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词条 Recognition of same-sex unions in Estonia
释义

  1. Registered partnerships

     History  Registered Partnership Act  Statistics  Same-Sex Partnership Bill  Bill to Repeal the Registered Partnership Act 

  2. Same-sex marriage

  3. Public opinion

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2012}}{{Same-sex unions}}Estonia has recognised same-sex unions since January 1, 2016 by allowing same-sex couples to sign a cohabitation agreement ({{lang-et|kooselulepingu}}), the first ex-Soviet state to do so.[1]

In addition, following a December 2016 court ruling, same-sex marriages performed abroad are recognised in Estonia.[2][3][2][3][4] In November 2017, the Tallinn Circuit Court ruled that this recognition did not necessarily confer residency rights. However, in September 2018, following a ruling by the European Court of Justice, another Estonian court ruled that it does.[5]

Registered partnerships

{{Same-sex marriage map Europe|align=left|size=250px}}

History

In December 2005, the launch of a new family law bill by the Estonian Ministry of Justice, explicitly defining marriage to be a union of a man and a woman, initiated a public debate on the issue of recognition of same-sex unions. The public debate was called by the Ministry of Social Affairs, which expressed reservations about the draft law.

The public debate attracted a significant response from LGBT rights groups, who opposed the family law bill and urged the Government not to discriminate between same-sex and opposite-sex couples in marriage, stating that, "We call on the government to drop a clause in the draft law on the family, which does not allow the registration of same-sex marriages or partnerships". On January 4, 2006, five Estonian NGOs supporting LGBT rights issued a press release asking for the Government to draft a new partnership law to give same-sex couples equal rights with opposite-sex couples.[6]

On the other hand, a number of conservative politicians claimed that Estonia was not yet ready for same-sex marriage, and that there was no need to create a separate law on same-sex unions since existing laws already implied the protection of some of these unions, despite not mentioning same-sex unions explicitly. Väino Linde, the chief of the Constitution Commission of the Riigikogu (Estonian Parliament), stated that he was "glad to see the conservative views in the Parliament and in the Commission of Constitution".[7]

As of 2005, the Social Democratic Party was the only political party to publicly affirm its support for same-sex marriage. The Centre Party and the Reform Party said that they would tolerate such a law. Various right-wing parties, particularly the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, stated their opposition to same-sex marriage.[7]

Registered Partnership Act

In July 2008, the Ministry of Justice announced that it was drafting a law on registered partnerships for same-sex couples. The law, initially expected to come into force in 2009, was intended to provide a number of rights for same-sex couples, such as inheritance and shared property ownership. The law had the support of most parties in Estonia's Parliament.[8][9]

The Ministry of Justice studied proposals for the registration of unmarried couples, including same-sex couples. A comprehensive report was released in July 2009 examining three options: the recognition of unregistered cohabitation; the creation of a partnership registry; and the extension of marriage to same-sex couples. It left the decision over which model to implement to the Riigikogu and other "stakeholders".[10][11] On July 1, 2010, a new family law was passed, defining marriage as between a man and a woman and declaring unions between members of the same sex "null and void". Prime Minister Andrus Ansip was quoted as saying, "I do not believe that Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania will soon accept same-sex marriage in the eyes of the law".[12]

On May 25, 2011, Chancellor of Justice Indrek Teder requested that the Ministry of Justice introduce a civil partnership law.[13] He ruled that the non-recognition of same-sex relationships was contrary to the Constitution of Estonia. Thereafter, partnership recognition again became an active political discussion in Estonia.

