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词条 Red Bull Air Race World Championship
释义

  1. History

     2011, 2012 and 2013 series cancelled 

  2. Format

     Flying sessions  Starting order  World Championship points 

  3. Rules

     3 second penalty  2 second penalty  1 second penalty  Did Not Finish  Disqualification 

  4. Aircraft

  5. Air Gates

  6. Champions

     Elite/Master Class  Challenger Class 

  7. Most wins

     Elite/Master Class  Challenger Class 

  8. Pilots

     Current  Former 

  9. Race locations

  10. In video games

  11. See also

  12. References

  13. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}{{Infobox motorsport championship
|logo = Red_Bull_Air_Race_2017_logo.png
|caption = Red Bull Air Race logo
|category = Air Racing
|inaugural = 2003
|folded =
|drivers = 14
|teams =
|country/region = International
|champion driver = {{flagicon|CZE}} Martin Šonka
|champion team =
|current_season = 2019 Red Bull Air Race World Championship
|website = redbullairrace.com
}}

The Red Bull Air Race, established in 2003 and created by Red Bull GmbH, is an international series of air races in which competitors have to navigate a challenging obstacle course in the fastest time. Pilots fly individually against the clock and have to complete tight turns through a slalom course consisting of pylons, known as "Air Gates".

The races are held mainly over water near cities, but are also held at airfields or natural wonders. They are accompanied by a supporting program of show flights. Races are usually flown on weekends with the first day for qualification then knockout finals the day after. The events attract large crowds and are broadcast, both live and taped, in many nations.

At each venue, the top eight places earn World Championship points. The air racer with the most points at the end of the Championship becomes Red Bull Air Race World Champion.

After a three-year hiatus for safety improvements and reorganisation, the Air Race resumed in 2014.[1][2]

The Red Bull Air Race World Championship is broadcast live and globally on Red Bull TV.

History

The Red Bull Air Race was conceived in 2001 in the Red Bull sports think-tank which has been responsible for creating a range of new sports events across the world. The aim was to develop a new aviation race that would challenge the ability of the world's best pilots, creating a race in the sky that was not simply about speed, but also precision and skill. The answer was to build a specially designed obstacle course which the pilots would navigate at high speeds.

Development of the prototypes of what are now known as the 'Air Gates' began in 2002 and renowned Hungarian pilot Péter Besenyei successfully completed the first test flight through them. After two years in planning and development, the first official Red Bull Air Race was ready to take off in Zeltweg, Austria in 2003. A second was staged the same year near Budapest in Hungary.

In 2004, three races took place in Kemble (England), Budapest (Hungary) and Reno (USA).

The series was expanded in 2005 to become the Red Bull Air Race World Series. Ten pilots competed in seven races around the world – Mike Mangold was crowned the champion with Péter Besenyei and Kirby Chambliss in second and third place respectively.

Eight races took place in 2006 with 11 pilots competing. Kirby Chambliss was crowned the champion for the Series' second season.

In 2007 the calendar was extended to include ten races with the first race on South American soil taking place in Rio de Janeiro. Mike Mangold reclaimed the title of Red Bull Air Race World Champion 2007.[3] 12 pilots took part in 2008 in eight races around the globe and Austrian pilot Hannes Arch became the first European to win the championship. The largest number of pilots so far took part in six races in 2009. 15 pilots from 12 different countries competed for the world championship title, this time with Brit Paul Bonhomme coming out on top, after coming so close the previous two years.[4]

In the 2010 series, during training runs prior to the race, Brazilian pilot Adilson Kindlemann crashed his plane into the Swan River in Perth. Rescuers were on site within seconds and Kindlemann was rushed to Royal Perth Hospital where it was determined that he had suffered no serious injury. {{As of|2014}}, it is the only crash in the history of the Red Bull Air Race.[5]

2011, 2012 and 2013 series cancelled

The 2011 series of races worldwide was cancelled. The decision was taken by Red Bull on 27 July 2010 to allow for a "headquarters" restructure as well as the implementation of new safety measures.

