000|acre|km2|0|order=flip}} of prime Crown land in various parts of Jamaica, proved too strenuous. After defaulting in 1897 and 1898, by order of the Jamaican Supreme Court the company fell into receivership. In 1900 the government assumed responsibility for the railway again, and made it a department of government. It appointed a Railway Advisory Board in 1902 to advise, which remained in place until 1960 when the statutory 100% government owned J$6million company the Jamaica Railway Corporation was created.[3]

Between 1900 and 1950, less than {{convert|50|mi|km|order=flip}} of track was added, mainly to support opening of the interior to banana cultivation:[3]

  • 1911 - {{convert|13|mi|km|adj=on|order=flip}} branch off the Montego Bay line, from May Pen to Chapelton, completed in 1913 and extended in 1925 by {{convert|10|mi|km|order=flip}} to Frankfield. Main article May Pen to Frankfield.
  • 1921 - {{convert|3|mi|km|order=flip}} from Linstead to New Works, opened on the Bog Walk to Ewarton extension Main article Linstead to New Works.
  • 1942 - in support of military needs for the Second World War, a {{convert|6.5|mi|km|adj=on|order=flip}} branch line from Logan's Junction near May Pen, to the US military base at Fort Simmonds in Vernamfield. The British government purchased four USATC S161 Class to provide transport for the military base.[8] After the line closed in 1956, these were subsumed by JRC.

Bauxite lines

In the 1940s deposits of Bauxite were discovered in the interior, and companies developed both interconnected as well as independent lines to extract, process and ship the minerals:[3]

  • Alcan - used the JRC lines from Bodles to ship its product to Port Esquiville, completing {{convert|3|mi|km|0|order=flip}} of lines in 1951
  • Alcoa - built an {{convert|19|mi|km|0|adj=on|order=flip}} railway in 1962 to connect its Woodside mines with the port at Rocky Point Port. Leased to the JRC, Alcoa provided locomotives, rolling stock and its staff operated and maintained the line under JRC management
  • Kaiser Bauxite Company - built {{convert|12|mi|km|0|order=flip}} of independent track and {{convert|7.5|mi|km|1|order=flip}} of sidings running from mines in upper Saint Ann Parish to Discovery Bay. The company tended to run Baldwin locomotives, and purchased eight between 1952 and 1971.[9]
  • Alpart - built {{convert|11|mi|km|order=flip}} of independent track in the 1970s to connect its refinery at Nain with Port Kaiser near Alligator Pond
  • Reynolds - built a short independent railway to link mines, drying plants and ports
  • Windalco- Bauxite Line

Post-Second World War

The agricultural driven growth of the railways was created by the harsh interior geography, and developing consumer needs meant that post-Second World War, bananas had to be on a ship only two days after cutting. Having shipped 330,000 stems in 1880 to 24 million stems in 1930, a progressive decline in the industry meant that by 1969 the transport of bananas by rail ceased. In 1895 Jamaica had exported 97 million fruits; by 1940 the figure had plunged to 40 million, and hit by the loss of the monopoly of the British market and the 1951 hurricane, in 1975 it was just 5 million. Passenger figures had also started to fall, as pre-Second World War the government had started a bridge building programme. By 1971 Jamaica had {{convert|7200|mi|km|-1|order=flip}} of roads, 1,350 of which were paved; alongside motorbuses which were accessing further inland, private cars had increased from 15,000 in 1950 to 142,300 by 1975.[3]

After a post-Second World War report by C. E. Rooke recommended closure of the Port Antonio to Spanish Town line, the government only closed the Linstead to Ewarton branch in 1947.[3] The 1951 hurricane brought about a recommendation by the United Nations envoy to invest in the railway to keep the bauxite traffic, and hence the passenger rates economically viable.

Jamaica Railway Corporation

1960 to 1975

The government agreed change of the railway after the 1 September 1957 crash, the worst transport accident in Jamaica's history, in which a 12-car wooden body train carrying 1,600 passengers derailed at Kendal, killing 175 passengers and injuring over 800.[10]

The first diesel power had entered Jamaica in 1939 with two D Wickham & Co diesel coaches. After the creation of the Jamaica Railway Corporation in 1960, management increased this transformation significantly from 1963 onwards:

  • 19 multi-unit Metro Cammell railcars, powered by Rolls-Royce C6T Mark IV engines of {{convert|350|hp|abbr=on|order=flip}} acquired at a cost of J$621,000. These were all composite in two formation, with 7 cars carrying 20 first-class and 58 second-class passengers; and 30 cars with 83 second-class passengers
  • The unique "market car wheel" built by Metro Cammell, a modified boxcar fitted to carry passengers and their goods to market
  • Two Clayton Equipment Company shunting locomotives with the same Rolls Royce driving system as the Metro Cammell boxcars
  • Two English Electric 750 h.p. locomotives to handle bauxite traffic