The Reform Party and the Social Democratic Party supported introducing a partnership law, against the opposition of conservative Pro Patria and Res Publica Union. The Centre Party supported a discussion on the issue.[14] The bill was drafted in August 2012 by the Minister of Justice and was under consultation until October 1, 2012.[15][16][17] In March 2014, a parliamentary group began to work on the draft bill to regulate the legal status of cohabiting couples.[18] The bill, entitled the Registered Partnership Act ({{lang-et|Kooseluseadus}}), was submitted to Parliament on April 17, 2014.[19][20][21][22] On May 22, the bill was backed by the Government.[23] On June 19, 2014, Parliament rejected a motion to kill the bill at its first reading, in a 32-45 vote.[24] The second reading took place on October 8, where a motion to hold a referendum on the bill was defeated in a 35-42 vote and another motion to kill the bill was defeated in a 41-33 vote.[25] The bill passed its final vote on October 9 in a 40-38 vote. It was signed by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves the same day and took effect on January 1, 2016.[26][27]

October 9, 2014 vote in the Estonian Parliament (Riigikogu)
PartyVoted forVoted againstAbstainedAbsent
#ffd300|border=darkgray}}{{collapsible list |title= 191= Arto Aas2= Rein Aidma3= Remo Holsmer4= Jüri Jaanson5= Kalle Jents6= Kalev Kallemets7= Tõnis Kõiv8= Tiina Lokk-Tramberg9= Lauri Luik10= Rait Maruste11= Kristen Michal12= Meelis Mälberg13= Kalle Palling14= Mati Raidma15= Laine Randjärv16= Valdo Randpere17= Paul-Eerik Rummo18= Andre Sepp19= Imre Sooäär
}}		title= 61= Peep Aru2= Igor Gräzin3= Tõnu Juul4= Väino Linde5= Tarmo Mänd6= Aivar Sõerd
}}		title=41= Aare Heinvee2= Aivar Rosenberg3= Jaanus Tamkivi4= Terje Trei
}}		title=41= Margus Hanson2= Rein Lang3= Tarmo Leinatamm4= Kalev Lillo
}}
#009f6b|border=darkgray}}title=61= Lembit Kaljuvee2= Lauri Laasi3= Kadri Simson4= Olga Sõtnik5= Priit Toobal6= Rainer Vakra
}}		{{collapsible list |title=131= Deniss Boroditš2= Eldar Efendijev3= Kalev Kallo4= Valeri Korb5= Mihhail Kõlvart6= Kalle Laanet7= Aivar Riisalu8= Mihhail Stalnuhhin9= Tarmo Tamm10= Urbo Vaarmann11= Viktor Vassiljev12= Vladimir Velman13= Peeter Võsa
}}		title=21= Jüri Ratas2= Marika Tuus-Laul
}}		title=51= Enn Eesmaa2= Siret Kotka3= Heimar Lenk4= Inara Luigas5= Mailis Reps
}}
#0087bd|border=darkgray}} -{{collapsible list |title=191= Jaak Aaviksoo2= Annely Akkermann3= Andres Herkel4= Kaia Iva5= Siim Valmar Kiisler6= Aivar Kokk7= Peeter Laurson8= Liisa Pakosta9= Tõnis Palts10= Juhan Parts11= Marko Pomerants12= Urmas Reinsalu13= Andrus Saare14= Helir-Valdor Seeder15= Sven Sester16= Priit Sibul17= Margus Tsahkna18= Toomas Tõniste19= Ken-Marti Vaher
}}		title=11= Marko Mihkelson
}}		title=31= Ene Ergma2= Erki Nool3= Reet Roos
}}
#c40233|border=darkgray}}{{collapsible list |title=151= Jaak Allik2= Maimu Berg3= Tatjana Jaanson4= Etti Kagarov5= Kalev Kotkas6= Mart Meri7= Marianne Mikko8= Jüri Morozov9= Eiki Nestor10= Heljo Pikhof11= Barbi Pilvre12= Karel Rüütli13= Indrek Saar14= Neeme Suur15= Rannar Vassiljev
}}		 -title=31= Kalvi Kõva2= Tiit Tammsaar3= Jaan Õunapuu
}}		title=11= Rein Randver
}}
Total40|align=center}}381013
{{as of|2019}}, some implementing acts required for the law to enter into force have yet to be passed, requiring the support of a majority of MPs. The conservative Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (IRL), which joined the Government after the March 2015 elections, said that these acts should be passed in Parliament rather than by the Government, creating a dispute with the Reform Party and Social Democrats.[28] On November 25, 2015, Parliament rejected a motion to kill the implementing bill at its first reading, in a 41-42 vote.[29] On December 10, the chairman of the Legal Affairs Committee announced that the committee would not finish work on the bill and asked Parliament to begin the second reading before December 17, before it adjourned on January 11. This meant that the Registered Partnership Act would take effect without implementing measures, causing a number of legal loopholes and problems.[30][31] Further readings were scheduled for the end of January 2016.[32]

