| 词条 | Refosco |
| 释义 |
| name = Refosco | color = Noir | image = | caption = | species = Vitis vinifera | also_called = | origin = Italy | hazards = | regions = | notable_wines = }} Refosco is a very old family of dark-skinned grape varieties native to the Venetian zone and neighbouring areas of Friuli, Gavi, Trentino,[1] Istria, and Karst Plateau.[2] It is considered autochthonous in these regions. The wines this grape yields can be quite powerful and tannic, with a deep violet color and a slight bitterness. On the palate, there are strong currant, wild berry and plum flavors. The wine can stand some aging (depending on variety), and after a period of four-to-ten years, it achieves a floral quality as well. Refosco should be served at 16 °C (60.8 °F), or if it is particularly rich in tannin, at 18 °C (64.4 °F). It goes best with charcuterie, game, and grilled poultry.[2] VarietiesThere are several varieties of refosco family:[3][4]
Origin and historyThe Refosco family have a very long history, but details of the early history are not clear. DNA analysis of Refosco dal Pedunculo Rosso has revealed a relationship with Marzemino, another ancient variety of northern Italy.[15] Some authorities have previously suggested that Mondeuse noire, which is primarily found in the Savoy region in eastern France, is identical to Refosco dal Pedunculo Rosso due to the similarity of the wines. DNA analysis has shown that this is not the case, and that the two varieties are unrelated.[16] Several oenologists believe that wines made from Refosco family grapes are the old Roman puccinum. The grapes were well known in antiquity and a variety of Refosco wine was praised by the Roman writer Pliny the Elder in the first century for its quality. In his work Naturalis Historia he mentioned that puccinum was made of grapes grown in the north Adriatic near the spring of Timavo - a typical Karst river: ... This is the Region of the Carni, joining that of Japides : the River Timavus, and the Castle Pucinum, famous for good Wine. ... Pliniy, Natural History, CHAPTER XVIII. Venetia, the tenth Region.) [17] Puccinum was the favorite of Augustus's wife Livia.[18][19][20] There is also a contrary theory that puccinum could be a sweet white prosecco. This theory was supported by Italian Prof. Gianni Dalmasso[21] who claimed that Livia could not like the bitter taste of Refosco wine and that the only possible wine she could like was a sweet variety of prosecco grown in the Trieste region.[18] There is also a comment on the medieval map Prosecho ol:Pucinum, hinc vina a Plinio | tantopere laudata (Prosecho, once called Pucinum. From here comes wine highly praised by Plinius), from Gregorio Amaseo, (1464–1541).[22] Even the famous Giacomo Casanova liked the Refosco wine, as he describes it in his book of memories: ... His Refosco, which was even better than my devout hostess's had been, made me forget all my troubles. ...: Giacomo Casanova. History of my life. Volume 1, Chapter 8, Page 207. Translated by Willard R. Trask. JHU Press. 1966[23] It is believed that one of the reasons the Habsburgs build the Parenzana railway from Trieste to Poreč was because they liked the wines from the region (Refosco, Malvasia and Teran). That is also why the railway was often referred to as a wine railroad or vineyard railway.[24] See also
References1. ^{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Jancis Robinson | encyclopedia=Oxford Companion to Wine |edition= Third |title=Refosco |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-860990-6 |pages=564 }} {{wines}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 Matkurja - Refošk, accessed 06/29/2011 3. ^1 http://www.chalmersnurseries.com/www/varieties/refoscodalpeduncolo/refoscodalpeduncolo.htm Chalmers Nurseries - Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso, accessed 2011-06-22 4. ^Vina Steras - Refošk, Slovene, accessed 2011-06-22 5. ^Friuli – Venezia Giulia Wines, accessed 2011-06-22 6. ^Matkurja - Teran, accessed 06/29/2011 7. ^The Association of Wine Educators - Visit to Slovenia, accessed 2011-06-22 8. ^Nepce - Refošk, Croatian, accessed 06/29/2011 9. ^Refosco di Faedis 10. ^http://www.eu-vitis.de/datasheet/accDataResult.php?data=ITA368%23SANOSVALDO%2F254U55-79 The European Vitis Database - Refosco di Rauscedo 11. ^The European Vitis Database - Refosco nostrano 12. ^The European Vitis Database - Refoscone 13. ^Friuli Tipico - La grande famiglia del vino Refosco friulano: dal Refoscone al Terrano, Italian, accessed 06/29/2011 14. ^J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours pg 1084-1085 Allen Lane 2012 {{ISBN|978-1-846-14446-2}} 15. ^{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Jancis Robinson | encyclopedia=Oxford Companion to Wine |edition= Third |title=Refosco dal Pedunculo Rosso |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-860990-6 |pages=564–565 }} 16. ^{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Jancis Robinson | encyclopedia=Oxford Companion to Wine |edition= Third |title=Mondeuse |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-860990-6 |pages=448 }} 17. ^[https://archive.org/stream/plinysnaturalhis00plinrich/plinysnaturalhis00plinrich_djvu.txt Archive.org - Full text of "Pliny's Natural history. In thirty-seven books"] 18. ^1 Matkurja - Kraški Teran, accessed 06/29/2011 19. ^ItalianMade Vinotizie Volume 10, Number 3 pg 6 December 2004 20. ^History of Refosco - Zgodovina refoška, in Slovene, accessed 06/29/2011 21. ^Universita di Torino - Fondazione Giovanni Dalmasso 22. ^Cartographica Neerlandica Background for Ortelius Map No. 129 23. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=PJFK_O-mFQoC&pg=PA207 Google Books - History of My Life, Giacomo Casanova, Willard R. Trask] 24. ^History of Istria Wines 7 : Red wine grape varieties|Slovenian wines|Italian wine|Croatian wine|Wine grapes of Slovenia|Wine grapes of Italy|Wine grapes of Croatia |
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