In 1967, two ALCO RS-3 1,500 h.p. diesel-electric locomotives were purchased. With the phasing out of the steam power, by 1970 Jamaica's railways had fourteen diesel-electric locomotives and only one steam locomotive was still in operation.[3] Between 1972 and 1976, an additional 18 ALCO RS-8's, manufactured by MLW in Canada, were purchased in three batches of six locomotives.[11]

By 1975 there were:[3][12]

  • {{convert|216.5|mi|km|order=flip}} of {{RailGauge|1435mm}} (standard gauge) in control of JRC[3]
  • {{convert|29|mi|km|order=flip}} of private industrial railways in Jamaica.[3]
  • Totalling {{convert|230|mi|km|0|order=flip}}[3][12]
  • Carrying 1.2 million passengers per annum[3]
  • Transporting 900 million tonnes of goods, 95% bauxite and alumina which had driven the shippage from 900,000 tonnes in 1959.[3]

Closure

By 1973 JRC's operational deficit had risen to J$3.4 million, and in 1975 it was nearing J$4 million and carrying a J$11 million loan. The government was paying over J$1.4 million in subsidy to keep the island's trains running. However, the financial crisis had led to a backlog of deferred maintenance, with stock and buildings also neglected. In 1974 the May Pen-Frankfield line closed, with the Bog Walk-Port Antonio line closing in 1975.[3]

Public pressure forced the government to reopen the Port Antonio line at a cost of J$1.4 million in 1977. The condition of the track resulted in reclosure of the line in 1978. Hurricane Allen in 1980 damaged much of the JRC railway system, and totally destroyed a section of the Port Antonio line running along the coast between Buff Bay and Orange Bay.

In October 1992 public railway transport services finally ceased operating on Jamaica,[3] although four of the private industrial lines continue to operate today, in part using JRC lines.[13] Of the total of {{convert|272|km|mi}} standard gauge at the time on the island, {{convert|207|km|mi}} of common carrier service belonging to JRC are no longer operational, leaving {{convert|65|km|mi}} in private hands.[14]

Current operations

The Jamaican Railway Corporation still exists today -see below under "Revival". It is responsible for management of the JRC interests and property, and maintaining its locomotives but not the rolling stock.[15]

In November 1990 JRC signed a 30-year Track User Agreement with Alcan Jamaica, which was renegotiated with the successor Windalco in December 2001.[16]

The company makes J$40 million per year through track user fees for the hauling of alumina and bauxite, and the residual from the rental of real estate and its three operable locomotives. The company has a staff of 76, who fulfill contractual obligations to users of the company's facilities.[17]

Revival

The Jamaican Government is discussing resumption of national railway services, initially with Canadian National Railway[18] and then Rail India Technical and Economic Service (RITES);[17] and now with the China Railway after a deal was signed by the Prime Minister P J Patterson with Chinese vice-president Zeng Qinghong in Jamaica in February 2005.[19] During the 1990s, a plan was considered which would see commuter services between Kingston and Spanish Town, later extended to Linstead. It was proposed to cost US$8 million and be up and running by January 2001, with the government holding 40% of a public-private venture.[53]

Passenger service returned to Jamaica for the first time since February 1992 on 16 April 2011, when an inaugural train operated from May Pen to Linstead.[20] There was also talk of establishing a tourist route on Jamalco's line between Rocky Point and Breadnut,[21] however all passenger services were stopped once again in August 2012.[4]

Mail carriage

Exactly when mail began to be carried by the railway is not known, but it is known that in 1873 the postmaster terminated a mail contract with the railway because he found the service to be more unreliable than the road service.[22]

In 1878, a limited mail collection system was established with the placement of a post office receiving box at each of the Kingston, Spanish Town and Old Harbour railway stations.[22] Whether this service continued between 1890 and 1900 when the West India Improvement Co. owned and operated the railway is not known.[22] However, with the resumption of government ownership in 1900 a concerted effort was made to give the railway a more active role in the collection of mail.[22] A few stations were stops at major plantations and although the volume of mail from these locations was very small, timely pick-up of this correspondence, much of it commercial, was deemed vital to the well being of the economy.[22]

The railway station clerk was responsible for cancelling the stamps on correspondence with a date-stamp.[22] Each station already had its own date-stamp (used to validate passenger railway tickets); this same date-stamp was used to cancel stamps on mail.[22] Forty one railway stations are known to have cancelled mail though some of them handled very little mail.[22] Inland mail to and from the Jamaica Government Railway could be sent postage free if it related to official business.[23]