Because the Riigikogu has yet to adopt the implementation acts, same-sex couples in Estonia have been in legal limbo, and have increasingly turned to the courts in order to have their rights recognised. Numerous partnerships have been performed in Estonia, but these couples were initially not officially registered in the population registry.[33] In August 2016, a same-sex couple filed a complaint with the Tallinn Administrative Court.[34] On 10 April 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that the law is in effect and should be enforced, despite the lack of the implementing measures.[35]

In January 2017, the Chairman of the Legal Affairs Committee of Parliament, Jaanus Karilaid (Centre Party), said that the implementing acts for the registered partnership law were unlikely to be adopted in the current term of Parliament, as passing these laws "would only result in new confrontations". At the same time, Karilaid suggested that Parliament did not have the numbers to repeal the underlying registered partnership law.[36] Prime Minister Jüri Ratas echoed his suggestion, saying that the law would not be repealed by neither the current nor the subsequent Riigikogu.[37] One month later, responding to a complaint filed in August 2016 (see above), the Tallinn Administrative Court ordered the Estonian Government to pay monetary damages for failing to adopt the implementing acts. The state later appealed the ruling.[38] In September 2017, President Kersti Kaljulaid criticised the Parliament for failing to accept the implementing acts.[39]

In February 2017, the Tallinn Administrative Court ruled that the Interior Ministry had to correctly register the stepchild adoption of an Estonian same-sex couple, as mandated by the Registered Partnership Act. The Ministry stated that it had no plans to appeal.[40] In January 2018, the Tartu Circuit Court ruled that a lesbian couple in a registered partnership may adopt. The Court overturned a lower court's ruling, which had rejected the couple's adoption application.[41]

During the public debate about the bill, a number of public figures came out as gay, including choreographer Jüri Nael,[42] actor Risto Kübar,[43] fashion designer Aldo Järvsoo,[44] and singer Lauri Liiv.[45]

Statistics

29 same-sex partnerships had been performed by August 2016.[34]

Same-Sex Partnership Bill

In February 2016, several politicians (mostly from the Estonian Free Party) introduced the Same-Sex Partnership Bill, aimed at repealing the Registered Partnership Act and creating a separate law for same-sex couples. Andres Herkel, who spoke on behalf of the Free Party, justified the need for the Same-Sex Partnership Bill and criticised the Registered Partnership Act, saying it brought legal confusion to include same-sex couples and opposite-sex couples in the same law: "The including of the regulation concerning different-sex couples and same-sex couples in one Act is the basis of very many conceptual confusion." The bill was opposed by the Conservative People's Party, the Reform Party and the Social Democrats, and ultimately failed 14-55 in Parliament.[46]

Bill to Repeal the Registered Partnership Act

In October 2017, the Riigikogu voted against a bill{{efn|Entitled the Bill to Repeal the Registered Partnership Act ({{lang-et|Kooseluseaduse kehtetuks tunnistamise seaduse eelnõu}})}} which sought to repeal the Registered Partnership Act.[47] The repeal bill, supported by the Conservative People's Party and the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, was rejected by a vote of 19-47 at the first reading on 17 October. The Social Democrats, the Reform Party and the two independents opposed the bill, arguing it would "take rights away". The Centre Party was split with some voting against the bill and others abstaining, whilst the Free Party mostly abstained.[48] Lawmakers supporting the bill claimed that the Registered Partnership Act had brought division within Estonian society.