The 2012 series was also cancelled;

"There will be no races in 2012, that’s true," said Red Bull Air Race Team spokesperson Nadja Zele in an email message to AOPA. "A revamped concept and a fixed race calendar will be revealed in 2013."[6][7]

Eventually, the 2013 series was cancelled as well. However, in October 2013, it was announced that the Red Bull Air Race World Championship would return in 2014.[8][9] Training for the upcoming season took place at Olney airport in Texas.[10] The Championship finally returned in Abu Dhabi on 28 February 2014.

Format

In earlier seasons, 2005 and 2006, pilots first ran two qualifying rounds to determine starting order, with the fastest time starting last. The race was then run over two rounds, and the combined time of both rounds determines the winner. Starting in 2007, a new knock-out format was introduced which was modified for 2008.

Flying sessions

  • Training: Takes place on the days preceding Qualifying Day. There are two training days each consisting of two training sessions. Pilots must take part in at least two mandatory training sessions. Time of final training session (training 4) determines the starting order for Qualifying.
  • Qualifying: Takes place on Qualifying Day, the day before Race Day. Includes two mandatory qualifying sessions. Best time counts.
  • Round of 14: Takes place on Race Day. The fastest seven from each heat and the fastest loser compete for a place in the Round of 8. Results in the Round of 14 determine 9th to 14th place race positions.
  • Round of 8: Eight fastest from Round of 14 compete in the Round of 8. The fastest four pilots from each heat advance to the Final 4. Results in the Super 8 determine 5th to 8th place race positions.
  • Final 4: Four fastest from the Super 8 compete in the Final 4 for 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th place race positions.[11]

Starting order

The starting order is the order in which the pilots will race in each flying session. The starting order for Training is defined by the results of the last year's Red Bull Air Race World Championship standings. The highest ranking pilot starts first. Starting order for new race pilots is determined by a draw. The starting order for Qualifying is defined by the results of the fourth training session. The order is reversed so that the slowest pilot from the fourth training session starts first. The starting order for all sessions on Race Day is determined by the results in Qualifying. The order is reversed so that the slowest pilot from Qualifying starts first.[11]

World Championship points

Based on the pilot's place at each race, World Championship points are awarded. The current points scoring format see first place receive 25 points, second place receive 22, on through thirteenth who receives one.

Position 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th
Points 25 22 20 18 14 13 12 11 5 4 3 2 1 0

Rules

Pilots are required to complete the {{convert|5|-|6|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} track and fly between the Air Gates following a predetermined race track configuration. Failure to do this correctly results in penalty seconds being added to their race time. Penalty seconds can be added for an incorrect passing of an Air Gate or passing an Air Gate at an incorrect orientation. For more serious breaches of the rules, pilots may be ruled as "Did Not Finish" or disqualified.[11]

Three different gate types require a specific manner of crossing. Double cone gates must be crossed in level flight, single cone gates must be crossed in a 90° angle, and slalom flying through the chicane gates (knife or level flying not mandatory).[11]

Penalties are incurred for violations of the rules, as follows.[12][13]

3 second penalty

  • Hitting a gate (1st time)
  • Hitting a gate (2nd time)

2 second penalty

  • Flying too high, through or over an Air Gate
  • Incorrect level (at an angle) crossing through an Air Gate

1 second penalty

  • Insufficient or no smoke

Did Not Finish

  • Deviating from course
  • Exceeding {{convert|200|kn|0}} when crossing the Start Gate
  • Aircraft weight below {{convert|698|kg}} after the race
  • Exceeding 10g for more than 0.6 seconds[14]
  • Exceeding maximum load factor of 12g[15]
  • Hitting a gate (3rd time)

Disqualification

  • Uncontrolled movements or flight
  • Close to ground pull-up from descent
  • Crossing safety line
  • Negative g-turn around a pylon
  • Flying below {{convert|15|m}} between Air Gates
  • Flying into clouds
  • Entering course at an angle exceeding 45 degrees
  • Ignoring Race Director commands

Aircraft

The competitors use high-performance aerobatic planes such as the Zivko Edge 540, MXS-R, and the Corvus Racer 540, equipped with Lycoming engines.[19] All aircraft have a wingspan less than {{convert|7.6|m}} and top speeds ranging from {{convert|406|to|426|km/h|abbr=on}}.

