“Reagent testing”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Reagent testing is one of the process used to identify substances contained within a pill, usually illicit substances.

With the increased prevalence of drugs being available in their pure forms, the terms "drug checking" or "pill testing"^[1] may also be used, although these terms usually refer to testing with a wider variety of techniques covered by drug checking.

Reagent testing kits

A test is done by taking a small scraping from a pill and placing it in the reagent testing liquid or dropping the reagent onto the scraping.^[2] The liquid will change colour when reacting with different chemicals to indicate the presence of certain substances.

Testing with a reagent kit does not indicate the pill is safe. While the testing process does show some particular substances are present, it may not show a harmful substance that is also present and unaccounted for by the testing process. Some substances that cause strong colour changes can also mask the presence of other substances that cause weaker colour changes.

Testing kits are distributed on a not-for-profit basis by Dancesafe and commercially.

Reagent testers might show the colour of the desired substance while not showing a different colour for a more dangerous additive.^[12] For this reason it is essential to use multiple different tests to show all adulterants.

Tests available

As reagent testing has become more popular, vendors have begun to offer a greater range of tests. This increases the likelihood that a substance might have a unique profile of results and makes the tests more useful.

Other reagents are discussed in scientific literature but limited applications mean they may not be sold for consumer testing. The zimmermann reagent for benzodiazepines is a good example - its use is limited to benzodiazepines, and when these are mis-sold it is usually by substitution of a different benzodiazepine, rendering the test unuseful for consumers.

The Ehrlich reagent is an example of a single-application reagent which is used by consumers. It can only detect drugs with an indole moiety, but this is useful because drugs from the NBOMe class do not have an indole and are often sold as LSD which does. The Ehrlich reagent has an additional benefit over other reagents in that it does not react with the paper on which LSD is often distributed.

The National Institute of Justice provides information about "Color Test Reagents/Kits for Preliminary Identification

Tests reliability

According to a 2003 research published in Pharmacotherapy, neither the Marquis, Mecke, nor Simon's reagents should be used by the public for harm reduction purposes. These agents do not help identify pure MDMA tablets. The research team suggests using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as the most sensitive and specific testing method for identifying MDMA and its contaminants^[13] but this is out of reach for users in most countries and reagent tests remain popular, often distributed by harm-reduction organisations due to their low cost and high utility when multiple test reagents are used.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Legality

Home pill testing equipment is illegal in the US state of Illinois where the (720 ILCS 600/) Drug Paraphernalia Control Act specifically outlaws "testing equipment intended to be used unlawfully in a private home for identifying or in analyzing the strength, effectiveness or purity of cannabis or controlled substances;"^[17]

Media

See also

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹{{Cite web |url=https://www.reagent-tests.uk/reagent-test-colours/ |title=Reagent Testing Instructions |access-date=21 December 2016}}
2. ^{{cite web | url = http://dancesafe.org/health-and-safety/adulterant-screening-kit-instructions | title = Adulterant Screening Kit Instructions | accessdate = 2012-02-28 | publisher = DanceSafe | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120221224103/http://www.dancesafe.org/health-and-safety/adulterant-screening-kit-instructions | archivedate = 2012-02-21 | df = }}
3. ^¹²³{{Cite web |url=http://reagent-base.net/reagents-table/ |title=Reagent Base Reaction database |access-date=21 Dec 2016}}
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{cite web|title=Color Test Reagents/Kits for Preliminary Identification of Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183258.pdf|work=Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program|accessdate=2011-07-24|date=July 2000}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons|volume=44|issue=2|pages=213–214|url=|work=Pharmaceutical Press|accessdate=|format=|year=2011|isbn=978-0-85369-711-4|doi=10.1080/00450618.2011.620006|last1=Kelly|first1=Tamsin}}
6. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Controlled Substances Procedures Manual|url=http://www.dfs.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/221-D100-Controlled-Substances-Procedures-Manual.pdf|work=Virginia Department of Forensic Science|accessdate=2017-01-02|year=2016}}
7. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.reagent-tests.uk/blog/mandelin-test-results-for-dxm-ibuprofen-sugar-and-modafinil/ |title=Mandelin test results for DXM, ibuprofen, sugar and modafinil |date=2016-02-14 |access-date=21 Dec 2016}}
8. ^¹{{cite web | url=https://dancesafe.org/product/mandelin-reagent-testing-kit/ | title=Dancesafe Mandelin Reagent | publisher=Dancesafe | accessdate=10 August 2015}}
9. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DA8kBONKn3c |title=Mescaline - Froehde Reagent - Normal Test Kit - Bunk Police |last=Bunk Police }}
10. ^¹²³{{cite web | url = http://www.bluelight.ru/vb/threads/512598-Marquis-Mecke-Mandellin-results-for-stim-empathogen-2C-X-RC-s-amp-more | title = Marquis/Mecke/Mandellin results for stim/empathogen/2C-X, RC's & more | accessdate = 2013-03-22 | author = TheAzo | archiveurl = http://www.tripproject.ca/trip/?q=node/2005 | archivedate=2012-02-05}}
11. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNXatQUH5Sc |title=Methylone - Froehde Reagent - Normal Test Kit - Bunk Police |publisher=Youtube |date=18 Nov 2015 |access-date=21 Dec 2016}}
12. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MbNJYoHDz8 Home pill testing doesn't show up PMA in a pill] in Youtube.
13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Murray|first=Rebecca A.|last2=Doering|first2=Paul L.|last3=Boothby|first3=Lisa A.|last4=Merves|first4=Michele L.|last5=McCusker|first5=Rachel R.|last6=Chronister|first6=Chris W.|last7=Goldberger|first7=Bruce A.|date=2003-10-01|title=Putting an Ecstasy Test Kit to the Test: Harm Reduction or Harm Induction?|journal=Pharmacotherapy|language=en|volume=23|issue=10|pages=1238–1244|doi=10.1592/phco.23.12.1238.32704|issn=1875-9114}}
14. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/thousands-of-free-pilltesting-kits-to-flood-sydneys-summer-music-festivals-20161117-gsrh4t.html |title=Thousands of free pill-testing kits to flood Sydney's summer music festivals |last=Duff |first=Eamonn |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |publication-date=20 Nov 2016}}
15. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.irishnews.com/news/2016/12/07/news/drug-testing-kit-plans-for-north-s-universities-822123/ |title=Free drug testing kits being planned for students at north's universities |last=Ainsworth |first=Paul |date=7 Dec 2016 |publisher=The Irish News |access-date=21 Dec 2016}}
16. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/student-life/health/newcastle-university-students-offered-3-drug-testing-kit-students-for-sensible-drug-policy-a7020726.html |title=Newcastle University students offered £3 drug-testing kit |last=Ali |first=Aftab |date=9 May 2016 |publisher=The Independent}}
17. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1947&ChapterID=53 | title=(720 ILCS 600/) Drug Paraphernalia Control Act. | publisher=Illinois General Assembly | accessdate=3 October 2016}}
18. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYzmZ1IU4zY What's In My Baggie?] in Youtube.