“Railway electrification in Great Britain”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

According to Network Rail, 64% of the electrified network uses the 25 kV AC overhead system, and 36% uses the 660/750 V DC third-rail system.^[1]

The electrified network is set to expand over coming years, as 25 kV electrification is extended to currently unelectrified lines, such as the Great Western Main Line, the Midland Main Line and lines in the North of England as part of the Northern Hub.^[2]

History

The first electric railway in Great Britain was Volk's Electric Railway in Brighton, a pleasure railway, which opened in 1883, still functioning to this day. The London Underground began operating electric services using a fourth rail system in 1890 on the City and South London Railway, now part of the London Underground Northern line. The Liverpool Overhead Railway followed in 1893, being designed from the outset to be electric traction, unlike the City and South London Railway which was designed to be cable hauled initially. Main line electrification of some suburban lines began in the early years of the 20th century, using a variety of different systems. The Mersey Railway converted to 600 V DC electric multiple-unit operation on 3 May 1903, thus eliminating the problems caused by steam traction in the long tunnel under the River Mersey, and the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway's Liverpool Exchange to Southport (and on to Crossens) suburban commuter line was similarly electrified at 625 V by March 1904. Both of these lines initially used a fourth rail system, In 1921 a government committee chose 1,500 V DC overhead to be the national standard,^[3] but little implementation followed and many different systems co-existed. During the interwar period, the Southern Railway adopted the 660 V DC third rail system as its standard and greatly expanded this system across its network of lines south of London.

After World War II and the nationalisation of the railways in 1948, British Railways (BR) expanded electrification at both 1,500 V DC overhead and 660/750 V third rail. In 1956, BR adopted 25 kV AC overhead as standard for all projects outside logical extensions of third-rail systems.^[4]

The 25 kV AC network has continued to expand slowly, and large areas of the country outside London are not electrified. In 2007, the government's preferred option was to use diesel trains running on biodiesel, its White Paper Delivering a Sustainable Railway,^[5] ruling out large-scale railway electrification for the following five years.

In May 2009, Network Rail launched a consultation on large-scale electrification, potentially to include the Great Western Main Line and Midland Main Line and smaller "in-fill" schemes. Key benefits cited were that electric trains are faster, more reliable and cause less track wear than diesel trains.^[6] Since then, electrification of the Great Western Main Line has been approved; electric trains are planned to run to Bristol from 2016 and Cardiff from 2017.^[7] Electrification of the Midland Main Line, several Trans-Pennine routes and the Welsh Valleys has also been approved but subsequently cut back considerably.

In Scotland, where transport is devolved to the Scottish Government, Transport Scotland is extending electrification, for example, on the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link. This is part of a larger plan that sees many major routes in central Scotland electrified, including the main {{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}} – {{rws|Glasgow Queen Street}} route.

Future of third rail

In June 2011, Peter Dearman of Network Rail suggested that the third-rail network will need to be converted into overhead lines. He stated, "Although the top speed is 100 mph, the trains cannot go over 80 mph well and 25% of power is lost from heat". Agreeing that conversion would be expensive, he said that the third rail network is at the limit of its power capability, especially as trains become more advanced in technology.^[8] The July 2012 Department for Transport High Level Output Specification for Network Rail Control Period 5 includes the conversion of the South Western Main Line between {{rws|Southampton Central}} and {{rws|Basingstoke}} from 750 V DC third rail to 25 kV AC overhead as part of a scheme to improve rail freight capacity from Southampton Port. This conversion is a pilot scheme to develop a business case for full conversion of the third rail network.^[9] The ORR has also stated that on safety grounds, third rail 750 V DC has a limited future.^[10]

Existing systems – overhead line (OHL)

National Rail: 25 kV, 50 Hz AC overhead

British Railways chose this as the national standard for future electrification projects outside of the third rail area in 1956. Following this, a number of lines that were originally electrified at a different voltage were converted, and a number of lines have been newly electrified with this system. Work started in the late 1950s. The first major electrification project using 25 kV was the West Coast Main Line (1959-1974). The 25 kV network has been gradually expanded ever since:

Existing

The majority was originally electrified at 6.25 kV, final sections converted to 25 kV in March 1989.