From 1 September 1913 sorting carriages were added to trains on the main routes: Kingston to Port Antonio and Kingston to Montego Bay.[24] These carriages were fitted with posting boxes.[24]

Following the First World War, the Jamaican economy experienced a decline and the government decided to eliminate the expense of maintaining a railway station postal system; by then, these offices duplicated the services of most nearby post offices.[22] Effective 31 December 1924, the government withdrew the facilities for posting mail at railway station windows and receiving boxes, thereby eliminating the system of clearing the railway station postboxes ten minutes before a train was due.[22][24] However, a few of the stations continued to accept stamped parcels for four more years. Stamp-less official mail continued as late as 1948.[22]

The travelling post office service resumed on 28 March 1927.[72] Its last run was on 14 May 1966.[25] An official note c.1954 stated that "passenger trains between Kingston and Montego Bay (TPO 1) and Kingston and Port Antonio (TPO 2) are each equipped with a post office with a postman in charge. There is a letter-box at each station which the train postman clears en route."[72]

Architecture

The railway architecture, developed and seen through the stations which were built between 1845 and 1896, is a reflection of classical Jamaican Georgian architecture.[1] Although under the care and maintenance of the JRC, those that are not used for commercial purposes and rented out to traders are presently in a state of disrepair.[17]

Accidents

The Jamaica Railways have a good record on accidents, but two incidents stand out:

  • 30 July 1938 - a passenger train was heading from Kingston to Montego Bay. The engine jumped the rails at Balaclava and embedded itself into the mountainside, followed by coaches which were forced on from the rear. 32 people died and over 70 were injured.[26]
  • 1 September 1957 - a diesel hauled train of 12 wooden carriages leaves Kingston for Montego Bay. The outbound journey had 900 passengers on board, correlating with the design limit of 80 passengers per carriage. However, the return journey had 1,600 passengers loaded at 130-150 persons per carriage including hundreds of members of the Holy Name Society of St. Anne's Roman Catholic Church, hundreds of pickpockets, and their targets the tourists who made up over 1,000 of the total passenger loading. At 23:30 near Kendal, Manchester three shrill whistle blasts signalled that the driver had lost control of the train, and it derailed minutes later at speed.[26] 200 people lost their lives, and 700 sustained injuries in the worst transport disaster in Jamaica's history, and the second worst rail disaster in the world at that time. The cause of the accident was determined to be the closure of an angled wheel (brake) cock, with survivors suggesting that the pickpockets had tampered with the brakes while riding on the carriage platforms.[26] Confidence in the rail service was shaken and much looting and robbing of the dead and injured occurred after the crash. The ensuing investigation found a number of deficiencies within the Jamaica Railway Corporation, which was resultantly given its independence in 1960.[3]

Natural disasters

  • 14 January 1907 - Kingston experienced a great earthquake which demolished many railway buildings and killed or injured a number of officials, officers and employees.[27]
  • 18 May 1909 - Number 2 railway pier in Kingston destroyed by fire.[27]
  • 1951 - Hurricane Charlie causes extensive damage to railway infrastructure.[22]
  • 1988 - Hurricane Gilbert causes extensive damage to railway infrastructure.[22]

Managers

{{expand list|date=November 2010}}
1845–1865 David Smith[28]
1900-???? James Richmond[28]
c.1945 H R Fox[28]
c.2005 Owen Crooks[29]

Mr. Lloyd A. Dawkins, Sr. MSc, MHSc, BA, Dpa started working with the Jamaica Government Railway on the same day of the historic September 1, 1957 accident. He was very involved in the recovery stages. Mr Dawkins is now a retired New York City, Senior Administrator for the Board of Education.

See also

{{portal|Trains|Jamaica}}{{Div col}}
  • Jamaica
  • Lists of rail accidents
  • List of railway tunnels in Jamaica
  • Rail transport by country
  • Transportation in Jamaica
{{Div col end}}