17 October 2017 vote in the Riigikogu[49]
PartyVoted forVoted againstAbstainedAbsent
#ffd300|border=darkgray}} Estonian Reform Party (RE) (30)title= 11= Igor Gräzin
}}		{{collapsible list |title= 211= Arto Aas2= Remo Holsmer3= Jüri Jaanson4= Liina Kersna5= Eerik-Niiles Kross6= Urmas Kruuse7= Ants Laaneots8= Maris Lauri9= Jürgen Ligi10= Lauri Luik11= Kristen Michal12= Madis Milling13= Meelis Mälberg14= Keit Pentus-Rosimannus15= Hanno Pevkur16= Heidy Purga17= Laine Randjärv18= Valdo Randpere19= Anne Sulling20= Urve Tiidus21= Terje Trei
}}		title=41= Deniss Boroditš2= Toomas Kivimägi3= Kalle Laanet4= Aivar Sõerd
}}		title=41= Yoko Alender2= Johannes Kert3= Kalle Palling4= Taavi Rõivas
}}
#009f6b|G|border=darkgray}} Estonian Centre Party (KE) (27) -title=71= Enn Eesmaa2= Oudekki Loone3= Anneli Ott4= Kersti Sarapuu5= Mihhail Stalnuhhin6= Tiit Terik7= Toomas Vitsut
}}		title=91= Helmut Hallemaa2= Olga Ivanova3= Valeri Korb4= Mihhail Korb5= Heimar Lenk6= Märt Sults7= Marika Tuus-Laul8= Viktor Vassiljev9= Vladimir Velman
}}		title=111= Dmitri Dmitrijev2= Peeter Ernits3= Jaanus Karilaid4= Siret Kotka-Repinski5= Igor Kravtšenko6= Aadu Must7= Andrei Novikov8= Toomas Paur9= Martin Repinski10= Erki Savisaar11= Toomas Väinaste
}}
#c40233|G|border=darkgray}} Social Democratic Party (SDE) (15) -{{collapsible list |title=151= Hannes Hanso2= Toomas Jürgenstein3= Kalvi Kõva4= Helmen Kütt5= Inara Luigas6= Jaanus Marrandi7= Marianne Mikko8= Eiki Nestor9= Liisa Oviir10= Ivari Padar11= Heljo Pikhof12= Barbi Pilvre13= Tanel Talve14= Rainer Vakra15= Hardi Volmer
}}		 - -
#0087bd|G|border=darkgray}} Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (IRL) (12){{collapsible list |title=101= Raivo Aeg2= Tiina Kangro3= Aivar Kokk4= Tarmo Kruusimäe5= Viktoria Ladõnskaja6= Andres Metsoja7= Marko Pomerants8= Helir-Valdor Seeder9= Sven Sester10= Priit Sibul
}}		title=11= Maire Aunaste
}}		title=11= Mart Nutt
}}		 -
#0086CF|border=darkgray}} Estonian Free Party (EV) (8)title=11= Jüri Adams
}}		title=11= Ain Lutsepp
}}		{{collapsible list |title=61= Andres Ammas2= Krista Aru3= Monika Haukanõmm4= Andres Herkel5= Külliki Kübarsepp6= Artur Talvik
}}		 -
#0077BD|border=darkgray}} Conservative People's Party of Estonia (EKRE) (7){{collapsible list |title=71= Martin Helme2= Mart Helme3= Uno Kaskpeit4= Jaak Madison5= Raivo Põldaru6= Henn Põlluaas7= Arno Sild
}}		 - - -
#A9A9A9|border=darkgray}} Independent (2) -{{collapsible list |title=21= Marko Mihkelsona2= Margus Tsahknaa
}}		 - -
Total1947|align=center}}2015

a. Both MPs were formerly members of the IRL.