This covers the lines from {{rws|London Liverpool Street}} (Bethnal Green Jn) to Chingford, Enfield Town, Hertford East and {{rws|Cambridge}}. In the 1960s, the lines to Chingford, Enfield Town and Cheshunt were electrified at 6.25 kV, from Cheshunt to {{rws|Bishop's Stortford}} and {{rws|Hertford East}} at 25 kV. The Lea Valley line between Coppermill Junction and Cheshunt was electrified at 25 kV in 1969. All the 6.25 kV areas were converted to 25 kV in 1983. In 1987, electrification was extended from Bishop's Stortford to Cambridge at 25 kV. In 1990 the line to {{rws|Stansted Airport}} opened, and in 1992 electrification was extended from Cambridge to {{rws|King's Lynn}} along the Fen Line.

Converted from 6.25 kV/1,500 V DC to a combination of AT and FT 25 kV Mark GE (Great Eastern) between 1976 and 1980. Presently being upgraded to the GEFF (Great Eastern Furrer + Frey) range altering the catenary from a compound to simple sagged arrangement.

Electrified in 1994 in a joint venture between British Rail and the British Airports Authority using the Mark 3B series. Using part of the Great Western Main Line.

Newest main line, completed in 2007. Links London St Pancras with Kent and the Channel Tunnel.

The route from Edinburgh to Glasgow via Bathgate has been reinstated between Bathgate and Airdrie and electrified throughout. It opened on 11 December 2010. Approval has also been given by the Scottish Parliament for electrification of the main inter-city route between Edinburgh and Glasgow Queen Street High Level via Falkirk. The project, known as EGIP, was scheduled to encompass infill electrification in the Glasgow area and Greenhill Junction to Stirling, Dunblane and (recently re-opened) Alloa, which mainly carry commuter services, but these were removed in 2012 as part of a cost review.

Suburban electrification was begun during the 1960s in the wake of the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan. Electrification was piecemeal and is still incomplete, with several suburban, rural and intercity lines still unelectrified. {{See also|Strathclyde Partnership for Transport|Transport in Glasgow}}

On the Glasgow to Edinburgh via Carstairs Line, some North Berwick Line trains continue to Glasgow Central. A single daily East Coast intercity train from the ECML continues to and from Glasgow Central. On the Shotts Line, {{rws|Holytown}} Junction to {{rws|Kirknewton}} is not electrified, but both ends are, shared with the WCML, Argyle Line and ECML. The remaining section is to be electrified in mid-2019. The Cumbernauld Line to {{rws|Springburn}} and the remaining section of the Motherwell to Cumbernauld Line was electrified in mid 2014. The line between Springburn and Glasgow Queen Street (High Level) has not yet been completed. Until Glasgow Queen Street High Level has been electrified, electric Cumbernauld Line trains reverse at Springburn and run through Glasgow Queen Street Low Level station. The Whifflet Line between {{rws|Whifflet}} and {{rws|Rutherglen}} via {{rws|Carmyle}} was electrified in late 2014.

In 1994, a project to electrify some of the local lines around Leeds was given authority to proceed. The project was called the "Leeds North West Electrification", which electrified:

2010s Network Rail electrification programme

In 2009, Lord Adonis was appointed Secretary of State for Transport. After a gap of more than a decade, electrification was back on the agenda and Adonis announced plans to electrify the Great Western Main Line from London as far as Swansea, as well as infill electrification schemes in the North West of England. In July 2012 the UK government announced £4.2 billion of new electrification schemes, all at 25 kV AC and reconfirmed schemes previously announced by Adonis. These were to be Northern Hub, Great Western Main Line, South Wales Main Line, Midland Main Line, Electric Spine, Crossrail, Gospel Oak to Barking Line and West Midlands suburban lines. Rail transport in Scotland is a devolved matter for the Scottish Government but they too have pursued electrification with multiple schemes in the Central Belt. All these have been 25 kV AC also as in England and Wales. Electrification has not been without controversy with cancellations and various appearances of the Secretary of State for Transport called before the Transport Select Committee. The number of route miles electrified in these years was answered to a written question in parliament^[14].