References

Notes

1. ^1 Jamaica Railway Stations Jamaica National Heritage Trust
2. ^Jamaica Economy - Transportation and Communications The Library of Congress Country Studies
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 {{cite journal|last=Satchell|first=Veront M.|title=The rise and fall of railways in Jamaica, 1845-1975|journal=Journal of transport history|year=2003|volume=24|ISSN=0022-5266}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120814/lead/lead9.html|publisher=Jamaica Gleaner|accessdate=16 December 2013|title=Railway Corporation to end passenger service}}
5. ^No to any Government loan to restart railway service in Jamaica {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803023617/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20060526/business/business7.html |date=2008-08-03 }} Jamaica Gleaner - May 26, 2006
6. ^1 2 3 4 The Jamaica Railway 1845-1945 by H R Fox, General Manager, Jamaica Government Railway in the Railway Magazine of November & December 1945.
7. ^1 2 3 1866 to 1913 Crown Colony Government discoverjamaica.com
8. ^Tr201/Tr203 locomotives.com.pl
9. ^Jamaica baldwindiesels.railfan.net
10. ^The rise and fall of railways in Jamaica, 1845-1975 - Pg12 Journal of Transport History - March 2003
11. ^Jamaica alcoworld.railfan.net
12. ^1 Carol Mae Morrissey - Ol time tram and the Tramway Era, 1876-1948 - Jamaica Journal, 16, 4 (1983), pp. 12-21.
13. ^Jamaica Transportation Encyclopædia Britannica
14. ^Jamaica Transportation {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230034640/http://www.jnht.com/jamaica/transport.php |date=2007-12-30 }} Jamaica National Heritage Trust
15. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720104242/http://www.rmtbristol.org.uk/2007/04/privatisation_of_jamaica_railw.html Privatisation of Jamaica Railway Corp. stalls and sputters] Radio Jamaica - April 24, 2007
16. ^Jamaica Railway Corporation{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Jamaica Ministry of Housing, Transport, Water and Works - FY 2007/08
17. ^1 2 [https://web.archive.org/web/20101009143040/http://www.rmtbristol.org.uk/2007/02/jamaican_trains_may_never_roll.html Jamaican trains may never roll again] The Jamaica Observer - February 25, 2007
18. ^Colin J. Churcher {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816013137/http://www.railways.incanada.net/candate/cv.htm |date=2007-08-16 }}
19. ^Powered by China...Jamaican trains to roll again {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205034005/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20050202T220000-0500_74410_OBS_POWERED_BY_CHINA___JAMAICAN_TRAINS_TO_ROLL_AGAIN.asp |date=2008-02-05 }} Jamaica Observer - February 03, 2005
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/index.php?id=44&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=13320&cHash=430b325424 |title=Passenger trains return to Jamaica |publisher=Railway Gazette International |date=25 May 2011 |accessdate=28 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5z1l6UP17?url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/index.php?id=44&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5btt_news%5d=13320&cHash=430b325424 |archivedate=28 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
21. ^Clarendon Express gets ready to roll {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604214923/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20050629/business/business1.html |date=2008-06-04 }}, Susan Smith, Jamaica Gleaner, 2005-06-29.
22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mail System, Jamaica Railway, Keith Moh, 2008-2009.
23. ^Departmental Mail, , Jamaica Railway, Keith Moh, 2008-2009.
24. ^1 2 Railway Station Postmarks {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721214305/http://www.jamaicaphilately.info/20_Philatelic/209_Publications/Journals/BWISC_Bulletin/b207/b207_Railway.pdf |date=2011-07-21 }}, Richard Hart, 2005-12.
25. ^Philately and the railway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721214355/http://www.jamaicaphilately.info/20_Philatelic/209_Publications/Journals/Jamaica-Philatelist/1971_Seifert_Railway.pdf |date=2011-07-21 }}, Jamaica-Philatelist, Col. Fred E Seifert, 1971.
26. ^1 2 3 Tragedy at Kendal - 1957 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716073258/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story009.html |date=2011-07-16 }} Jamaica Gleaner
27. ^1 2 3 The Jamaica Government Railway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721214332/http://www.jamaicaphilately.info/20_Philatelic/209_Publications/Journals/TPO-Seapost/TPO.pdf |date=2011-07-21 }}, F Aguilar, TPO Volume 8 Number 6, 1954-11&12.
28. ^1 2 The Jamaica Railway 1845-1945, H R Fox (General Manager, Jamaica Government Railway), The Railway Magazine Volume 91 Number 560 November and December 1945, pages 313-317.
29. ^Jamaica Ministry of Transport and Works web site {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712204344/http://www.mtw.gov.jm/dep_agencies/ja_rail.aspx |date=2007-07-12 }}.

Further reading

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite book|last=Horsford|first=Jim|title=The Railways of Jamaica: Through the Blue Mountains to the blue Caribbean Seas – a History of the Jamaica Government Railway|year=2010|publisher=Paul Catchpole Ltd|location=St. Austell|isbn=9781900340205}}
{{refend}}

External links

{{commons category|Rail transport in Jamaica}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070712204344/http://www.mtw.gov.jm/dep_agencies/ja_rail.aspx Official website of the Jamaica Railway Corporation]
  • Jamaica Railway Corporation Finances - FY 2007/08{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • Historic Railway stations from the Jamaica National Heritage Trust
  • Jamaica Railway, Keith Moh, 2008-2009.
{{Railways of Jamaica NavBox}}{{North America in topic|Rail transport in}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Railways Of Jamaica}}

1 : Rail transport in Jamaica
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