| 词条 | Rawaki Island |
| 释义 |
Rawaki Island is one of the Phoenix Islands in the Republic of Kiribati, also known by its previous name of Phoenix Island. It is a small, uninhabited atoll, approximately {{convert|1.2|by|0.8|km|abbr=off}} in size and {{convert|65|ha|lk=in|abbr=off}} in area, with a shallow, brackish lagoon that is not connected to the open sea. It is located at {{coord|3.721|S|170.712|W}}. The island is designated as a wildlife sanctuary.[1] Kiribati declared the Phoenix Islands Protected Area in 2006, with the park being expanded in 2008. The {{convert|164,200|sqmi|km2|adj=mid|abbr=off}} marine reserve contains eight coral atolls including Rawaki island.[2][3] Flora and faunaRawaki has been described as being ham or pear shaped.[4] Its highest elevation is approximately six meters. It is treeless, being covered mostly with herbs and grasses, and thus forms an excellent landing and nesting site for migratory seabirds and turtles. Unlike many other Pacific islands, no rats were noted on Rawaki during a 1924 scientific expedition.[4] A colony of feral rabbits was introduced in the nineteenth century, but was eliminated in 2008.[5][6] Rawaki has its own species of seabird tick, Ixodes amersoni.[7] It also boasts various species of flies, moths, leafhoppers, green bugs, and spiders. Sea birds consist of sooty, grey, and white terns; frigates, petrels and shearwaters; boobies, migratory plover and curlew.[4] Rawaki has never been invaded by rats so that the bird populations have survived.[5] HistoryUnlike some other islands in the Phoenix group, Rawaki does not seem to have ever been inhabited by prehistoric Polynesians or other Pacific islanders.[4] Rawaki was discovered on 23 February 1824 by Capt. John Palmer from the London whaling ship Phoenix. It was claimed for the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act on March 14, 1859 by C.A. Williams and Company, later the Phoenix Guano Company.[8] The company mined guano on the island until the supply was exhausted in August 1871, when the islands were abandoned.[9] This claim was later relinquished in the Treaty of Tarawa. On June 29, 1889, a British protectorate was declared, and the island surveyed.[8] On March 18, 1937, it was placed under the jurisdiction of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. It later became part of Kiribati. In 2008, Rawaki was placed, together with the other Phoenix Islands, within the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, one of the largest marine protected areas in the world. See also
References1. ^{{cite web| last = Edward R. Lovell, Taratau Kirata & Tooti Tekinaiti | work= Centre IRD de Nouméa |title= Status report for Kiribati's coral reefs|date =September 2002 |url= http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers14-11/010032214.pdf| accessdate=15 May 2015}} 2. ^{{cite web| last = Brian Clark Howard| work= National Geographic News |title= Pacific Nation Bans Fishing in One of World's Largest Marine Parks |date =16 June 2014 |url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/06/140616-kiribati-marine-park-commercial-fishing-ocean-protection/| accessdate=15 May 2015}} 3. ^{{cite web|last=Editor |title = Phoenix Islands Protected Area|date =|url= http://www.phoenixislands.org/|publisher=Government of Kiribati|accessdate= 25 January 2015}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|first=Jane|last=Resture |title = Phoenix Island|date =|url= http://www.janeresture.com/kiribati_phoenix_group/phoenix.htm|publisher=Jane Resture|accessdate= 25 January 2015}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|first=Regen |last=Jamieson|title = Removing Rats and Rabbits: An Interview with Ray Pierce |date =18 April 2014|url= http://pipa.neaq.org/2012/04/removing-rats-and-rabbits-interview.html |publisher= New England Aquarium - Phoenix Islands Blog |accessdate= 25 January 2015}} 6. ^{{cite web |last1=Pierce |first1=Ray |last2=Anterea |first2=Nautonga |last3=Coulston |first3=Glen |last4=Gardiner |first4=Clea |last5=Shilton |first5=Louise |last6=Taabu |first6=Katareti |last7=Wragg |first7=Graham |title=Executive Summary of the 2009 Invasive Species Removal Report |date= |work=ATOLL RESTORTION IN THE PHOENIX ISLANDS, KIRIBATI: SURVEY RESULTS IN NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2009 |publisher=Phoenix Islands Protected Area |url=http://www.phoenixislands.org/shownews.php?newsId=50 |accessdate=24 April 2014}} 7. ^{{cite journal |last=Kohls |first=GM |title=A new sea bird tick, Ixodes amersoni, from Phoenix Island (Acarina: Ixodidae) |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=38–40 |date=April 1966 |pmid=5941563 |issn=0022-2585|doi=10.1093/jmedent/3.1.38 }} 8. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Bryan |first1=Edwin H. Jr. |title=American Polynesia and the Hawaiian Chain |url= |year=1942 |publisher= Tongg Publishing Company|location= Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn= |oclc= 1036237 |page=55}} 9. ^{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/?id=hU4ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56&dq=phoenix+island+guano+company+august+last#v=onepage&q=phoenix%20island%20guano%20company%20august%20last&f=false | title=Pacific Islands| last1=Hydrographic Department| first1=Great Britain| year=1885}} Further reading
External links
8 : Phoenix Islands (Kiribati)|Uninhabited islands of Kiribati|History of Kiribati|Islands claimed under the Guano Islands Act|Former populated places in Oceania|Island restoration|Atolls of Kiribati|Former disputed islands |
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