The projects have been subject to cost overruns and delays, and on 8 November 2016 the government announced that several elements of the Great Western Main Line electrification programme would be indefinitely deferred.^[15]. In an attempt to mitigate and improve the cost situation the Railway Industry Association published a report in March 2019 detailing why costs had risen and suggested ways forward^[16].

Other systems

1,500 V DC, overhead

Historically, there were more lines electrified at 1,500 V DC, but these have all since been either converted to 25 kV AC or closed. (see 1,500 V DC, overhead (historic))

750 V DC, overhead

Other overhead systems

Existing systems - third and fourth rails

National Rail: 650 V - 750 V DC, third rail (top contact)

The extensive southern third rail electric network covers south London and the southern counties of Dorset, Hampshire, Sussex, Surrey and Kent.

The London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) third-rail system at 660 V DC began before World War I from Waterloo to suburban destinations. The Southern Railway was formed in the 1923 grouping; it adopted the L&SWR system, and by 1929 the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) suburban overhead network was replaced by third rail. The South Eastern Main Line was electrified at 600 V, later upgraded to 750 V DC. The third rail extended throughout most South London lines out of all its London termini. Throughout the 1930s, there was much main line electrification, including the Brighton Main Line (including East, West Coastways and related routes in 1932-1933), the Portsmouth Direct Line (4 July 1937) and to Maidstone and Gillingham (1939).

After World War II, electrification was soon resumed in the newly nationalised British Railways' Southern Region. The BR 1955 Modernisation Plan included the two-stage "Kent Coast Electrification". The Chatham Main Line was completed, followed by the South Eastern Main Line and related lines. The voltage was raised from 660 V to 750 V.^[18] Since then, all electrification has used 750 V; lines electrified before then remain at 660 V. Attention then switched to the neglected former L&SWR area (then the South Western Division). The South Western Main Line (SWML) to Southampton Central and {{rws|Bournemouth}} was electrified in 1967 and to {{rws|Weymouth}} in 1988.

During sectorisation in the 1980s, Network SouthEast conducted extensive infill electrification. The Snow Hill tunnel was reopened, enabling Thameslink. The Hastings Line, Eastleigh to Fareham Line and the Oxted Line (East Grinstead branch) were electrified. This left only a few lines unelectrified: the West of England Main Line, the Wessex Main Line, the North Downs Line, the Oxted Line (Uckfield branch), and the Marshlink Line.

Two lines of the Merseyrail network; the Northern Line and the Wirral Line use 750 V DC third rail^[19]^[20] (see Suburban electrification of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway for its history).

See Suburban electrification of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway for its history.^[21] In 1970, the North London DC lines and the Class 501 EMUs used on these services were converted for third-rail operation, with the fourth rail generally being removed on sections not used by LUL. Some fourth rail was retained in the Gunnersbury and Queens Park areas for emergency use by LUL. With the closure of Broad Street, the North London Line was joined with the Stratford to North Woolwich line; this was electrified with third rail and overhead line as far as Stratford, third rail to North Woolwich. Two branches of the Watford DC Line have been closed: to Rickmansworth in 1952 (to passengers, to goods in 1967) and to Croxley Green in 1996.

The Watford DC Line between Queens Park and Harrow & Wealdstone and the North London Line between Richmond and Gunnersbury are used by London Overground trains designed for 750 V third rail and Bakerloo line trains designed for 630 V third and fourth rail. As a compromise, the nominal line voltage is 650 V, and since 1970 the centre rail has been bonded to the return running rail.^[22] There are no special provisions required at Queens Park, where the two dissimilar systems meet, just a gap longer than one coach of a Bakerloo line train at the entry to (and exit from) the Bakerloo, which operates with a nominal -210 V on the fourth rail and +420 V on the third rail. There is no bridging of the incompatible systems as trains pass from one to the other since, like all UK electric trains intended to run extensively in tunnels, there is no continuity of traction power circuits between vehicles of the train.

A similar arrangement applies between Putney Bridge and Wimbledon, where the District line runs over tracks owned by Network Rail, which also used by South West Trains, though normally only for stock movements.