Competitors have tuned their aircraft for better performance. However, the safety implications of engine or airframe failures mean that performance tuning by individual teams, though commonly done in motorsports, is strictly limited in scope.

Each aircraft carries a TL elektronic TL-3424_EXT accelerometer. It transmits timing and speed data which is picked up and displayed on large spectator screens.

Air Gates

The air gates are made up of one or two pylons, each approximately {{convert|25|m}} high, and spaced {{convert|10|to|15|m}} apart depending on the gate.[16]

The first prototype pylon was developed by Martin Jehart of Bellutti Protection Systems, an Austrian engineering firm specializing in the manufacturing of technical materials and tarpaulin. They initially used a latex balloon for crash tests and aerodynamic studies and after many tests and research settled on the use of a combination of different materials, the crucial component being spinnaker ripstop nylon, an extremely lightweight and flexible material used for making sails for boats. This would prove to be a breakthrough in the development of the Air Gates producing a pylon that would rip instantaneously when hit by a plane. Over 70 tests of the pylon were carried out on the ground using a car with a wing strapped on the roof before they were ready to undergo tests with a real plane. Eight different cars were used in these tests as well as a trailer and truck. Hungarian pilot, Péter Besenyei worked closely with the team and attempted the first deliberate pylon hit in early 2003 with positive results. The first Air Gates, which were cylindrical, were finally ready to be used at the very first Red Bull Air Races held in Austria and Hungary later that year.

The Air Gates play a vital role in the Red Bull Air Race, but must also fulfill complex and contradictory demands. They have to be delicate enough to burst apart the instant they are touched by an aircraft and sturdy enough to remain stationary in all weather conditions, including stormy weather and strong winds. The early cylindrical pylons fulfilled the first criterion but proved to be too unstable in the wind.

The answer came in 2004 with the cone design. These Air Gates measure {{convert|5|m|ft}} across the base and {{convert|.75|m|ft}} at their tip. Inside the Air Gate a relatively high, and carefully monitored, pressure level is maintained with the use of powerful electrical, petrol-powered blowers that help keep the Air Gates steady even in windy conditions.

Over the years the Air Gate design has developed and improved and today's Air Gates can withstand wind speeds of up to {{convert|60|km/h|abbr=on}} without being blown over. Their stability is further reinforced with 12 ground attachments, each strong enough to hold {{convert|1200|kg}}. For races over water, the Air Gates are secured to a floating barge which has stability anchors.[17]

Unlike early models, the current structures are made up of six sections attached together by zippers and Velcro to allow quick replacement if damaged by a plane. Prior to May 2008, the races had used more than eight tons of fabric for the various pylons, and the average life of each pylon was 15 races. Thirty-five pylons are transported to each race, and at each race's completion, the pylons are sent to Innsbruck, Austria to be repaired.[18]

If a pylon is hit by the plane, it is designed to break apart, preventing it from harming the plane and pilot. The damaged parts of the pylon are replaced by course personnel nicknamed "Air Gators". It usually takes a few minutes to replace a pylon. The record for the setup of a replacement pylon is 1 minute 30 seconds, set in 2007.[18]

