| 词条 | Rattlesnake Mountain (Benton County, Washington) |
| 释义 |
| name = Rattlesnake Mountain | photo = RichlandWaRattlesnakeYakima.jpg | photo_caption = The view of Rattlesnake Mountain from the Horn Rapids Golf Course in Richland. | elevation_ft = 3,531 | elevation_ref = [1][2] | location = Benton County, Washington, U.S. | range = Rattlesnake Hills | parent_peak = Lookout Summit | coordinates = {{coord|46|24|56|N|119|37|49|W|type:mountain_region:US|display=inline,title}}[3] | map = USA Washington | prominence_ft = 840 | prominence_ref = [1] | isolation_mi = 1.55 | isolation_ref = [1] | listing = Benton County highest peaks 2nd | topo = {{hlist|USGS Iowa Flats|USGS Snively Basin}} | first_ascent = | easiest_route = }} Rattlesnake Mountain (Native American name Lalíik meaning "land above the water") is a 3,531 ft (1,060 m) windswept treeless sub-alpine ridge overlooking the Hanford nuclear site. Parts of the western slope are privately owned ranchland, while the eastern slope is under the federal protection of the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve, a unit of the Hanford Reach National Monument, managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The mountain is the second highest point in Benton County, with its neighbor Lookout Summit surpassing it by only 98 ft (30 m). The highest winds recorded on Rattlesnake were around 150 mph (241 kilometers per hour).[4] HistoryThe Yakama Nation referred to Rattlesnake Mountain as Lalíik, meaning "land above the water". Some historians speculate that the origin of the name Lalíik refers to the inundation of the Columbia River Plateau during the Missoula Floods, as Rattlesnake would have been one of the few mountains not completely inundated by flood waters reaching depths of 1200 ft (366 m). Geologists have found glacial erratics on Rattlesnake at heights up to this level.[5] However, there is scant evidence placing human settlements in the area at the time of the floods, 12 to 13 thousand years ago. Lalíik is held sacred by native peoples of the Columbia Plateau, including the Nez Perce, Umatilla, Wanapum, Cayuse, Walla Walla, and Yakama, and remains a spiritual epicenter to this day.[6] In 1943, Rattlesnake Mountain was seized by the United States government under eminent domain and became a buffer zone for the nuclear project at the Hanford site. In 1955, US Army installed a Nike Ajax missile base on the southeastern end of the ridge and maintained it until December 1958, when it was closed.[7] Rattlesnake Mountain ObservatoryThe Rattlesnake Mountain Observatory was established at the summit in 1966, utilizing some of the former missile base infrastructure, and remained there until its relocation near Wallula, WA in 2009. The observatory's main telescope was installed in 1971 and is a 32-inch (0.8-meter) telescope housed inside a 24-foot domed enclosure. This telescope is the largest permanently mounted telescope in Washington State. The telescope was used regularly through the early 1980s, but soon fell into disuse. Due to its location, renovations and upgrades were done to allow for remote control. Observatory operations are directed by a local nonprofit group founded by scientists and engineers from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory at Hanford.[8] It was announced 14 March 2008 that the Department of Energy would not renew the permit, license or easements for the observatory or most of the other entities that maintain communication equipment on the mountain. DOE instead intends to return the area to its natural conditions, citing the cultural sensitivity of the area.[9] The removal of the observatory from Rattlesnake Mountain began in the latter part of May, 2009. Most of the work, including the removal of the telescope itself, was completed in June of the same year. In late 2012, the telescope moved into its new home in the hills near Wallula, WA[10] Public accessSection 3081, "Ensuring public access to the summit of Rattlesnake Mountain in the Hanford Reach National Monument",[11] of the Carl Levin and Howard P. “Buck” McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 (H.R. 3979 (113th))[12] directs the Secretary of the Interior to provide public access (including motorized access) to the summit of Rattlesnake Mountain in the Hanford Reach National Monument in the state of Washington. This law was enacted — Signed by the President on Dec 19, 2014. The provision is supposed to help with tourism and scientific undertakings.