The Northern City Line connects the East Coast Main Line to Moorgate. It was isolated by the abandonment of the 1930s "New Works" programme (and the development of the Metropolitan Green Belt). Tube services were truncated at its northern end by the Victoria line in 1964 at Drayton Park. The remainder was handed over to BR in 1975 in conjunction with the suburban electrification of the East Coast Main Line. The line uses third-rail DC electrification between Moorgate and Drayton Park, where trains switch to 25 kV AC overhead.

630 V DC, third rail (top contact)

The single remaining national rail line on the Isle of Wight was electrified in 1967, so that former London Underground rolling stock could be used, due to the limited height of Ryde Tunnel. The Island Line used 630 V DC third rail, as it was a cheaper option to convert the LUL stock into third rail, and implement third rail only on the line. The rolling stock currently used is BR Class 483s.

630 V DC, fourth rail (top contact)

The London Underground is a large metro system operating across London and beyond, commonly known as "the Tube". Its {{convert|408|km|adj=on}}^[23] is made up of 11 lines; electrification began during the 1890s. It was largely unified between 1900 and 1910 and nationalised in 1933, becoming the railway component of London Transport (LT). A major expansion programme (the "New Works") was launched, in which LT took over several urban branches of mainline railways.

The Underground is mostly in north London; its expansion into south London was limited by geology unfavourable to tunnelling and by the extensive main-line network, much of which was being electrified (see "Southern Electric").

The Underground uses a relatively uncommon four rail system of electrification. Two standard gauge rails are the running rails; the outer third rail carries positive current at +420 V DC and the inner fourth rail is the negative return at –210 V DC, giving a supply voltage of 630 V DC.

The chief advantage of the fourth-rail system is that, in tunnels with a metallic (usually cast-iron) lining, the return traction current does not leak into the lining causing electrolytic corrosion there or in the neighbouring utility mains. The two running rails are available exclusively for track circuits.

The surface sections use the fourth rail solely for operational consistency; the system shares track with Network Rail in several places. Where the track is shared with 750 V third-rail stock, the central rail is bonded to the running rails and the outside rail electrified at 660 V. This allows both types of train to operate satisfactorily. The suburban network of the London & North Western Railway (LNWR) was electrified in co-operation with the Underground, but during the 1970s British Rail introduced third-rail EMUs and the sections of the LNWR suburban network not used by the Underground had the fourth rail removed (see "London and North Western Railway", above).

The Underground has carried out studies to consider raising the voltage above the present 630 V nominal.^[24] New equipment at their substations does allow for a future increase to a standard 750 V nominal. In addition, the electrical equipment of new trains are also based on the use of 750 V rated equipment. So, whilst new equipment is being designed to for 750 V operation, no decision to increase the voltage has yet been made public by the Underground.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

750 V DC, third rail (bottom contact)

This uses bottom-contact composite third rail, with an aluminium body and a steel contact surface. The advantage of this is a low-resistance, high-current-capacity rail with a durable steel surface for current collection. The rail may be surrounded by insulating material on the top and sides to reduce the risk of electrocution to railway staff and trespassers. The bottom-contact system is less prone to derangement by snow than top contact.

600 V DC, third rail (top contact)

250 V DC, third rail (top contact)

110 V DC, third rail (top contact)

100 V DC, four rail

{{anchor|Systems no longer used}}Obsolete systems

Great Britain has used different electrification systems in the past. Many of these date from the early part of the 20th century, when traction electricity was in the experimental stage. This section describes each system, in order of decreasing voltage.

6,600 V, 25 Hz AC, overhead

6,250 V 50 Hz AC, overhead

During the initial electrification of parts of the network to 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead, the initial solution to the limited clearance problems in suburban areas (due to numerous tunnels and bridges) in London and Glasgow was to use the lower voltage of 6.25 kV. Later technological improvements in insulation allowed these areas to be converted to 25 kV. The last sections of 6.25 kV were converted during the 1980s.

The 6.25 kV section was from Fenchurch Street to beyond Barking, with changeovers there on both the Upminster and Tilbury lines. The section between {{rws|Chalkwell}} and {{rws|Shoeburyness}} was also at 6.25 kV.^[25] The remainder was at 25 kV. The sections electrified at 6.25 kV were converted to 25 kV during the early 1980s.