Champions

Elite/Master Class

{{main|List of Red Bull Air Race World Championship winners}}
SeasonChampionSecondThird
2003HUN}} Péter BesenyeiDEU}} Klaus SchrodtUSA}} Kirby Chambliss
2004USA}} Kirby ChamblissHUN}} Péter BesenyeiGBR}} Steve Jones
2005USA}} Mike MangoldHUN}} Péter BesenyeiUSA}} Kirby Chambliss
2006USA}} Kirby ChamblissHUN}} Péter BesenyeiUSA}} Mike Mangold
2007USA}} Mike MangoldGBR}} Paul BonhommeHUN}} Péter Besenyei
2008AUT}} Hannes ArchGBR}} Paul BonhommeUSA}} Kirby Chambliss
2009GBR}} Paul BonhommeAUT}} Hannes ArchAUS}} Matt Hall
2010GBR}} Paul BonhommeAUT}} Hannes ArchGBR}} Nigel Lamb
2011–2013: not held
2014GBR}} Nigel LambAUT}} Hannes ArchGBR}} Paul Bonhomme
2015GBR}} Paul BonhommeAUS}} Matt HallAUT}} Hannes Arch
2016DEU}} Matthias DoldererAUS}} Matt HallAUT}} Hannes Arch
2017JPN}} Yoshihide MuroyaCZE}} Martin ŠonkaCAN}} Pete McLeod
2018CZE}} Martin ŠonkaAUS}} Matt HallUSA}} Michael Goulian
2019

Challenger Class

SeasonChampionPoints leader
2014CZE}} Petr KopfsteinFRA}} François Le Vot
2015FRA}} Mikaël BrageotFRA}} Mikaël Brageot
2016DEU}} Florian BergérDEU}} Florian Bergér
2017DEU}} Florian BergérDEU}} Florian Bergér
2018POL}} Luke CzepielaDEU}} Florian Bergér
2019

Most wins

{{updated|9 February 2019, up to and including the race of Abu Dhabi.}}{{col-begin}}{{col-break|width=20%}}

Elite/Master Class

RankPilotWins
1GBR}} Paul Bonhomme19
2AUT}} Hannes Arch11
3{{flagicon|USA}} Kirby Chambliss10
4USA}} Mike Mangold9
5HUN}} Péter Besenyei8
6{{flagicon|AUS}} Matt Hall6
{{flagicon|JPN}} Yoshihide Muroya6
{{flagicon|CZE}} Martin Šonka6
9{{flagicon|FRA}} Nicolas Ivanoff5
10{{flagicon|GER}} Matthias Dolderer3
{{flagicon|USA}} Michael Goulian3
12GBR}} Steve Jones2
13GBR}} Nigel Lamb1
{{flagicon|CAN}} Pete McLeod1
Total90
{{col-break|width=50%}}

Challenger Class

RankPilotWins
1{{flagicon|GER}} Florian Bergér7
{{flagicon|SWE}} Daniel Ryfa7
3FRA}} Mikaël Brageot4
{{flagicon|POL}} Luke Czepiela4
5{{flagicon|HKG}} Kenny Chiang3
{{flagicon|USA}} Kevin Coleman3
CZE}} Petr Kopfstein3
FRA}} Francois Le Vot3
9CHI}} Cristian Bolton2
MYS}} Halim Othman2
11{{flagicon|FRA}} Mélanie Astles1
DEU}} Claudius Spiegel1
Total40
{{col-end}}{{legend|#cef2ce|Active in 2018}}

Pilots

Current

Master ClassChallenger Class
NationPilotNationPilot
Chile}} Cristian BoltonFrance}} Mélanie Astles
France}} Mikael BrageotGermany}} Florian Berger
United States}} Kirby ChamblissHong Kong}} Kenny Chiang
Germany}} Matthias DoldererUnited States}} Kevin Coleman
United States}} Michael GoulianItaly}} Dario Costa
Australia}} Matt HallPoland}} Luke Czepiela
France}} Nicolas IvanoffSouth Africa}} Patrick Davidson
Czech Republic}} Petr KopfsteinUnited States}} Sammy Mason
France}} Francois Le VotSweden}} Daniel Ryfa
Canada}} Pete McLeodAustria}} Patrick Strasser
Japan}} Yoshihide MuroyaFrance}} Baptiste Vignes
United Kingdom}} Ben MurphySwitzerland}} Vito Wyprachtiger
Czech Republic}} Martin Sonka
Spain}} Juan Velarde