[13] The Native American community has objected to this action.[14] Public access is expected to begin in Fall of 2019.[15] TriviaRattlesnake Mountain is often described as the tallest treeless mountain in the world, but this claim appears to be without foundation.[16] References1. ^1 2 {{cite peakbagger|19936|Rattlesnake Mountain, Washington|accessdate=May 5, 2018}} 2. ^{{cite gnis |id=1512596 |name=Rattlesnake Mountain |accessdate=2018-03-14}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/img4/ht_icons/Browse/WA/WA_Maiden%20Spring_242132_1974_24000.jpg|title=Maiden Springs Quadrangle|accessdate=March 14, 2018|publisher=United States Geological Survey }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hanford.gov/?page=354&parent=326 |title=Hanford Site Virtual Tours |accessdate=2007-10-13 |publisher=Department of Energy |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917223615/http://www.hanford.gov/?page=354&parent=326 |archivedate=2008-09-17 }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://agg.pnl.gov/projects/iafi.2002.pdf |title=Ice-Age Floods Features in the Vicinity of the Pasco Basin and the Hanford Reach National Monument |accessdate=2007-11-07 |last=Bjornstad |first=Bruce |author2=Karl Fecht |date=2002-10-19 |format=.pdf }} 6. ^{{citation | last=Prengaman | first=Kate | title=Yakamas unhappy defense bill to open sacred summit to public | newspaper=The Seattle Times | date=2014-12-14 | url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/yakamas-unhappy-defense-bill-to-open-sacred-summit-to-public/ }} 7. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.historylink.org/File/9711 | publisher=HistoryLink | title=Nike Missile Bases: Washington State Cold War Defenses | accessdate=2019-02-08 }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.emsl.pnl.gov/docs/annual_reports/cis/annual_report1999/1558b-2k.html |title=Automation of Rattlesnake Mountain Observatory—Science Education and Opportunity for the 21st Century |accessdate=2007-10-12}} 9. ^{{cite news | first=Annette | last=Cary | title=DOE to evict Rattlesnake Mountain tenants | date=2008-03-22 | publisher= | work =Tri-City Herald | pages = | language = }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tri-cityherald.com/2012/11/12/2167787/rattlesnake-mountain-telescope.html#storylink=misearch|title=Rattlesnake Mountain telescope gets new home |accessdate=2013-01-06}} 11. ^https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr3979/text/enr#link=B_XXX_H_3081&nearest=H1FFC28B5644E408889EBE59A666CF8B4 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr3979|title=Carl Levin and Howard P. “Buck” McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 (2014 - H.R. 3979)|website=GovTrack.us}} 13. ^{{cite news|last=Kasperowicz|first=Pete|title=To the top of Rattlesnake Mountain|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/304881-to-the-top-of-rattlesnake-mountain|accessdate=13 June 2013|newspaper=The Hill|date=11 June 2013}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://lastrealindians.com/congress-approves-bill-to-force-opening-access-to-yakama-nation-sacred-site/|title=Congress Approves Bill to Force Opening Access to Yakama Nation Sacred Site - Last Real Indians|website=lastrealindians.com}} 15. ^{{cite news|last=McIntosh |first=Brittany |url=http://www.nbcrightnow.com/story/39290793/after-70-years-public-access-to-rattlesnake-mountain-summit-will-re-open-next-fall |title= After 70 years public access to Rattlesnake Mountain summit will re-open next fall |publisher=KNDU-TV |date=October 15, 2018 |accessdate=October 15, 2018}} 16. ^{{cite book | last = Davis | first = Jean Carol | authorlink = | author2 = Vickie Sillman Bergum | title = Benton County Place Names | publisher = East Benton County Historical Society | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | oclc=37857532 | isbn = }} External links{{Commons category|Rattlesnake Mountain (Benton County, Washington)}}
6 : Landforms of Benton County, Washington|Tri-Cities, Washington|Religious places of the indigenous peoples of North America|Ridges of Washington (state)|Mountains of Washington (state)|Sacred mountains |
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