The line from Liverpool Street to Southend Victoria was originally electrified at 1,500 V DC overhead during the 1940s-50s. During the early 1960s, the whole of this line was converted to 6.25 kV AC overhead, while the main line east of Shenfield was progressively electrified at 25 kV, with changeover east of Shenfield. During the early 1980s, the line was again converted, this time to 25 kV.

The Cambridge line and branches from Liverpool Street was electrified in the early 1960s, with 6.25 kV out to a changeover at Cheshunt, and 25 kV beyond. The Chingford and Enfield lines were thus at 6.25 kV throughout. This route was again fully converted to 25 kV in the early 1980s.

As part of the electrification onwards to Cambridge and Norwich in the 1980s, electric locomotives were transferred to these routes from the West Coast route. These locomotives would not have been able to operate at 6.25 kV.

On the North Clyde, the central section between Parkhead and before Dalmuir (Clydebank loop) and Westerton (Anniesland loop) were at 6.25 kV, with the outer sections at 25 kV. The Bridgeton and Springburn branches were thus at 6.25 kV throughout. The sections electrified at 6.25 kV were converted to 25 kV during the early 1980s.

On the South Clyde, the route from Glasgow Central around the Cathcart Loop was initially at 6.25 kV, with changeovers to 25 kV at Kings Park and Muirend on the Motherwell and Neilston routes. These lines were progressively converted to 25 kV in the 1970s-80s.

3,500 V DC, overhead

This was electrified by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1913 as part of a trial system for export. The system was converted to third rail in 1918 (see below).^[26]

1,500 V DC, overhead (historic)

After World War I, the UK Government set up a committee to investigate the various systems of railway electrification; in 1921, it recommended that 1,500 V DC overhead should be the future national standard.^[3] Several schemes were implemented in its wake, but the Great Depression and World War II meant that very little work was done. Technological advances after 1945 meant that the 25 kV AC system was adopted instead for the West Coast Main line and Glasgow suburban electrification (as set out in the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan). However, at the same time, large amounts of money had been (and were still being) spent converting several lines to 1,500 V DC.

A joint LMS and LNER scheme, it opened on 11 May 1931. The success of this scheme influenced LNER's later electrification schemes. The line was converted to 25 kV AC in 1971, but the stretch between {{rws|Altrincham}} and Trafford Bar (plus the stretch between Trafford Bar and the Cornbrook viaduct) were later incorporated into Manchester Metrolink and converted again (this time to 750 V DC).^[27]

Known as the Woodhead Route, the LNER chose this hilly (and busy) main line for its first mainline electrification, with work beginning in 1936.^[28] Due to the Depression and World War II, it was not completed until the 1950s. After completion, the government chose to standardise on 25 kV AC instead, leaving the Woodhead Route and the few other 1,500 V DC lines isolated and non-standard. The passenger locomotives were sold in 1969 and saw further service in the Netherlands. In a subsequent rationalisation, BR closed much of this route east of Hadfield in 1981 in favour of the more southerly Hope Valley Line, which serves more local communities. A section of the line between Manchester, Glossop and Hadfield remained open as part of the Manchester suburban network, and was operated by Class 506 EMU's, until it was converted to 25 kV AC in December 1984.

The LNER decided to electrify the {{rws|Liverpool Street}} to {{rws|Shenfield}} section of the Great Eastern Main Line (GEML), known as the Shenfield Metro. Civil engineering works began during the 1930s, but World War II intervened. Work was completed in 1949 and extended to {{rws|Chelmsford}} and {{rws|Southend Victoria}} in 1956, using Class 306 (AM6) EMUs.^[29] It was converted on 4–6 November 1960, in the wake of the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan, to the new standard of 25 kV AC (initially with some sections at 6.25 kV). The rest of the GEML was subsequently electrified.

