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词条 Red-crested tree-rat
释义

  1. Discovery

  2. Description

  3. Behaviour, distribution and habitat

  4. Classification

  5. Phylogeny

  6. Threats and protection

  7. See also

  8. References

{{Short description|A species of mammal belonging to the spiny rat family of rodents, characterized by a critically endangered status}}{{speciesbox
| image = Santamartamys, David Valle Martinez.jpg
| image_caption = Illustration of Santamartamys rufodorsalis
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = [1]
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Santamartamys
| parent_authority = Emmons, 2005
| species = rufodorsalis
| authority = (J.A. Allen, 1899)
| range_map = Santamartamys rufodorsalis distribution.png
| synonyms =
  • Diplomys rufodorsalis
  • Isothrix rufodorsalis

}}

The red-crested tree-rat or Santa Marta Toro is a species of tree-rat found in the monotypic genus Santamartamys in the family Echimyidae. It is nocturnal and is believed to feed on plant matter, and is mainly rufous, with young specimens having a grey coat. IUCN list the species as critically endangered: it is affected by feral cats, climate change, and the clearing of forest in its potential range in coastal Colombia.

It is known only from three specimens, a specimen collected in 1898 in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and identified by Herbert Huntingdon Smith, a specimen identified by the American ornithologist and entomologist Melbourne Armstrong Carriker in 1913 at the same location, and a further specimen observed in the same location in 2011. Found at altitudes of 700 to 2,000 metres, the species is endemic to Colombia in an isolated area with high levels of biodiversity. The species was initially identified as Isothrix rufodorsalis in 1899, re-classified as Diplomys rufodorsalis in 1935, and the monotypic genus Santamartamys was created in 2005 for the species.

Discovery

On 24 December 1898, Herbert Huntingdon Smith identified the first specimen of Santamartamys in Ocana, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia.[2] The specimen was of undetermined gender, and as all specimens of Smith's collections were collected by local hunters, there is no specific information regarding the location where the specimen was discovered.[2] A second specimen, also of undetermined gender, was discovered in around 1913 in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta by Carriker, but there is not much information regarding its location either, or the date of discovery.[2] It is assumed that the specimen was obtained through a gift or was purchased. It was recorded as a Santamartamys specimen in 1913 at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. Despite several organised searches, no other specimens were discovered.[3]

However, on 4 May 2011, two volunteers from Fundación ProAves photographed one individual at {{convert|1958|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level in El Dorado Nature Reserve ({{coord|11|06|02.93|N|74|04|19.36|W|display:inline}}) that was subsequently identified by Rainforest Trust staff.[4]

Description

Santamartamys specimens measure between {{convert|20|and|48|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=flip}} from head to the tip of their tail, with their tails measuring between {{convert|18|and|28|cm|abbr=on}}.[5] The species can weigh up to {{convert|500|g|abbr=on}},[6] and has a woolly, soft, and long coat. The species is mainly rufous.[9] The hair on the dorsal region is of intense red colouring, and a large portion of the tail hair is black (basal), but the last two-fifths of the tail are white.[7] Its ears are small and light brown, and feature tufts of long hair on the inner surface, but lack hair on the outer surface. Between the eye and the ear, there is a tuft of long black hairs.[7] The thin whiskers can reach up to {{convert|5|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=flip}} long, and has a strip of red fur around its neck.[9]

The upper surfaces of the front and rear legs are covered in a pale gray coat, and the hind legs are very short and wide.[7] The feet lack small tubercles and the thumb is covered by a nail.[8] Its skull is short and wide, and it has a heavy, large, and uncurved zygomatic bone.[7] The supraorbital ridge of the skull is large, and the interorbital region is very broad with nearly parallel sides.[7] The facial portion of the skull is very short, and the distance between the incisors and the molars is slightly less than the length of the coronary surface of its upper row of teeth.[7] Santamartamys has large eyes, which is consistent with its nocturnal behaviour.[2] It has two pairs of udders on the lateral edge of the abdominal side coat.[8]

Young specimens of Santamartamys have a grey coat.[2] During the transition to the adult intense red coat, moulting begins at the anterior region and moves backward.[2]

Behaviour, distribution and habitat

Santamartamys is a nocturnal rodent,[4] and its diet is unknown, but it is assumed to feed on plant matter such as fruits or seeds, like similar species in family Echimyidae.[9] It is able to easily climb a vertical wooden surface. The specimen observed in 2011 made no sounds.[2] It is endemic to Colombia, and has only been found in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta at altitudes of {{convert|700|to|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}.[5] Due to the location's isolation and specific geological and climatic conditions, this mountainous region has high levels of biodiversity and endemism.[2] It is believed that the habitat of Santamartamys is suffering degradation.[1]

Classification

Known as the "red-crested tree rat",[1] this species was originally described as Isothrix rufodorsalis by American biologist Joel Asaph Allen in 1899,[10] and was transferred to genus Diplomys in 1935 by George Henry Hamilton Tate. In 2005, its subfamily Echimyinae was revised by Louise Emmons from the Smithsonian Institution, and identified a number of unique features of this species, including the differences between the teeth of this species and others in genus Diplomys.[2] This resulted in the establishment of monotypic genus Santamartamys.[2]