Same-sex marriage

The first same-sex marriage was recognised by a court in December 2016.[50] The couple, two men who had originally married in Sweden but now live in Estonia, had their marriage officially registered in late January 2017.[51][52] Initially, a court in Harju County refused to register their marriage, but the couple appealed the decision. In December, the Tallinn Circuit Court ruled that all marriages performed in another country must be entered into the Estonian population register when a couple takes up residence in Estonia or is granted Estonian citizenship.[52] According to several Estonian jurists and lawyers, whether a same-sex marriage will be recognized must be assessed on a case-by-case basis (i.e. whether it meets the requirements set forth in the Private International Law Act concerning the validity of marriages performed abroad; the marriage is valid in the country it was contracted in, etc).[53] In Estonia, the concept of public order is used in the Constitution and common acts. The Private International Law Act ({{lang-et|Rahvusvahelise eraõiguse seadus}}), the law which applies when the validity of foreign marriages needs to be assessed, provides that foreign law shall not apply if the result of such application would be in obvious conflict with the "essential principles of Estonian law" (public order). The Tallinn Circuit Court ruled that recognising same-sex marriages performed abroad is not contrary to the Estonian public order. Unlike in other countries, where same-sex marriages have been recognised in individual cases, such as Italy, marriages performed abroad are granted the legal rights of marriage. Under the Private International Law Act, marriages concluded abroad and recognised in Estonia are governed under the laws of the country where the marriage was contracted, and the rights thereof are not hindered by the Estonian state.[4][54] These marriages are recognised by the Police and Border Guard Board.[55]

In March 2017, Martin Helme of the Conservative People's Party, speaking in the Riigikogu, threatened the judges who made the December 2016 ruling, saying he wanted their "heads to roll". Many criticised his comments, including President Kersti Kaljulaid, Chief Justice Priit Pikamäe and Speaker of Parliament Eiki Nestor.[56]

In June 2017, the Estonian Supreme Court ruled that same-sex couples have a right to the protection of family life. Clarifying the courts' jurisdiction in the matter of applying legal protection in residence permit disputes, the Court ruled that Estonian law does not forbid issuing a residence permit to same-sex spouses.[57]

In November 2017, the Tallinn Circuit Court, the same court which ruled earlier that year that foreign mariages must be recognized, ruled that an American woman, who was in a same-sex relationship with an Estonian, could not be issued a residency permit. The couple appealed to the Supreme Court,[58] which dismissed their case in April 2018.[59] The couple then entered into a cohabitation agreement, as the Supreme Court had ruled that the law is part of Estonia's legal order. This enabled the American partner to reside in Estonia.[60] Following a ruling by the European Court of Justice in June 2018 relating to the rights of same-sex couples in the European Union, an Estonian court ruled that same-sex couples must be treated the same way as opposite-sex couples in the issuance of residency permits.[5][61]

In November 2017, Archbishop Urmas Viilma of the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church proposed that the Estonian Constitution define marriage as being between "a man and a woman". This proposal is supported by the 2019 campaign platforms of both the Conservative People's Party of Estonia[62] and Pro Patria.[63] Speaker of Parliament Eiki Nestor rejected his call, saying "that not even the Bible made such a specification, and neither should the Constitution".[64]

According to the Centre of Civil and Political Rights (CCPR), the Estonian Supreme Court is expected to "rule on [the] legality of [same-sex marriage] in the coming months".[65]

Public opinion

A poll conducted in June 2009 indicated that 32% of Estonians believed that same-sex couples should have the same legal rights as opposite-sex couples. Support was 40% among young people, compared to 6% among older people.[66]

A poll conducted in September 2012 found that 34% of Estonians supported same-sex marriage and 46% supported registered partnerships (with 60% and 45% opposed, respectively). The poll found an ethnic divide, with 51% of ethnic Estonians supporting registered partnerships, compared to 21% of ethnic Russians.[67]

The same poll conducted in 2014 during the parliamentary debate on registered partnership found that support had dropped significantly, with 29% support for same-sex marriage and 40% of respondents supporting registered partnerships; opposition had increased to 64% and 54%, respectively.[68]

The 2015 Eurobarometer survey showed that 44% of Estonians supported gay, lesbian and bisexual people having the same equal rights as heterosexuals, while 45% were opposed. 40% of Estonians agreed that there was nothing wrong with homosexual relationships and 49% disagreed, while 31% of Estonians supported same-sex marriage and 58% were against.[69]

A poll conducted between 28 March 2017 to 10 April 2017 found that, while support for same-sex registered partnership legislation was almost unchanged in three years (45% vs 46%), support for same-sex marriage had increased to 39% with 52% against (compared to 60% against in 2012 and 64% against in 2014).[70][71][72] It also found that acceptance of homosexuality had increased from 34% in 2012 to 41% in 2017, with 52% against. At the same time, support for joint adoption rights remained unchanged, with 66% opposed.[73]