This line ran from Shildon (County Durham) to Newport (near Middlesbrough). The route was initially over the 1825 Stockton-to-Darlington line, then via Simpasture Junction (the former Clarence railway) through Carlton, Carlton Junction to Carlton South Junction, Bowesfield West Junction to Bowesfield Junction, through Thornaby and ending at Erimus Yard (Newport East). In the wake of the electrification of Tyneside by the NER, this coal-carrying line was electrified between 1 July 1915 and 1 January 1916 as a planned precursor to electrifying NER's busy York to Newcastle main line (part of the East Coast Main Line). The LNER removed this electrification system in 1935 (between 7 January and 8 July); the decline in the coal market making it economically unfeasible to undertake the significant renewals required to continue electric operation. The locomotives were stored for other electrified routes.^[30]^[31]^[32]

1,200 V DC, third rail (side-contact)

In 1916, the line between Manchester Victoria and Bury was electrified using 1,200 V DC third rail (side contact). The line between Bury and Holcombe Brook which had been electrified using 3,500 V DC overhead in 1913 was converted to this system in 1918. It was abandoned in 1991, when the line was converted to a 750 V DC system and became part of the Manchester Metrolink.^[33]^[34]

650 V DC, overhead

600 V DC, third rail

This was electrified in 1904, in response to extensive competition from new electric trams. The concept was a success for the North Eastern Railway (NER), a noted pioneer in electrification, as passenger numbers returned to pre-tram levels.^[35] As the stock reached life expectancy in 1937, the network was remodelled by London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) to reflect the changing industrial and residential makeup of the area.^[36] Electrified at the same time was the dockside branch, where a pair of Class ES1 (formerly NER No.1 and 2) locomotives were introduced in 1905. These British Thomson-Houston locomotives operated from both the third rail and overhead line. British Railways removed the electrification between 1963 and 1967, citing the changing industrial and population makeup of the area which reduced the need for electric traction. Much of the Tyneside network was later re-electrified (using 1500 V DC overhead) as the Tyne and Wear Metro.

525 V DC, third rail

The Liverpool Overhead Railway was one of the earliest electric railways in Great Britain. The first section, between Alexandra Dock and Herculaneum Dock, was opened in 1893. The line connected with Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's North Mersey Branch. It was never nationalised, and closed on 30 December 1956 due to extensive corrosion throughout its iron infrastructure (which was deemed uneconomical to replace).

500 V DC, overhead

500 V DC, third rail

The City and South London Railway electrification was unusual (compared with later schemes) in that it used a three-wire DC system. This meant that although the offset centre third rail was electrified at +500 volts in the northbound tunnel, it was electrified at -500 volts in the southbound tunnel. The motors on the locomotives and the incandescent electric lamps in the carriages worked, regardless of the polarity of the supply.

The three-wire system was adopted because the initial system was fed directly from the dynamos in the surface power plant at the Stockwell end of the line. It was important to minimise the voltage drop as much as possible, bearing in mind the rather steep gradient on the approach to King William Street station.

440 V DC, third rail

Underground railway under London operated by the Post Office. Operated between 1927 and closure in 2003. Partially re-opened as a tourist attraction in 2017.