The genus name Santamartamys comes from "Santa Marta", part of the name of the location where the specimens were found, and mys, meaning "mouse".[8] Rufodorsalis comes from Latin, with rufus and dorsalis meaning "red" and "back", respectively, referring to the colour of this rodent.[8]

Phylogeny

Santamartamys is a member of the Echimyini clade of arboreal Echimyidae rodents. The closest relative of Santamartamys is Diplomys, reflecting the fact that these taxa have once been classified in the same genus.[10] These two genera constitute the sister group of the "Dactylomyines", a clade of South American bamboo rats.[11] All these taxa are closely related to the genera Echimys, Phyllomys, Makalata, Pattonomys, and Toromys. In turn, these genera share phylogenetic affinities with the clade containing Lonchothrix and Mesomys, and with Isothrix.[12]{{cladogram
|title=Genus-level cladogram of the Echimyini.
|caption=The cladogram has been reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA characters.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][12]
|align=center
|clades={{Cladogram of Echimyini genera}}
}}

Threats and protection

Santamartamys was rediscovered on 4 May 2011 in nature reserve El Dorado, a protected area of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.[2][21] Set up on 31 March 2006, this reserve covers {{convert|1024|ha|abbr=on}} at an altitude between {{convert|950|and|2600|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and contains a large number of endemic or endangered species.[22]

In 1990, Emmons believed that Santamartamys was one of the rarest neotropical mammals.[5] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) described the species as "Vulnerable" in 1996.[1] In 2008, two assessors from IUCN re-classified it as "Data deficient",[1] given the lack of information regarding the distribution, ecology and habitat of this rodent.[2] Following a reassessment in 2011, the species was listed as "Critically endangered", with much of the forest in the potential range of the species having been cleared or degraded.[1] Much of its potential area is infested with feral cats (who feed on fauna),[3][6] and climate change is a long-term threat to the species.[1]