See also

  • LGBT rights in Estonia
  • Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

1. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/estonia-becomes-first-former-soviet-state-to-legalise-gay-marriage-9785869.html Estonia becomes first former Soviet state to legalise gay marriage]
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.err.ee/581385/notar-kooseluseadusest-kohtupraktika-peab-taitma-poliitikute-jaetud-lungad|title=Notar kooseluseadusest: kohtupraktika peab täitma poliitikute jäetud lüngad|work=Õhtuleht|date=25 January 2017|language=Estonian|last1=Lass|first1=Liisu|last2=Kaasik|first2=Marju}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ohtuleht.ee/783675/voorsil-solmitud-geiabielu-kehtib-ka-eestis|title=Võõrsil sõlmitud geiabielu kehtib ka Eestis|work=Õhtuleht|date=24 January 2017|language=Estonian|last=Nõlvak|first=Andra|quote=Tallinna Ringkonnakohtu otsusega tuleb Eesti rahvastikuregistrisse kanda iga välisriigis sõlmitud abielu - ka siis, kui mõlemad abikaasad on samast soost. By the decision of the Tallinn Circuit Court, every marriage contracted abroad must be entered in the Estonian Population Register - even if both spouses are of the same sex }}
4. ^1 {{cite thesis|url=http://dspace.ut.ee/bitstream/handle/10062/57149/lepper_helena_ma_2017.pdf|title=Välisrrigis sõlmitud samasooliste abielude tunnustamisest Eestis|publisher=Tartu Ülikool Õigusteaduskond, Avaliku õiguse osakond (in Estonian and English)|last=Lepper|first=Helena|date=2017}}
5. ^1 [https://news.err.ee/862075/court-partner-in-same-sex-partnership-has-right-to-residence-permit Court: Partner in same-sex partnership has right to residence permit]
6. ^{{cite web|url = http://news.sawf.org/Lifestyle/5630.aspx|title = Estonian gays want right to wed|accessdate =September 30, 2007|date = January 3, 2006|publisher = Swaf News}}
7. ^1 {{cite web|url = http://www.ukgaynews.org.uk/Archive/2006jan/1002.htm|title = First Test of Tolerance and Common European Values in Estonia for Gays|accessdate =September 30, 2007|date = January 10, 2005|publisher = UK Gay News}}
8. ^Estonia debates same-sex partnerships
9. ^GLT World News Briefs {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809221630/http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=12778 |date=August 9, 2008 }}
10. ^Estonia Might Allow Gay Marriages
11. ^[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfi.ee%2Fnews%2Fpaevauudised%2Feesti%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D24668557 Kas homoabielud saavad tõesti rohelise tule?]
12. ^Gay Life in Estonia: Gay marriage
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.err.ee/Politics/fb95bc86-cd40-4d9f-b341-8d842e8d014a |title=Justice Chancellor Calls for Same-Sex Partnership Law |publisher=News.err.ee |date=2011-05-25 |accessdate=2014-04-03}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.err.ee/Politics/58735eb6-b36d-4190-b36c-ae1020dac67f |title=Social Dems, Reform Party Reach Common Ground on Civil Partnerships |publisher=News.err.ee |date=2011-10-03 |accessdate=2014-04-03}}
15. ^Ministry Floats Idea of Same-Sex Partnership Without Adoption
16. ^New law in Estonia will provide more protection to unmarried couples
17. ^{{et icon}} KOOSELUSEADUSE EELNÕU KONTSEPTSIOON
18. ^Parliamentary Working Group to Codify Cohabitation
19. ^Gender-Neutral Cohabitation Bill Submitted to Parliament
20. ^{{et icon}} Kooseluseadus 650 SE
21. ^{{et icon}} Seletuskiri kooseluseaduse eelnõu juurde
22. ^{{et icon}} Samasooliste kooselu registreerimist võimaldav eelnõu sai valmis
23. ^Government Approves Cohabitation Bill
24. ^Gender-Neutral Civil Union Bill Survives Early Morning Vote
25. ^Cohabitation Bill Heads to Final Vote
26. ^Parliament Passes Cohabitation Act; President Proclaims It {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130003705/http://news.err.ee/v/main_news/f238f529-5b94-4f66-b7be-ad5d21566cc5 |date=November 30, 2015 }}
