| 词条 | Railway platform height |
| 释义 |
Railway platform height is the built height – above top of rail (ATR) – of passenger platforms at stations. A connected term is train floor height, which refers to the ATR height of the floor of rail vehicles. Worldwide, there are many, frequently incompatible, standards for platform heights and train floor heights. Where raised platforms are in use, train widths must also be compatible, in order to avoid both large gaps between platform and trains and mechanical interference liable to cause equipment damage. Differences in platform height (and platform gap) can pose a risk for passenger safety. Platform ramps, steps, and platform gap fillers together with hazard warnings such as "mind the gap" are used to reduce risk and facilitate access. Platform height affects the loading gauge (the maximum size of train cars), and must conform to the structure gauge physical clearance specifications for the system. Tracks which are shared between freight and passenger service must have platforms which do not obstruct either type of railroad car. To reduce construction costs, the platforms at stations on many railway systems are of low height, making it necessary for passenger cars to be equipped with external steps or internal stairs allowing passengers access to and from car floor levels. Height categoriesBuses, trams, trolleys and railway passenger cars are divided into several typical categories.
These are floor heights. The platforms can be much lower, overcome by onboard staircases. AfricaAlgeriaTypical Algerian platforms are {{convert|550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} above rail. AsiaChinaChinese platforms are {{convert|380|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, {{convert|550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, {{convert|760|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|1250|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} (latter 2 for most new and rebuilt platforms). Areas adjacent to broad gauge countries/regions, such as Xinjiang and Inner-Mongolia, are still equipped with low platforms. Under the concession period since late 2016, platforms on the southeastern corridor from Shenzhen to Ruili to be {{convert|1250|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} ATR, whereas the northern-, central-, and western Chinese platforms to be {{convert|380|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} ATR, are recommended. The proposed {{railgauge|1524mm}} Russian gauge Rail North China{{#tag:ref|The proposed {{railgauge|1524mm}} Russian gauge railways for northern China which will seamless link with Russia, Mongolia and Kazakhstan.|group="note"}} platforms will be {{convert|200|mm|1|abbr=on}} above rails. Hong KongMTR networkPlatforms on the MTR are {{convert|1250|mm|in|3|abbr=on}} above the rail for the Tung Chung Line and Airport Express, collectively known as the Airport Railway.[1] The height of those on other lines (excluding Kowloon Southern Link and Shatin to Central Link) built by MTR is {{convert|1100|mm|in|3|abbr=on}} . Pre-KCR networkEast Rail Line platforms are {{convert|42|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} high.[2] Since all the former KCR lines excluding light rail are built to the same specs, the platform height on the West Rail Line, Ma On Shan Line, as well as the MTR-built Kowloon Southern Link and Sha Tin to Central Link is also 3 feet 6 inches (1066.8 mm) high. XRL networkPlatforms in West Kowloon Station are {{convert|1250|mm|in|3|abbr=on}} above the rail, to adopt the standard of High-speed rail in China. IranIranian platforms are {{convert|380|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, {{convert|550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|760|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. Like in China, areas adjacent to broad gauge countries/regions such as the eastern regions such as around Mashhad and Zahedan, still equipped low platforms. JapanThe Japanese National Railways (JNR) for many years used a triple-standard for its conventional (Cape gauge) lines:
However, increasing electrification and the phasing-out of locomotive traction in favor of multiple units has made the distinction a matter of historical, rather than practical relevance. Recently, at JR Group stations in urban centers such as Tokyo and Osaka, whose lines were the earliest to be electrified, {{convert|1100|mm|1|abbr=on}} is the norm and lower-level platforms are generally raised to this height during station improvements or refurbishment. Elsewhere, such as Hokkaido and the Tohoku/Hokuriku region of Honshu, {{convert|920|mm|1|abbr=on}} – and even {{convert|760|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms are still commonplace. As this represents a potential obstacle when boarding modern commuter trains, workarounds such as a step built into the floor of area-specific trainsets are often employed. Nevertheless, with accessibility becoming a greater concern as Japan's population ages, raising the level of the platform itself (in tandem with other improvements such as elevators and escalators) is seen as the most practical solution. In at least one case, with the E721 series EMU used on JR East lines in the Tohoku region, the floor of the train itself is lowered to be nearly level to existing {{convert|920|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms. This makes level boarding feasible at many stations (and boarding less of a hassle at stations with the lowest {{convert|760|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms). However, this (along with a different standard of electrification) also makes through service southward to Tokyo impossible, and prevents them from running on certain through lines, such as the Senseki-Tohoku Line, since the Senseki Line portion uses the higher {{convert|1100|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms (and DC electrification). In contrast to the above standards, the standard gauge Shinkansen (Bullet Train) has, since its original inception, used only {{convert|1250|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} platforms. However, exceptions from this include the "Mini-Shinkansen" Yamagata Shinkansen and Akita Shinkansen lines, which use {{convert|1100|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms to maintain compatibility with conventional JR trainsets. Most standard gauge non-JR commuter railways, such as Kintetsu Nara Line and Keisei Line, use {{convert|1250|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms. North KoreaNorth Korean platforms are standardized at {{convert|1250|mm|1|abbr=on}} only. In there, {{convert|1250|mm|1|abbr=on}} is the norm, lower-level platforms are already raised to this height. South KoreaTypical Korail platforms are {{convert|500|mm|1|abbr=on}} . Older platforms are lower than 500mm. All metro platforms are {{convert|1135|mm|1|abbr=on}}[3] EurasiaRussiaThere are two standard heights of platforms in Russia; they are {{convert|200|and|1100|mm|1|abbr=on}} above rail heads. {{convert|1100|mm|1|abbr=on}} high platforms are gradually changing to {{convert|550|mm|1|abbr=on}} platform height.[4] {{convert|200|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms are used primarily on lines with either small passenger flow or using double-decker trains.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} In late 2015, there are three standard heights of platforms, which include:
In some urban areas, such as Moscow and St. Petersburg, served only by local traffic, use {{convert|1100|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms for direct-current electric multiple units. Elsewhere, {{convert|550|mm|1|abbr=on}} - and even {{convert|200|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms are almost commonplace. In some cases, such as VR Sm4 of Finland, the floor of the train itself lowered to be nearly level to {{convert|550|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms. This makes level boarding feasible at some stations (and boarding less of a hassle at stations with the lowest {{convert|200|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms). TurkeyIn Turkey, the standard platform height for commuter railways is {{convert|1050|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and for mainline & high-speed railways it's {{convert|550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. But most of the platforms throughout the network are old and thus out of standard. KazakhstanIn Kazakhstan, only Astana Nurly Jol station and Russian Railway's Petropavlovsk station have {{convert|550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} platforms. Almost everywhere else, the platforms are {{convert|200|mm|1|abbr=on}} above the rails. EuropeMulti-countryEuropean UnionThe European Union Commission issued a TSI (Technical Specifications for Interoperability) on 30 May 2002 (2002/735/EC) that sets out standard platform heights for passenger steps on high-speed rail. These standard heights are {{convert|550|and|760|mm|1|abbr=on}} .[5]{{#tag:ref|In reference to EU documentation on interoperability of trans-national high-speed rail (see EU Directive 96/48/EC) platform height is measured from the top of the running surface of the rail.