| 词条 | Edward Abraham |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = Sir | name = Edward Abraham | honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|FRS}} | image = Dunn School Abraham 1939.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Abraham at the Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford in 1939 | birth_name = Edward Penley Abraham | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|6|10}} | birth_place = Shirley, Southampton | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1999|5|8|1913|6|10}} | workplaces = University of Oxford | alma_mater = The Queen's College, Oxford | thesis_title = Some substituted peptides and Experiments with lysozyme | thesis_url = http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020338511 | thesis_year = 1938 | doctoral_advisor = Sir Robert Robinson | doctoral_students = {{Plainlist|
}} | notable_students = Sir John Walker | influences = Wilson Baker FRS | spouse = Asbjörg Abraham (nee Harung) | prizes = {{Plainlist|
}}Sir Edward Penley Abraham, {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|CBE|FRS}}[2] (10 June 1913 – 8 May 1999) was an English biochemist instrumental in the development of the first antibiotics penicillin and cephalosporin.[3][4] Early life and educationAbraham was born on 10 June 1913 at 47 South View Road, Shirley, Southampton. From 1924 Abraham attended King Edward VI School, Southampton, before achieving a First in Chemistry at The Queen's College, Oxford.[5] Abraham completed his DPhil at the University of Oxford under the supervision of Sir Robert Robinson, during which he was the first to crystallise lysozyme,[6][7] an enzyme discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming and shown to have antibacterial properties, and was later the first enzyme to have its structure solved using X-ray crystallography, by Lord David Philips.[8] Research{{see also|Discovery and development of cephalosporins|Penicillin}}He then won a Rockefeller Foundation scholarship and spent a year in Stockholm at the Biokemiska Institut.[9] He then moved back to Oxford and became part of a research team led by Sir Howard Florey at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, responsible for the development of penicillin and its medical applications. Sir Edward was specifically involved in the purification process and determination of its chemical structure. In 1940 Edward discovered penicillinase as the cause of bacterial resistance to antibiotics such as penicillin.[10] In October 1943 Abraham and Sir Ernst Boris Chain proposed a novel beta-lactam structure with a fused two ring system.[11][12] This proposal was confirmed in 1945 by Dorothy Hodgkin using X-ray crystallography.[13][12] Florey formally recognised Abraham's work in 1948 by nominating him to be one of the first three "penicillin" research Fellows at Lincoln College, Oxford. Later that year samples of a Cephalosporium acremonium fungus with antibacterial properties were received from Giuseppe Brotzu.[14] Abraham and Guy Newton purified the antibiotics from this fungus and found one, cephalosporin C, was not degraded by penicilinase and hence able to cure infections from penicillin-resistant bacteria.[15][16] During a skiing holiday in 1958 Abraham conceived the structure of cephalosporin C,[17] which he then went on to establish with Newton,[18] and was confirmed by Dorothy Hodgkin through X-ray crystallography.[19] Abraham showed that modification of the 7-amino-cephalosporanic acid nucleus was able to increase the potency of this antibiotic[20][21] and registered a patent on the compound.[11] This resulted in the first commercially sold cephalosporin antibiotic Cefalotin sold by Eli Lilly and Company. There are now five generations of cephalosporin In 1964 he became Professor of Chemical Pathology, and remained a Fellow of Lincoln until his retirement in 1980.[4] Personal lifeAbraham was born at 47 South View Road, Shirley, Southampton.[11] His parents were Maria Agnes Abraham, née Hearne and Albert Penley Abraham, a customs and excise officer. In 1938 he met Asbjörg Harung from Norway whom he married in Bergen the following year: she remained in Norway, trapped by the German invasion, before escaping to Sweden in 1942 when she was reuinited with her husband.[22] They had a son Michael Erling Penley Abraham, born in Oxford in July 1943.[11][23] Edward Abraham died in May 1999, in Oxford, following a stroke. He was survived by his wife, Asbjörg.[24] Sir Edward and Lady Abraham lived at Badgers Wood, Bedwells Heath, Boars Hill, where part of the land, Abraham Wood is now managed by the Oxford Preservation Trust.