See also

  • Fauna of Colombia
  • IUCN Red List

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Patterson, B. & Lacher, T. 2011. Santamartamys rufodorsalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 11 January 2016.
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite book|first1=Elizabeth|last1=Noble|first2=Simon|last2=McKeown|first3=Wes|last3=Sechrest|title=Rediscovery of Santamartamys rufodorsalis (Rodent: Echimyidae)|publisher=Conservación Colombiana|number=15|date=31 October 2011|pages=40–43|issn=1900-1592}}
3. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/news/?7517/proavesmammalrediscovered|title=Spectacular mammal rediscovered after 113 years!|publisher=IUCN|date=19 May 2011|accessdate=28 November 2014}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.proaves.org/article.php?id_article=999|title=Espectacular mamífero redescubierto después de 113 años en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta|publisher=ProAves Colombia|date=18 May 2011|language=Spanish|accessdate=28 November 2014}}
5. ^1 2 {{cite book|first=Ronald M.|last=Nowak|title= Walker's Mammals of the World|volume=1|publisher=JHU Press|year=1999|isbn=9780801857898|p=1696}}
6. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/redescubren-santa-marta-roedor-no-habia-sido-visto-desde-1898/239977-3|title=Rediscovered in Santa Marta - rodent that has not been seen since 1898|publisher=Semana|date=18 May 2011|language=Spanish}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|first=Joel Asaph|last=Allen|authorlink=Joel Asaph Allen|title=New Rodents from Colombia and Venezuela|publisher=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|volume=12|year=1899|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/handle/2246/550//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B012a16.pdf?sequence=1}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|first=Louise Hickock|last=Emmons|author-link=Louise H. Emmons|title=Mammalian Diversification: From Chromosomes to phylogeography (A Celebration of the Career of James L. Patton)|volume=133|publisher=University of California Press|year=2005|isbn=9780520098534|section=A revision of the genera of arboreal Echimyidae (Rodentia: Echimyidae, Echimyinae), with descriptions of two new genera|pages=247–310}}
9. ^{{citation|author=BSi|title=Santamartamys (Allen, 1899)|year=2012|publisher=Sistema de información sobre biodiversidad in Colombia|language=Spanish|url=http://www.siac.net.co/sib/catalogoespecies/especie.do?idBuscar=3671&method=displayAAT|accessdate=28 November 2014}}
10. ^1 {{MSW3 Hystricognathi | id = 13400428 | page = 1577 | heading = Species Diplomys rufodorsalis}}
11. ^{{Cite book|title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol 6. Lagomorphs and Rodents I|last1=Fabre|first1=Pierre-Henri|last2=Patton|first2=James L.|author2-link=James L. Patton|last3=Leite|first3=Yuri L. R.|year=2016|isbn=978-84-941892-3-4|editor-last1=Wilson|editor-first1=Don E.|editor-last2=Lacher|editor-first2=Thomas E. Jr|editor-last3=Mittermeier|editor-first3=Russell A.|publisher=Lynx Edicions|location=Barcelona|pages=552–641|chapter=Family Echimyidae (hutias, South American spiny-rats and coypu)|title-link=Handbook of the Mammals of the World}}
12. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Fabre|first=Pierre-Henri|last2=Upham|first2=Nathan S.|last3=Emmons|first3=Louise H.|author-link3=Louise H. Emmons|last4=Justy|first4=Fabienne|last5=Leite|first5=Yuri L. R.|last6=Loss|first6=Ana Carolina|last7=Orlando|first7=Ludovic|last8=Tilak|first8=Marie-Ka|last9=Patterson|first9=Bruce D.|last10=Douzery|first10=Emmanuel J. P.|date=2017-03-01|title=Mitogenomic Phylogeny, Diversification, and Biogeography of South American Spiny Rats|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/34/3/613/2739699/Mitogenomic-Phylogeny-Diversification-and|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=34|issue=3|pages=613–633|doi=10.1093/molbev/msw261|pmid=28025278|issn=0737-4038}}
13. ^{{Cite journal |last=Lara |first=Márcia C. |last2=Patton |first2=James L. |author-link2=James L. Patton |last3=da Silva |first3=Maria Nazareth F. |year=1996 |title=The Simultaneous Diversification of South American Echimyid Rodents (Hystricognathi) Based on Complete Cytochrome b Sequences |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=403–413 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1996.0035|pmid=8728398 }}
14. ^{{Cite journal |last1=Leite |first1=Yuri L. R. |last2=Patton |first2=James L. |author-link2=James L. Patton |year=2002 |title=Evolution of South American spiny rats (Rodentia, Echimyidae): the star-phylogeny hypothesis revisited |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=455–464 |doi=10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00279-8}}
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16. ^{{Cite journal |last=Upham |first=Nathan S. |last2=Patterson |first2=Bruce D. |year=2012 |title=Diversification and biogeography of the Neotropical caviomorph lineage Octodontoidea (Rodentia: Hystricognathi) |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790312000371 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=417–429 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.020|pmid=22327013 }}
17. ^{{Cite journal |last=Fabre |first=Pierre-Henri |last2=Galewski |first2=Thomas |last3=Tilak |first3=Marie-ka |last4=Douzery |first4=Emmanuel J. P. |date=2013-03-01 |title=Diversification of South American spiny rats (Echimyidae): a multigene phylogenetic approach |journal=Zoologica Scripta |language=en |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=117–134 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00572.x |issn=1463-6409}}
18. ^{{Cite journal|last=Loss|first=Ana|last2=Moura|first2=Raquel T.|last3=Leite|first3=Yuri L. R.|date=2014|title=Unexpected phylogenetic relationships of the painted tree rat Callistomys pictus (Rodentia: Echimyidae)|url=http://www.naturezaonline.com.br/natureza/conteudo/pdf/05_LossACetal_132-136.pdf|journal=Natureza on Line|volume=12|pages=132–136|via=}}
19. ^{{Cite journal |last=Fabre |first=Pierre-Henri |last2=Vilstrup |first2=Julia T. |last3=Raghavan |first3=Maanasa |last4=Der Sarkissian |first4=Clio |last5=Willerslev |first5=Eske |last6=Douzery |first6=Emmanuel J. P. |last7=Orlando |first7=Ludovic |date=2014-07-01 |title=Rodents of the Caribbean: origin and diversification of hutias unravelled by next-generation museomics |url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/7/20140266 |journal=Biology Letters |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=20140266 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2014.0266 |pmid=25115033 |issn=1744-9561|pmc=4126619 }}
20. ^{{Cite book |title=Biology of caviomorph rodents: diversity and evolution |last1=Upham |first1=Nathan S. |last2=Patterson |first2=Bruce D. |publisher=SAREM Series A, Mammalogical Research — Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos |year=2015 |isbn= |editor-last1=Vassallo |editor-first1=Aldo Ivan |location=Buenos Aires |pages=63–120 |chapter=Evolution of Caviomorph rodents: a complete phylogeny and timetree for living genera |editor-last2=Antenucci |editor-first2=Daniel}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://lostandfoundnature.com/story_red_tree_rat.html|title=Lost & Found - Once upon a time, there was an adventurer|last=Lost & Found|date=|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428160832/http://lostandfoundnature.com/story_red_tree_rat.html|archive-date=2017-04-28|dead-url=yes|access-date=2018-04-08}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.proaves.org/proaves/index.php/es/reservas-de-proaves/rna-el-dorado|title=Reserva Natural de las Aves El Dorado|publisher=Fundación ProAves|accessdate=28 November 2014|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130113071014/http://www.proaves.org/proaves/index.php/es/reservas-de-proaves/rna-el-dorado|archivedate=13 January 2013|df=}}
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9 : Echimyidae|Endemic fauna of Colombia|Mammals of Colombia|Rodents of South America|Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta|Mammals described in 1899|Monotypic mammal genera|Rodent genera|Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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