[6]|group="note"}} The {{convert|550|mm|1|abbr=on}} for most member states, {{convert|760|mm|1|abbr=on}} for Great Britain / Netherlands / Spain / Portugal, and {{convert|915|mm|1|abbr=on}} for Ireland / Northern Ireland. Channel TunnelPlatforms for Eurotunnel Shuttle are {{convert|1100|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} above rails. Rail BalticaThe {{railgauge|sg}} European standard gauge Rail Baltica II platforms will be {{convert|550|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}[7] above rails. BelgiumBelgium has been using mixed type of platform heights (due to the age of the network, and the different companies running it before 1923). As of 2017 the most common platform heights for small stop places and stations are low platform heights of {{convert|280|mm|1|abbr=on}}.[8] There is nevertheless a plan to comply with the European TSI by raising all low platform heights to one of the European Standard Heights. Most stations will by then be equipped with {{nowrap|550 mm}} platforms, and direct current EMUs dedicated platforms will be upgraded in their final version to {{nowrap|760 mm}}. Some stations, or stopping points, already having {{nowrap|760 mm}} platform heights will keep the platforms at these heights. FinlandIn Finland, platforms {{convert|550|mm|1|abbr=on}} above rail for the southern area, and platforms {{convert|200|mm|1|abbr=on}} above rail for the northern area. The Finnish bi-level railcars have bottom steps {{convert|410|mm|1|abbr=on}} above rail and entrance doors {{convert|1970|mm|1|abbr=on}} above bottom step, which mean {{convert|1830|mm|1|abbr=on}} clearance for {{convert|550|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms and {{convert|210|mm|1|abbr=on}} vertical gap for {{convert|200|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms. GermanyGermany's EBO standard (Ordinance on the Construction and Operation of Railways) specifies an allowable range of {{convert|380|mm|1|abbr=on}} to maximal {{convert|960|mm|1|abbr=on}} .[9] This would not include light rail systems that follow the BOStrab standard (Ordinance on the Construction and Operation of Tramways) with newer metro lines to use low-floor trams which have a usual floor height of {{convert|300|to|350|mm|1|abbr=on}} so that platforms are constructed as low as 300 mm in accordance with BOStrab that requires the platform height not to be higher than the floor height.[10] The traditional platforms had a very diverse height as the nationwide railway network is a union of earlier railway operators. Prior to followed by the European TSI standard the EBO standard requires that new platform construction be at a regular height of {{convert|760|mm|1|abbr=on}} .[9]{{clarify|date=April 2016}} The TSI standard of {{convert|550|mm|1|abbr=on}} height, historically common in the East, is widely used on regional lines. Only the S-Bahn suburban rail systems had a higher platform height and these are standardized on {{convert|960|mm|1|abbr=on}}.[9] IrelandWhile older platforms on the Dublin and Kingstown Railway were at lower levels, all platforms are now 915mm above rail and all new platforms are being built at that level. Amongst other work, there is an ongoing program of platform renewal. Both Irish railway companies (Irish Rail in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland Railways in Northern Ireland) have had some derogations from EU standards as their mainline rail systems, while connected to each other, are not connected to any other system. The electric DART fleet has carriage floors at {{convert|1067|mm|abbr=on}} above top of rail creating a step of {{convert|152|mm|abbr=on}} , while the diesel fleet is typically one step ({{convert|150|to|200|mm|1|abbr=on|disp=or}}) higher than the platform. On Dublin's Luas tram system, platforms are approximately {{convert|280|mm|0|abbr=on}} above rail. Tram floors are at the same height, but have internal steps over the bogies. NetherlandsEuropean Commission decision 2002/735/EC which concerns trans-European interoperability for high-speed rail specifies that rolling stock be built for operational suitability platform height of {{convert|840|mm|1|abbr=on}} .[5] Dutch infrastructure maintainer ProRail has committed to upgrading all stations to {{convert|760|mm|1|abbr=on}} platform height.[11][12] PolandTypical Polish platform is {{convert|550|mm|1|abbr=on}} high. In some urban/suburban areas (e.g. around Warsaw) platforms used by local traffic are higher ({{convert|760|to|1060|mm|1|abbr=on|disp=or}}). SpainWhile older Spanish platforms are lower than the rest of Europe, many platforms are now {{nowrap|680 mm}} above rail. Following track gauge conversion from Iberian gauge to standard gauge, platforms to be raised to {{convert|1250|mm|1|abbr=on}} for new regional trainsets. SwedenSweden has generally {{convert|380|to|580|mm|1|abbr=on}} platforms for mainline trains. Stockholm Commuter Rail has almost always its own platforms at {{convert|730|mm|1|abbr=on}} height which allows stepless trains of type X60. The Arlanda Express service has {{convert|1150|mm|1|abbr=on}} platform height with floor at platform level. They have their own platforms and trains, which are incompatible with mainline platforms and trains, even if the Arlanda Express goes on a mainline. The stations Sundbyberg and Knivsta have one platform each used by both commuter trains and regional mainline trains, which can cause uncomfortable steps, but is accepted. Sundbyberg has 730 mm and Knivsta has around 500 mm. Stockholm Central station has after the commuter trains moved to the "City" station, two high 730 mm platforms, now used for mainline trains. The Stockholm Metro and Saltsjöbanan have {{convert|1125|mm|1|abbr=on}},[13] while tramways in general have a very low platform, often also used by buses which must allow boarding from places without platform. United KingdomThe standard height for platforms is {{nowrap|915 mm}} with a margin of {{nowrap|+0,-25 mm}}.[5][14] On the Heathrow Express the platform height is specified at {{convert|1100|mm|1|abbr=on}} .[15] High Speed 2 is expected to be built to dimensions conforming to the European Union technical standards for interoperability for high-speed rail (EU Directive 96/48/EC)[16] i.e. either 550 mm and 760 mm;[5] High Speed 1 has a platform height of {{convert|760|mm|1|abbr=on}} on its international platforms.[17]North America{{more footnotes |section|date=May 2014}}CanadaInter-city trainsIn Canada, only Montreal's Central Station and Quebec's Gare du Palais have high level platforms at {{convert|48|in|mm|0}} above top of rail. Almost everywhere else, the platforms are {{convert|8|in|mm|0}} above the rail. Current GO Transit owned infrastructure provides a platform height of 8 inches. CN & CP owned infrastructure height is lower ({{convert|5|in|mm|0}}) Metro and light railThe Montreal Metro, the Toronto subway and Scarborough Rapid Transit, Union Pearson Express, Trillium Line, Vancouver Skytrain, Calgary C-Train, and Edmonton Light Rail Transit have high level platforms. On the Toronto streetcar system, most stops are without raised platforms, but there are a number of low-level platforms on streetcar lines that have been upgraded to LRTs in central lane reservations (St. Clair Avenue, Spadina Avenue, Queens Quay, the Queensway), on Roncesvalles Avenue, and at isolated points elsewhere in the system, usually at larger transfer points involving island medians in the roadway. Passengers must use stairs inside the older streetcars still common on the network, but newer streetcars (the Flexity Outlook series) are low floor and handicapped accessible. United StatesFederal rules and regulations as well as local traditions vary. Tolerances are specified in Federal regulations related to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), though exact specifications are not part of the law. Commuter rail trains
Inter-city trainsThere are substantial differences in platform height between eastern and southern/western rail systems, intercity and commuter rail. Eastern US rail stations serving the Northeast Corridor from Washington, D.C. to Boston, have a platform height standard of {{convert|48|in|mm|0}} above top of rail, as do some on the Keystone Corridor to Harrisburg, the Empire Corridor to Albany (Rhinecliff and Hudson being the exceptions), and along the New Haven–Springfield Line. Washington Union Station has high platforms for the Acela trains and low-level platforms for the other trains. Union Station in Worcester, Massachusetts has a high level platform, and the Downeaster service to Maine uses high level platforms at most stations. Outside of the Northeast, only the Brightline service in southwestern Florida has high level platforms. Most intercity stations, particularly in the southern/western United States, use {{convert|8|in|mm|0|adj=mid|-high}} platforms, while southern/western US commuter rail systems use {{convert|25|in|mm|0}} above top of rail platform heights. Proposed ADA regulatory changes to support platform level entry forcing a change in southern/western platform heights above top of rail from {{convert|8|or|25|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|15|in|mm|0}} were canceled.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} Metro and light railIn 1981, the Transit Journal published by the American Public Transit Association suggested that light rail platform heights have been standardized to "slightly over 3 feet," making them very similar to the standard UK platform height of {{convert|915|mm|1|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} The New York City Subway's R36 WF order, used on the 7 service from 1962 to 2003, had a floor height of {{convert|45|in|mm|0}} Above Top of Rail (ATR). It inferred with newer cars that New York City Subway A Division (IRT) trains and platforms are all {{convert|45.5|in|mm|0}}, while B Division (BMT/IND) floor and platform height is very close to {{convert|44.875|in|mm|0}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} However, since the height of some platforms visibly varies by several centimeters across short distances, these numbers must be understood as approximations. Boston's MBTA level entry floor heights differ by line, with the Blue Line at {{convert|41.5|in|mm|0}} ATR, Orange Line at {{convert|45|in|mm|0}} and Red Line at {{convert|49|in|mm|0}}.