[25] LegacyHe was a noted biochemist, his work on antibiotics producing great clinical advances. His principal work was concerned with the development of penicillin, and also later cephalosporin, an antibiotic capable of destroying penicillin-resistant bacteria. These vital drugs are now used extensively in the treatment of various infections, including pneumonia, bronchitis, septicaemia and infected surgical wounds. Through the registration of the patent on cephalosporin, he was able to generate a regular income, which he devoted almost entirely to the establishment of two charitable trusts for the support of biomedical research, the Edward Penley Abraham Research Fund,[26] the E.P.A. Cephalosporin Fund[27] and The Guy Newton Research Fund.[28] As of 2016 the combined endowment of these charities is over £194 million. By the end of the twentieth century, the charitable funds had donated more than £30m to the University of Oxford, mainly to the Dunn School of Pathology and to Lincoln College, along with other grants to The Royal Society and King Edward VI School, Southampton. Four recent Oxford buildings received funds from Abraham's trusts:
Funding from these trusts have also helped to establish two scholarship programmes for doctoral students at the University of Oxford (the Oxford-E P Abraham Research Fund Graduate Scholarship and the Oxford-EPA Cephalosporin Graduate Scholarship). AwardsAbraham was the recipient of many awards over his lifetime:
References1. ^{{cite thesis|degree=DPhil|publisher=University of Oxford|title=Studies on naturally-occurring peptides|first=John|last=Walker|year=1969|url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020571011}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Abraham, Edward}}2. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.2014.0002| title = Sir Edward Penley Abraham CBE. 10 June 1913 -- 9 May 1999| journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society| year = 2014| last1 = Jones | first1 = D. S.| last2 = Jones | first2 = J. H.}} 3. ^{{cite news |title=Eccentric TV farmer | work=Herald Sun | date=17 May 1999 }} 4. ^1 National Archives: Papers of Edward Penley Abraham 5. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.linc.ox.ac.uk/Famous-AlumniSir-Edward-Penley-Abraham|title=Sir Edward Penley Abraham (1913–1999)|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=9 May 2017}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v140/n3531/abs/140024a0.html|title=Crystallization of Lysozyme : Abstract : Nature|access-date=9 May 2017}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/72230|title=Edward Abraham|publisher=oxforddnb.com|access-date=9 May 2017}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Blake|first=C. C. F.|last2=Fenn|first2=R. H.|last3=North|first3=A. C. T.|last4=Phillips|first4=D. C.|last5=Poljak|first5=R. J.|date=22 December 1962|title=Structure of Lysozyme: A Fourier Map of the Electron Density at 6 {{!}}[angst]{{!}} Resolution obtained by X-ray Diffraction|url=https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v196/n4860/abs/1961173a0.html|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=196|issue=4860|pages=1173–1176|doi=10.1038/1961173a0}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/12b8cbe3-8cc0-466f-8a30-549c923d944a|title=The Discovery Service|last=Archives|first=The National|website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=9 May 2017}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v146/n3713/abs/146837a0.html|title=An Enzyme from Bacteria able to Destroy Penicillin : Abstract : Nature|access-date=9 May 2017}} 11. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=David S.|last2=Jones|first2=John H.|date=1 December 2014|title=Sir Edward Penley Abraham CBE. 10 June 1913 – 9 May 1999|url=http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/60/5.1|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|language=en|volume=60|pages=5–22|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2014.0002|issn=0080-4606}} 12. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/chain-lecture.pdf|title=The chemical structure of the penicillins|last=Chain|first=Ernest|date=20 March 1946|website=Nobel Prize|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=9 May 2017}} 13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gnWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA310&lpg=PA310&dq=The+X-ray+crystallographic+investigation+of+the+structure+of+penicillin&source=bl&ots=AtfO2yhKZk&sig=sy2wcMBd6q3d0M-zi8pq6Phvx7Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi34Oqf1OPTAhUnIMAKHYfGAXYQ6AEIQDAE#v=onepage&q=The%20X-ray%20crystallographic%20investigation%20of%20the%20structure%20of%20penicillin&f=false|title=Chemistry of Penicillin|last=Clarke|first=Hans T.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1949|isbn=9781400874910|location=|pages=310–366|language=en}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.path.ox.ac.uk/content/timeline|title=Timeline {{!