27. ^{{et icon}} Riigikogu võttis vastu kooseluseaduse
28. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.err.ee/v/politics/c4084da8-f966-41a0-8651-ba53f4425b3e|title= Coalition already in disagreement over Cohabitation Act|publisher=EER.ee|date=10 April 2015}}
29. ^Cohabitation Act implementing acts pass first reading by single vote
30. ^Cohabitation Act to enter force without implementing acts
31. ^{{et icon}} Kooseluseaduse rakendusaktid jäävad sel aastal vastu võtmata
32. ^Kooseluseaduse rakendusaktid tulevad riigikogus teisele lugemisele jaanuari lõpus
33. ^[https://news.err.ee/653717/position-voted-down-that-registered-partnership-act-never-came-into-force Position voted down that Registered Partnership Act never came into force]
34. ^1 {{et icon}} Geiaktivist läheb kooseluseaduse tõttu riigiga kohtusse
35. ^[https://news.err.ee/744978/supreme-court-registered-partnership-act-part-of-estonia-s-legal-order Supreme Court: Registered Partnership Act part of Estonia's legal order]
36. ^Karilaid: This Estonian parliament won't adopt implementing act of civil partnership law
37. ^Ratas: Current, next Riigikogu will not repeal Registered Partnership Act
38. ^Estonia to pay damages for failing to adopt implementing legislation for civil partnership law
39. ^President chides MPs for shunning Partnership Act's implementing provisions
40. ^Court: Adoption by same-sex couple must be entered in register Eesti Rahvusringhääling, 22 February 2017
41. ^[https://news.err.ee/676976/court-overturns-ruling-keeping-same-sex-couple-from-adopting-child Court overturns ruling keeping same-sex couple from adopting child]
42. ^Jüri Naela pihtimus: olen gei ega tea ühtki inimest, kes mind sellepärast vihkaks
43. ^Ei ebanormaalsusele ehk kuidas Varro Vooglaid mind tappa tahab
44. ^[https://elu24.postimees.ee/2947811/aldo-jarvsoo-loodan-et-koik-segaduses-poisid-tudrukud-elavad-selle-noiajahi-ule Aldo Järvsoo: loodan, et kõik segaduses poisid-tüdrukud elavad selle nõiajahi üle]
45. ^[https://elu24.postimees.ee/3014785/lauri-liiv-eestis-on-monus-olla-ka-geimehena Lauri Liiv: Eestis on mõnus olla ka geimehena]
46. ^[https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/sitting-reviews/riigikogu-concluded-first-reading-of-same-sex-partnership-bill/ Riigikogu concluded first reading of Same-Sex Partnership Bill]
47. ^Riigikogu votes down bill to repeal Registered Partnership Act
48. ^Committee to send registered partnership repeal bill to first reading
49. ^[https://www.riigikogu.ee/tegevus/tooulevaade/haaletused/haaletustulemused-kohalolekukontroll/93fb5f7d-5599-49ad-984e-1076038b9b9f Hääletustulemused 17.10.2017 11:42 - 461 Kooseluseaduse kehtetuks tunnistamise seadus (in Estonian)]
50. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.gay.ru/news/rainbow/2017/01/25-35360.htm|title=GAY.RU - В Эстонии однополая пара через суд добилась признания своего брака, заключенного в Швеции|website=www.gay.ru|access-date=2017-01-25}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/estonia-taken-big-step-marriage-equality/|title=Gay couple win right to be married in Estonia|work=Gay Star News|date=30 January 2017}}
52. ^1 2 Court orders entry of same-sex marriage into Estonian register
53. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://humanrights.ee/en/materials/inimoigused-eestis-2016-2017/lgbt-inimeste-olukord/|title=11 - CHAPTER The situation of LGBT persons|website=Human Rights Centre|date=|author=Aili Kala}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/513112013009/consolide|title=Private International Law Act|publisher=Riigi Teataja}}
55. ^[https://humanrights.ee/en/2018/09/nii-kooselu-kui-abielu-solminud-paare-tuleb-kohelda-vordselt/ Couples in registered partnerships should receive equal treatment]