See also

References

1. ^¹Network Rail, 2003 Technical Plan, Chapter 11 "Network Capability", page 7 "Electrification". "Approximately 40% of the rail network is currently equipped with electrification." From page 1, total network is 30,764 km, 7,587 km of 25 kV AC, 4,285 km of 650/750 V DC and 28 km of 1500 V DV. Excludes CTRL, LUL, Old Danby test track, bulk of Tyne and Wear Metro, etc. NB it does not state what method of counting length of network is used - i.e. sidings, loops, double track etc. produce different numbers. The UIC statistics that are used in the chart showing electrification in Europe is based solely on line length. Thus, on this count, 11,900 km (38.7%) is electrified. Of the electrified network, 63.8% is 25 kV AC, 36.0% is 650/750 V DC and 0.2% is 1,500 V DC.
2. ^{{cite web|title=42bn of new rail schemes unveiled|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/4.2bn-of-new-rail-schemes-unveiled-7945745.html|publisher=The Independent|accessdate=23 March 2014|date=16 July 2012}}
3. ^¹{{Cite journal | last = | first = | author-link = | title = Electrification of Railways Advisory Committee Final Report | place = London | publisher = HMSO | year = 1921 | url = http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/MoT_Elec1920.pdf | doi = | id = | isbn = | postscript = }}
4. ^{{Cite journal | last = | first = | author-link = | title = Modernisation of British Railways: The System of Electrification for British Railways | place = London | publisher = British Transport Commission | year = 1956 | url = http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BTC_Electrification1955.pdf | doi = | id = | isbn = | postscript = }}
5. ^Delivering a Sustainable Railway - White Paper CM 7176 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229005530/http://www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers/whitepapercm7176/ |date=29 December 2007 }}
6. ^Rail Magazine 3 June – 16 June 2009 "Network Rail's strategy to extend electrification by 3,000 miles" page 6
7. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/uploadedFiles/networkrailcouk/Contents/Improvements/The_Great_Western/WesternVision.pdf | title=Modernising the Great Western | publisher=Network Rail | accessdate=11 November 2011 | pages=8 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413065743/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/uploadedFiles/networkrailcouk/Contents/Improvements/The_Great_Western/WesternVision.pdf | archivedate=13 April 2013 | df=dmy-all }}
8. ^Rail Magazine: Issue 673, Page 14-15, 29 June - 12 July 2011.
9. ^http://assets.dft.gov.uk/publications/hlos-2012/railways-act-2005.pdf paragraph 37
10. ^http://orr.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/17621/dc-electrification-policy-statement.pdf
11. ^{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| title =NSE Chronology January 1988 to December 1988| work =| publisher =Network SouthEast Railway Society| date =| url =http://www.networksoutheast.net/jan-1988-to-dec-1988.html| doi =| accessdate =30 January 2015| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20141010024553/http://www.networksoutheast.net/jan-1988-to-dec-1988.html| archivedate =10 October 2014| deadurl =yes| df =dmy-all}}
12. ^¹{{cite journal | last=Little | first=Stuart M. | title= Greater Glasgow's Railway Network | journal=Scottish Transport | volume= No. 33 | pages= 2–12 | date= December 1979| issn=0048-9808}}
13. ^{{cite web|author=Garry Keenor |url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=833&PHPSESSID=2edc38cb056913b5cd7e90f45318af12 |title=The Rebirth of AyrLine: Electrification to Ayr / Ardrossan / Largs – 1986–87 |publisher=Railwaysarchive.co.uk |date=2010-11-13 |accessdate=2010-11-17}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Commons/2019-02-11/219526/|title=Railways: Electrification:Written question - 219526|website=UK Parliament|language=English|access-date=2019-02-27}}
15. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-37908735 |title=Great Western electrification: Intercity line work 'deferred' |work=BBC News |date=8 November 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2016}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.riagb.org.uk/RIA/Newsroom/Stories/Electrification_Cost_Challenge_Report.aspx|title=Electrification Cost Challenge Report|website=www.riagb.org.uk|access-date=2019-03-14}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1994/1761/article/15/made?view=plain|title=The Wirral Tramway Light Railway Order 1994|author=|date=|website=www.legislation.gov.uk}}
18. ^{{cite web | title =Southern Electric Locomotives | publisher ='Electron' | year =1989 | url =http://rail.felgall.com/sel.htm | accessdate =2007-01-19}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nedrailways.com/html/merseyrailkeyfacts.html |title=Merseyrail |publisher=NedRailways |date= |accessdate=2010-11-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827075926/http://www.nedrailways.com/html/merseyrailkeyfacts.html |archivedate=27 August 2009 }}
20. ^{{cite web |author=Eric Peissel & Robert Schwandl |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/liv/liverpool_merseyrail.html |title=Europe > UK > England > LIVERPOOL MERSEYRAIL |publisher=UrbanRail.Net |date= |accessdate=2010-11-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109190741/http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/liv/liverpool_merseyrail.html |archivedate=9 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~gsgleaves/northlondon.htm |title=London And North Western Railway Electrification to Watford and Richmond |publisher=Easyweb.easynet.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-11-17}}
22. ^{{cite book |last=Horne |first=Mike |title=The Bakerloo line: An Illustrated History |year=2001 |publisher=Capital Transport |location=Harrow Weald |isbn=1-85414-248-8 |page=71 |ref=harv }}
23. ^{{cite web | title =Tube facts | publisher =London Underground | year =2007 | url =http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tube/company/facts.asp | accessdate =2007-01-03 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070101010105/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tube/company/facts.asp |archivedate = 2007-01-01}}
24. ^{{cite conference |url=http://conferences.theiet.org/reis/past-presentations/2013/-documents/presentation-carmichael.cfm |date=June 2013 |title=Upgrading The London Underground Power Supply System |first=Phil |last=Carmichael |publisher=London Underground Limited |page=14 |chapter=Power System Planning - Optimal Solutions |type=PDF |accessdate=26 April 2014 }}
25. ^{{cite book |title=British Rail Locomotives and other motive power: Combined volume |year=1968 |publisher=Ian Allan |location=London |isbn=0-7110-0008-5 |page=11 |ref=harv }}
26. ^Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Society {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312075305/http://www.lyrs.org.uk/page14.html |date=12 March 2007 }}
27. ^{{cite web |title= The Manchester South Junction & Altrincham (BR Class 505) Stock |publisher= The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia |year=2007 |url= http://www.lner.info/locos/Electric/msja.shtml |accessdate=2007-01-17}}
28. ^{{cite web |title=Woodhead Railway and its Electrification |publisher=Wortley Top Forge Industrial Museum |year=2007 |url=http://www.topforge.co.uk/Photographs/Woodhead.htm |accessdate=2007-04-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311234833/http://www.topforge.co.uk/Photographs/Woodhead.htm |archivedate=11 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}
29. ^{{cite web |title= The Liverpool Street to Shenfield Route AM6 (Class 306) Stock |publisher= The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia |year= 2007 |url= http://www.lner.info/locos/Electric/msja.shtml |accessdate= 2007-01-17}}
30. ^{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Stephen |date=Nov–Dec 1985 |title=The Newport - Shildon Electrification of the North-Eastern Railway |journal= Electric Railway Society Journal |volume=30 |issue=180 |location= |publisher=Electric Railway Society |url= http://www.electric-rly-society.org.uk/Journal%20Nov%201985.pdf |accessdate=}}
31. ^{{cite web |url= http://desertrailways.tripod.com/elec/ner3t12.htm |title=NER locomotive 3 to 12 |publisher= Desertrailways.tripod.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-17}}
32. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.thewoodheadsite.org.uk/MotivePower/Nerbobo.htm |title= Locomotive history - NER Bo+Bos |publisher= Thewoodheadsite.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-11-17}}
33. ^Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Society - History - P14 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715004654/http://www.lyrs.org.uk/page14.html |date=15 July 2006 }}
34. ^Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Society - History - P15 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117023312/http://www.lyrs.org.uk/page15.html |date=17 January 2016 }}
35. ^{{cite web |title= The NER Tyneside Electric Multiple Units |publisher= The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia |year= 2007 |url= http://www.lner.info/locos/Electric/ner_tyneside.shtml |accessdate= 2007-01-17}}
36. ^{{cite web |title= The LNER Tyneside Electric Multiple Units |publisher= The London & North Eastern Railway (LNER) Encyclopedia |year= 2007 |url= http://www.lner.info/locos/Electric/lner_tyneside.shtml |accessdate=2007-01-17}}