Former

NationPilotNationPilot
Austria}} Hannes ArchUnited Kingdom}} Nigel Lamb
Hungary}} Péter BesenyeiSpain}} Alejandro Maclean
United Kingdom}} Paul BonhommeUnited States}} Mike Mangold
South Africa}} Glen DellUnited States}} David Martin
United Kingdom}} Steve JonesRussia}} Sergey Rakhmanin
Lithuania}} Jurgis KairysGermany}} Klaus Schrodt
Brazil}} Adilson KindlemannNetherlands}} Frank Versteegh
Slovenia}}Peter Podlunšek

Race locations

CountryLocationRounds in
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
{{AUS}} Swan River, Perth 9th 12th 9th 2nd
{{AUT}} Zeltweg Air Base 1st 3rd
Red Bull Ring, Spielberg 8th 6th 2nd
Wiener Neustadt6th
{{BRA}} Rio de Janeiro 2nd 3rd
{{CAN}} Windsor, Ontario 3rd 4th
{{CHN}} Beijing 10
{{CRO}} Rovinj 2nd 3rd
{{FRA}} Cannes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 2nd
{{GER}} Berlin 3rd
EuroSpeedway Lausitz 6th 6th 7th
{{HUN}} River Danube, Budapest 2nd 2nd 6th 6th 8th 7th 4th 7th6 4th 4th 4th 4th 4th
{{IRL}} Rock of Cashel 4th
{{JAP}} Makuhari, Chiba 2nd 3rd 3rd 3rd 5th
{{MAS}} Putrajaya Lake, Putrajaya 3rd
{{MEX}} Acapulco, Guerrero 11th1
{{NED}} Erasmusbrug, Rotterdam 2nd 5th
{{POL}} Gdynia 4th
{{POR}} River Douro, Porto 9th 8th 5th 6th
Lisbon 8th7
{{RUS}} St. Petersburg 4th2
Sochi 11
Kazan 5th 5th 3rd
{{SAU}} - 8th
{{ESP}} Barcelona 2nd 5th3 6 6th
{{SUI}} Interlaken, Bern 6th
{{SWE}} Stockholm 4th4
{{TUR}} Golden Horn, Istanbul 5th 4th
{{UAE}} Mina' Zayid, Abu Dhabi 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st 1st
{{GBR}} Longleat 5th 7th
Kemble 1st
River Thames, London 7th 6th
Ascot Racecourse, Ascot 5th 5th 5th
{{USA}} Monument Valley, Arizona/Utah 3rd
Reno, Nevada 3rd
San Diego, California 10th 2nd 2nd 2nd
San Francisco, California 7th 8th
Detroit, Michigan 3rd
New York City/Jersey City 5th9
Texas Motor Speedway, Fort Worth 6th 7th8th
Indianapolis Motor Speedway 7th 8th 7th 7th
Las Vegas 7th 8th 8th5
  • 1 The 11th round of the 2007 season in Acapulco, Mexico was cancelled.
  • 2 The 4th round of the 2006 season in St. Petersburg, Russia was cancelled.
  • 3 The 5th round of the 2007 season in Barcelona, Spain was cancelled.
  • 4 The 4th round of the 2008 season in Stockholm, Sweden was cancelled.
  • 5 The season finale of the 2016 season in Las Vegas, United States was cancelled.
  • 6 Race in Spain was cancelled.
  • 7 Cancelled
  • 8 Cancelled
  • 9 Race location was Liberty State Park in Jersey City.
  • 10 Race in China was cancelled. Replaced by Austria.
  • 11 Race in Russia was cancelled. Replaced by Croatia.

In video games

  • The Red Bull Air Race is featured as a playable mini-game in a special dedicated "Red Bull space" for PlayStation Home released on 8 January 2009.[19]
  • The Red Bull Air Race is also featured as an advanced mission in Microsoft's Flight Simulator X.
  • The Red Bull Air Race is now a game for Apple's iPod touch/iPhone.
  • The The Game announced for PC version will featured the high-end desktop graphics, other console not yet to be confirmed. PC version will release in 2016, developed by Slightly Mad Studios and published by Wing Racers Games Sports.