}} Sir William Dunn School of Pathology|publisher=University of Oxford|language=en|access-date=9 May 2017}} 15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Newton|first=G. G. F.|last2=Abraham|first2=E. P.|date=26 March 1955|title=Cephalosporin C, a New Antibiotic containing Sulphur and D-α-Aminoadipic Acid|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v175/n4456/abs/175548a0.html|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=175|issue=4456|pages=548–548|doi=10.1038/175548a0}} 16. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-sir-edward-abraham-1093226.html|title=Obituary: Sir Edward Abraham|date=13 May 1999|work=The Independent|access-date=9 May 2017|language=en-GB}} 17. ^{{Cite journal|last=Abraham|first=Edward|year=1990|title=Reflections on the Development of the Penicillins And Cephalosporins|url=http://www.sartonchair.ugent.be/refbase/show.php?record=15|journal=Sartoniana|volume=3|pages=016–035}} 18. ^{{Cite journal|last=Abraham|first=E. P.|last2=Newton|first2=G. G. F.|date=1 May 1961|title=The structure of cephalosporin C|journal=Biochemical Journal|volume=79|issue=2|pages=377–393|issn=0264-6021|pmc=1205850|pmid=13681080}} 19. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hodgkin|first=Dorothy Crowfoot|last2=Maslen|first2=E. N.|date=1 May 1961|title=The X-ray analysis of the structure of cephalosporin C|journal=Biochemical Journal|volume=79|issue=2|pages=393–402|issn=0264-6021|pmc=1205851|pmid=13714852}} 20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Loder|first=Bronwen|last2=Newton|first2=G. G. F.|last3=Abraham|first3=E. P.|date=1 May 1961|title=The cephalosporin C nucleus (7-aminocephalosporanic acid) and some of its derivatives|journal=Biochemical Journal|volume=79|issue=2|pages=408–416|issn=0264-6021|pmc=1205853|pmid=13763020}} 21. ^{{Cite journal|last=Hale|first=C. W.|last2=Newton|first2=G. G. F.|last3=Abraham|first3=E. P.|date=1 May 1961|title=Derivatives of cephalosporin C formed with certain heterocyclic tertiary bases. The cephalosporin CA family|journal=Biochemical Journal|volume=79|issue=2|pages=403–408|issn=0264-6021|pmc=1205852|pmid=13710694}} 22. ^{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=David S. and Jones, John H. |title=SIR EDWARD PENLEY ABRAHAM CBE 10 June 1913 — 9 May 1999 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsbm.2014.0002 |publisher=Royal Society}} 23. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/13/world/e-p-abraham-85-biochemist-who-helped-develop-antibiotics.html|title=E. P. Abraham, 85, Biochemist Who Helped Develop Antibiotics|last=Saxon|first=Wolfgang|date=13 May 1999|work=The New York Times|access-date=9 May 2017|issn=0362-4331}} 24. ^{{cite news|title=Obituary of Sir Edward Abraham Biochemist who developed new antibiotics and gave 30 million pounds of the profits to Oxford University|date=12 May 1999|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Group Limited}} 25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordpreservation.org.uk/node/464|title=Oxford Preservation Trust {{!}} Oxford's own national trust|website=www.oxfordpreservation.org.uk|language=en|access-date=9 May 2017}} 26. ^{{EW charity|309659|Edward Penley Abraham Research Fund}} 27. ^{{EW charity|309698|The E P A Cephalosporin Fund}} 28. ^{{Cite web|url=http://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regid=309696&subid=0|title=Charity Details|website=beta.charitycommission.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=9 May 2017}} 29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.path.ox.ac.uk/content/opening-epa-building|title=Opening of EPA Building {{!}} Sir William Dunn School of Pathology|publisher=University of Oxford|language=en|access-date=9 May 2017}} 30. ^{{cite web|title=Lincoln College Annexe (EPA Centre)|url=http://www.oxfordrooms.co.uk/colleges/lincolnscienceoxford.aspx|publisher=Oxford Rooms}} 31. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/old-members-friends/giving-linacre/named-areas-college|title=Named Areas of College {{!}} Linacre College|publisher=University of Oxford|language=en|access-date=9 May 2017}} 32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/science-blog/penicillin-oxford-story|title=Penicillin: the Oxford story {{!}} University of Oxford|publisher=University of Oxford|language=en|access-date=9 May 2017}} 33. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=20 March 2011}} 14 : 1913 births|People from Southampton|1999 deaths|People educated at King Edward VI School, Southampton|Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford|Fellows of Lincoln College, Oxford|English biochemists|English philanthropists|Fellows of the Royal Society|Commanders of the Order of the British Empire|Royal Medal winners|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Knights Bachelor|20th-century philanthropists |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。