History

Future of third rail

Existing systems – overhead line (OHL)

National Rail: 25 kV, 50 Hz AC overhead

Existing

2010s Network Rail electrification programme

Other systems

1,500 V DC, overhead

750 V DC, overhead

Other overhead systems

Existing systems - third and fourth rails

National Rail: 650 V - 750 V DC, third rail (top contact)

630 V DC, third rail (top contact)

630 V DC, fourth rail (top contact)

750 V DC, third rail (bottom contact)

600 V DC, third rail (top contact)

250 V DC, third rail (top contact)

110 V DC, third rail (top contact)

100 V DC, four rail

{{anchor|Systems no longer used}}Obsolete systems

6,600 V, 25 Hz AC, overhead

6,250 V 50 Hz AC, overhead

3,500 V DC, overhead

1,500 V DC, overhead (historic)

1,200 V DC, third rail (side-contact)

650 V DC, overhead

600 V DC, third rail

525 V DC, third rail

500 V DC, overhead

500 V DC, third rail

440 V DC, third rail

See also

References

Further reading

525 V DC, third rail

630 V DC, fourth rail

650 V DC, third rail

750 V DC, third rail

1,500 V DC, overhead

6.6 kV 25 Hz AC, overhead

25 kV 50 Hz AC, overhead

External links