See also

  • Competition aerobatics
  • List of motorsport championships
  • Reno Air Races

References

1. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.aopa.org/News-and-Video/All-News/2013/December/Pilot/Briefing-What-happens-in-Vegas |title=Pilot Briefing: Red Bull Air Race returns |journal=AOPA Pilot |first=Alyssa |last=Miller |page=36 |date=December 2013}}
2. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.redbull.com/mea/en/stories/1331615059666/red-bull-air-race-world-championship-returns |title=Red Bull Air Race World Championship returns! |publisher=Red Bull |date=10 October 2013 |accessdate=30 January 2014}}
3. ^{{cite journal |title=History of the Red Bull Air Race |journal=Red Bull Air Race World Championship. Press Kit Perth 2008 |date=October 2008 |page=9}}
4. ^{{cite web| title = History of the Red Bull Air Race| publisher = Newsroom, Red Bull Air Race GmbH| date = 10 January 2009| url = http://www.redbullairracenewsroom.com/text/detail/id/1492?lang=en| accessdate = 14 July 2009 }}
5. ^{{cite web| title = Red Bull Plane Crashes into River| publisher = TheWest.com.au| date = 15 April 2010| url = http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/newshome/7065915/red-bull-plane-crashes-into-river/| accessdate = 15 April 2010}}
6. ^Red Bull Air Race cancelled worldwide
7. ^City of Windsor, Ontario's website - Mayor Eddie Francis laments cancellation of 2011 Red Bull Air Races
8. ^Jason Paur. "[https://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/10/red-bull-air-races-2014/ Crazy Red Bull Air Races Returning to the Skies in 2014]" Wired (magazine), 9 October 2013. Accessed: 3 November 2013.
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.redbullairrace.com/cs/Satellite/en_air/Article/Red-Bull-Air-Race-World-Championship-eyes-2014-021243236755435 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-01-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110192530/http://www.redbullairrace.com/cs/Satellite/en_air/Article/Red-Bull-Air-Race-World-Championship-eyes-2014-021243236755435 |archivedate=10 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
10. ^"Pilots train for Red Bull Air Race" 25 October 2013. Accessed: 3 November 2013. Photos and videos
11. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |title=The Rules |journal=Red Bull Air Race World Championship 2009. General Press Kit |year=2009 |pages=14–15}}
12. ^{{cite journal |url=http://issuu.com/redbullairraceworldchampionship/docs/abudhabi2014 |title=How to Race |journal=Red Bull Air Race Magazine |issue=1 |page=28 |year=2014}}
13. ^http://www.redbullairrace.com/en_US/article/rule-recap-mangold
14. ^http://www.redbullairrace.com/en_GB/article/you-have-be-g-limit-or-youre-too-slow
15. ^http://www.nywaterway.com/UserFiles/Files/redbull_rulesandprinciples.pdf
16. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20080501-9999-1w01redbull.html |title=Speed racers |work=Dan Diego Union-Tribune |first=Penny |last=Lingo |date=1 May 2008 |accessdate=3 May 2008}}
17. ^{{cite journal |title=The Air Gates |journal=Red Bull Air Race World Championship. Press Kit Perth 2008 |date=October 2008 |pages=27–28}}
18. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Behind the Scenes: Air Gates |journal=Red Bull Air Race Magazine |date=May 2008 |pages=32–35}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2009/01/playstation-home-content-update-coming-this-week/ |title=PlayStation Home Content Update Coming This Week |publisher=SCE |author=CydoniaX |date=7 January 2009 |accessdate=22 October 2009}}

External links

{{commons category|Red Bull Air Race}}
  • Red Bull Air Race – Official website
{{Red Bull Air Race World Championship}}{{Red Bull Air Race World Series Champions}}{{Red Bull Air Race World Series Pilots}}{{Red Bull}}{{Main world championships}}{{Aerobatics}}

2 : Red Bull Air Race World Championship|Recurring sporting events established in 2003
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