[20] Boston's MBTA Green Line streetcar floor height (with steps) for its obsolete Boeing-Vertol model was {{convert|34|in|mm}} ATR, while the newer Breda Type 8 low floor model is {{convert|14|in|mm|0}} ATR and {{convert|35|in|mm|0}} ATR over the wheels. Philadelphia's SEPTA trains are {{convert|42.5|in|mm|0}} ATR. In Washington, D.C., the Metro is {{convert|38.5|in|mm}} ATR. The San Francisco BART, a hybrid metro/commuter rail built with wide-gauge tracks, has a floor height estimated to be {{convert|42|in|mm|0}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Bay Area Rapid Transit mainline stations, designed as a unique rapid transit system in the 1960s, have platform heights of {{convert|39|in|mm|0}}.[21]The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority light rail system upgraded all its stations to {{convert|14|in|mm|0|adj=on}} platforms with the acquisition of low-floor light rail vehicles after 2002. Some light rail systems were updated from streetcar use, and thus feature a combination of high platform stops and curbside tram stops. San Francisco's Muni Metro was constructed with a floor height of {{convert|34|in|mm|0}}[22] and inherited at-grade and {{convert|6|in|mm|0|adj=on}} platform heights from the system's previous streetcar-based design. Many of these stops cannot have platforms due to the street-running geometry ruling out construction on many thoroughfares; its car designs have been fitted with movable stairs. OceaniaAustraliaThe majority of railway systems in Australia use high level platforms with a platform height a small distance below the train floor level. Exception to this include Queensland who have narrow gauge trains and lower platforms, and South Australia who have trains fitted with low level steps to enable the use of low level platforms.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} In New South Wales, by 2000, the platform step (the difference between the platform height and the train floor height) had been allowed to grow to a maximum of about {{convert|300|mm|1|abbr=on}}, which was uncomfortably large. For Sydney's 2000 Olympics, new and altered platforms were designed to match the Tangara trains, which are {{convert|3000|mm|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on}} wide, leaving a platform gap of about {{convert|80|mm|frac=8|abbr=on}} and a step height close to zero. This has become the standard for all subsequent platforms and trains in NSW. Metro and light railThe tramway network in Melbourne have some low level platforms and low floor vehicles, but most trams have steps and are boarded from the road. The Adelaide Tram line has low platforms at almost all stops and operates almost entirely with low-floor trams which also have retractable ramps for street boarding where required by persons unable to step up.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} The Gold Coast and Sydney light rail networks have low floor trams and platforms at all stops. See also{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Notes1. ^Redevelopment of Kowloon Station, 1995, HKU Scholars Hub 2. ^Under the Wires to Lo Wu, The Railway Magazine, November 1983 3. ^http://www.law.go.kr/행정규칙/철도의건설기준에관한규정/(2018-175,20180321)/제22조 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://protect.gost.ru/document.aspx?control=7&id=185371|title=ГОСТ 9238-2013|date=2014-07-01}} 5. ^1 2 3 2002/735/EC, sections 7.3.4 and 4.2.5 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001H0290:EN:NOT|title=Commission Recommendation of 21 March 2001 on the basic parameters of the trans-European high-speed rail system referred to in Article 5(3)(b) of Directive 96/48/EC |publisher=European Union|work=eur-lex.europa.eu|at=section 6.1|quote=Platform height is measured between the track running surface and the platform surface along the perpendicular|date=21 March 2001|accessdate=7 March 2013}} 7. ^Technical Standards and Specifications Manual of Rail Baltica 8. ^https://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/showpage.cfm?section=qrva&language=nl&cfm=qrvaXml.cfm?legislat=54&dossierID=54-b100-940-1845-2016201712866.xml 9. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/ebo/gesamt.pdf| title = Eisenbahn-Bau- und Betriebsordnung (EBO)| publisher = Bundesministeriums der Justiz / juris GmbH. |at=Section 13: Bahnsteige, Rampen |language=German| quote = 13.1 : Bei Neubauten oder umfassenden Umbauten von Personenbahnsteigen sollen in der Regel die Bahnsteigkanten auf eine Höhe von 0,76 m über Schienenoberkante gelegt werden; Höhen von unter 0,38 m und über 0,96 m sind unzulässig. Bahnsteige, an denen ausschließlich Stadtschnellbahnen halten, sollen auf eine Höhe von 0,96 m über Schienenoberkante gelegt werden. In Gleisbogen ist auf die Überhöhung Rücksicht zu nehmen|accessdate=7 March 2013}} 10. ^BOStrab § 31 (1) "Haltestellen sollen Bahnsteige besitzen (...)."; § 31 (8) "Die Bahnsteigoberfläche soll nicht höher liegen als der Fahrzeugfußboden in seiner tiefsten Lage (...)." 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prorail.nl/English/Documents/20778116%20v2%20-%20Netverklaring%202010%20%27Gemengde%20net%27%20EN.pdf |title=Network Statement 2010 Combined Network based on the Railways Act |publisher=Prorail |work=www.prorail.nl |date=12 December 2008 (22 January 2009) |accessdate=7 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021133705/http://prorail.nl/English/Documents/20778116%20v2%20-%20Netverklaring%202010%20%27Gemengde%20net%27%20EN.pdf |archivedate=21 October 2012 }}{{Failed verification|date=January 2011}} 12. ^{{cite press release|url=http://www.prorail.nl/Pers/Persberichten/Actueel/Landelijk/Pages/ProRailinvesteert450miljoeneurointoegankelijkheid.aspx |date=13 October 2009 |title=ProRail invests 450 million euros in accessibility |publisher=Prorail |work=www.prorail.nl |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128130214/http://prorail.nl/Pers/Persberichten/Actueel/Landelijk/Pages/ProRailinvesteert450miljoeneurointoegankelijkheid.aspx |archivedate=28 November 2010 }} 13. ^Lokaliseringsutredning Sofia-Gullmarsplan/söderort 14. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkDYawSkRpAC&lpg=PA433&dq=platform%20height%20railway&pg=PA264#v=onepage&q&f=false| title=Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia|publisher=Iain Ellis|year=2006|accessdate=7 March 2013}} 15. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xof6cDrbuIwC&lpg=PA18&dq=Railway%20Infrastructure%20heathrow%20express%20platform%20height&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Railway infrastructure, Issue 3| author=Institution of Mechanical Engineers (Great Britain). Railway Division, Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain)|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2001|at=3.1.2 Specification of the System, p.19}} 16. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm78/7827/7827.pdf |title=High Speed Rail – Command Paper |author=Department for Transport |publisher= The Stationery Office |isbn=978-0-10-178272-2 |date = 11 March 2010 |at=section 8.4, p.127}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.highspeed1.com/resources/documents/HS1%20Network%20Statement.pdf |at=section 3.3.1.2 "Track Gauge & Structure Gauge", page 14 |date=17 August 2009 |title=HS1 Network Statement |work=www.highspeed1.com |accessdate=7 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414094508/http://www.highspeed1.com/resources/documents/HS1%20Network%20Statement.pdf |archivedate=14 April 2014 }} 18. ^1 {{CA rail schematics}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=KISS Double-Decker Electric Multiple Unit EMU for Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board (CALTRAIN), California, USA|url=https://wwwstadlerrailcom-live-01e96f7.s3-eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/filer_public/21/81/21816a39-9448-4b8a-8f2f-3811c6ee8006/kcal0716us.pdf|accessdate=16 October 2016}} 20. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2015/02/25/one-size-doesn-fit-all-and-costs-more/kJg2qK2A0ZHjSLzG4UFCCM/story.html|title=On the T, One Sized Doesn't Fit All|author=Robin Washington|date=February 25, 2015|work=Boston Globe|access-date=January 21, 2019}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/bartsanfrancisc1996oakl_0#page/518/mode/2up |title=BART-San Francisco Airport Extension Final Environmental Impact Report/Final Environmental Impact Statement |volume=II |pages=3–501 |publisher=Federal Transit Administration |date=June 1996 |via=Internet Archive}} 22. ^{{cite web|title=S200 SF Light Rail Vehicle|url=http://preview.thenewsmarket.com/Previews/SIMS/DocumentAssets/346338.pdf|publisher=Siemens|accessdate=18 May 2016}} References{{Reflist|30em}}Sources
External links{{commons|Railway station}}{{Railway track layouts|state=collapsed}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Railway Platform Height}}Perron (platform)#HoogtePerrong#Plattformshöjd 3 : Railway platforms|Rail loading gauge|Rail transport articles in need of updating |
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