56. ^Estonia: Parliament speaker condemns MP's verbal attack against judges
57. ^Supreme Court: Same-sex couples have right to protection of family life
58. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.baltictimes.com/same-sex_couple_to_appeal_decision_of_circuit_court/|title=Same-sex couple to appeal decision of circuit court|website=www.baltictimes.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-23}}
59. ^Estonia is one of the most homophobic countries in the OECD
60. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.liberties.eu/en/news/taxpayers-out/14940|title=Taxpayers, Get Out! Estonia Refuses Equal Rights for Same-Sex Couples|website=Liberties|date=May 15, 2018}}
61. ^[https://newsmavens.com/news/change-indicators/1592/estonia-grants-residency-permit-to-gay-couple Estonia grants residency permit to gay couple]
62. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.err.ee/892584/ekre-platform-lower-taxes-fewer-abortions-get-a-billion-dollars-from-us|title=EKRE platform: Lower taxes, fewer abortions, get a billion dollars from US|publisher=ERR News (BNS)|date=2019-01-06|accessdate=2019-03-04}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.err.ee/898713/pro-patria-introduces-campaign-platform-sets-out-to-compete-with-ekre|title=Pro Patria introduces campaign platform, sets out to compete with EKRE|publisher=ERR News|date=2019-01-15|accessdate=2019-03-04}}
64. ^[https://news.err.ee/646256/riigikogu-president-constitution-shouldn-t-define-family Riigikogu president: Constitution shouldn't define family]
65. ^{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/CCPR_Centre/status/1102876083534336000|title=Estonia at HRCttee: Supreme Court will rule on legality of #LGBT#MarriageEquality in the coming months.|website=Twitter|date=5 March 2019}}
66. ^[https://translate.google.com/translate?prev=hp&hl=en&js=y&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uudised.err.ee%2Findex.php%3F06166967&sl=auto&tl=en&history_state0= Homopaaride rights advocates, 32% of the population]
67. ^Uuring: eestlased pole samasooliste kooselu registreerimise vastu
68. ^{{cite web|url=https://humanrights.ee/app/uploads/2017/05/Avaliku-arvamuse-uuring-LGBT-teemadel-2017-4.pdf |title=Avaliku arvamuse uuring LGBT teemadel (2017) |publisher=Estonian Human Rights Center |language=et}}
69. ^[https://heakodanik.ee/uudised/eurobaromeeter-kraadis-sallivuses-jaame-euroopa-keskmisele-tublisti-alla/ Eurobaromeeter kraadis: sallivuses jääme Euroopa keskmisele tublisti alla]
70. ^{{cite web|url=https://humanrights.ee/app/uploads/2017/05/Avaliku-arvamuse-uuring-LGBT-teemadel-2017-4.pdf |title=Avaliku arvamuse uuring LGBT teemadel (2017) |publisher=Estonian Human Rights Center |language=et}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=https://humanrights.ee/app/uploads/2017/01/Avaliku-arvamuse-uuring-LGBT-teemadel-2014.pdf |title=Avaliku arvamuse uuring LGBT teemadel (2014) |publisher=Estonian Human Rights Center |language=et}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=https://humanrights.ee/app/uploads/2017/01/Avaliku-arvamuse-teemaline-avaliku-arvamuse-uuring-2012.pdf |title=Avaliku arvamuse uuring LGBT teemadel (2012) |publisher=Estonian Human Rights Center |language=et}}
73. ^{{cite web|url=https://humanrights.ee/teemad/vordne-kohtlemine/eesti-elanike-hoiakud-lgbt-teemadel/ |title=Eesti elanike hoiakud LGBT teemadel |publisher=Estonian Human Rights Center |language=et}}

External links

  • Call for action – support same-sex partnership rights in Estonia, International Lesbian & Gay Association (Europe)
{{Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Recognition Of Same-Sex Unions In Estonia}}

2 : LGBT rights in Estonia|Civil unions and partnerships by country
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