请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 EHealth
释义

  1. Types

  2. Contested definition

  3. eHealth literacy

  4. Data exchange

     Thesaurus 

  5. Early adopters

  6. E-mental health

     Advantages and disadvantages  Programs 

  7. Cybermedicine

  8. Self-monitoring healthcare devices

  9. Evaluation

  10. In developing countries

  11. See also

  12. References

  13. Further reading

  14. External links

{{for|the private online marketplace|eHealthInsurance}}{{merge|Telehealth|discuss=Talk:Telehealth#Merger_proposal|date=October 2017}}{{lowercase title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}eHealth (also written e-health) is a relatively recent healthcare practice supported by electronic processes and communication, dating back to at least 1999.[1] Usage of the term varies. A study in 2005 found 51 unique definitions.[2] Some argue that it is interchangeable with health informatics with a broad definition covering electronic/digital processes in health[3] while others use it in the narrower sense of healthcare practice using the Internet.[4][5][6] It can also include health applications and links on mobile phones, referred to as mHealth or m-Health.[7]

Types

The term can encompass a range of services or systems that are at the edge of medicine/healthcare and information technology, including:

  • Electronic health record: enabling the communication of patient data between different healthcare professionals (GPs, specialists etc.);
  • Computerized physician order entry: a means of requesting diagnostic tests and treatments electronically and receiving the results
  • ePrescribing: access to prescribing options, printing prescriptions to patients and sometimes electronic transmission of prescriptions from doctors to pharmacists
  • Clinical decision support system: providing information electronically about protocols and standards for healthcare professionals to use in diagnosing and treating patients[8]
  • Telemedicine: physical and psychological diagnosis and treatments at a distance, including telemonitoring of patients functions;
  • Consumer health informatics: use of electronic resources on medical topics by healthy individuals or patients;
  • Health knowledge management: e.g. in an overview of latest medical journals, best practice guidelines or epidemiological tracking (examples include physician resources such as Medscape and MDLinx);
  • Virtual healthcare teams: consisting of healthcare professionals who collaborate and share information on patients through digital equipment (for transmural care);
  • mHealth or m-Health: includes the use of mobile devices in collecting aggregate and patient-level health data, providing healthcare information to practitioners, researchers, and patients, real-time monitoring of patient vitals, and direct provision of care (via mobile telemedicine);
  • Medical research using grids: powerful computing and data management capabilities to handle large amounts of heterogeneous data.[9]
  • Health informatics / healthcare information systems: also often refer to software solutions for appointment scheduling, patient data management, work schedule management and other administrative tasks surrounding health

Contested definition

Several authors have noted the variable usage in the term; from being specific to the use of the Internet in healthcare to being generally around any use of computers in healthcare.[10] Various authors have considered the evolution of the term and its usage and how this maps to changes in health informatics and healthcare generally.[1][11][12] Oh et al., in a 2005 systematic review of the term's usage, offered the definition of eHealth as a set of technological themes in health today, more specifically based on commerce, activities, stakeholders, outcomes, locations, or perspectives.[2] One thing that all sources seem to agree on is that e-Health initiatives do not originate with the patient, though the patient may be a member of a patient organization that seeks to do this, as in the e-Patient movement.

eHealth literacy

eHealth literacy is defined as “the ability to seek, find, understand and appraise health information from electronic sources and apply knowledge gained to addressing or solving a health problem."[13][14] According to this definition, eHealth literacy encompasses six types of literacy: traditional (literacy and numeracy), information, media, health, computer, and scientific. Of these, media and computer literacies are unique to the Internet context, with eHealth media literacy being the awareness of media bias or perspective, the ability to discern both explicit and implicit meaning from media messages, and to derive meaning from media messages. The literature includes other definitions of perceived media capability or efficacy, but these were not specific to health information on the Internet.[15] Having the composite skills of eHealth literacy allows health consumers to achieve positive outcomes from using the Internet for health purposes. eHealth literacy has the potential to both protect consumers from harm and empower them to fully participate in informed health-related decision making.[14] People with high levels of eHealth literacy are also more aware of the risk of encountering unreliable information on the Internet [16] On the other hand, the extension of digital resources to the health domain in the form of eHealth literacy can also create new gaps between health consumers.[15] eHealth literacy hinges not on the mere access to technology, but rather on the skill to apply the accessed knowledge.[13]

Data exchange

One of the factors blocking the use of e-Health tools from widespread acceptance is the concern about privacy issues regarding patient records, most specifically the EPR (Electronic patient record). This main concern has to do with the confidentiality of the data. There is also concern about non-confidential data however. Each medical practise has its own jargon and diagnostic tools. To standardize the exchange of information, various coding schemes may be used in combination with international medical standards. Systems that deal with these transfers are often referred to as Health Information Exchange (HIE). Of the forms of e-Health already mentioned, there are roughly two types; front-end data exchange and back-end exchange.

Front-end exchange typically involves the patient, while back-end exchange does not. A common example of a rather simple front-end exchange is a patient sending a photo taken by mobile phone of a healing wound and sending it by email to the family doctor for control. Such an actions may avoid the cost of an expensive visit to the hospital.

A common example of a back-end exchange is when a patient on vacation visits a doctor who then may request access to the patient's health records, such as medicine prescriptions, x-ray photographs, or blood test results. Such an action may reveal allergies or other prior conditions that are relevant to the visit.

Thesaurus

Successful e-Health initiatives such as e-Diabetes have shown that for data exchange to be facilitated either at the front-end or the back-end, a common thesaurus is needed for terms of reference.[7][17] Various medical practises in chronic patient care (such as for diabetic patients) already have a well defined set of terms and actions, which makes standard communication exchange easier, whether the exchange is initiated by the patient or the caregiver.

In general, explanatory diagnostic information (such as the standard ICD-10) may be exchanged insecurely, and private information (such as personal information from the patient) must be secured. E-health manages both flows of information, while ensuring the quality of the data exchange.

Early adopters

Patients living with long term conditions (also called Chronic conditions) over time often acquire a high level of knowledge about the processes involved in their own care, and often develop a routine in coping with their condition. For these types of routine patients, front-end e-Health solutions tend to be relatively easy to implement.

E-mental health

{{See also|Use of technology in treatment of mental disorders}}

E-mental health is frequently used to refer to internet based interventions and support for mental health conditions.[18] However, it can also refer to the use of information and communication technologies that also includes the use of social media, landline and mobile phones.[19] E-mental health services can include information; peer support services, computer and internet based programs, virtual applications and games as well as real time interaction with trained clinicians.[20] Programs can also be delivered using telephones and interactive voice response (IVR).[21]

Mental disorders includes a range of conditions such as alcohol and drug use disorders, mood disorders such as depression, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, delusional disorders such as schizophrenia and anxiety disorders.[22]{{Page needed|date=June 2017}} The majority of e-mental health interventions have focused on the treatment of depression and anxiety.[20] There are, however, programs also for problems as diverse as smoking cessation,[23]{{Update inline|reason=Updated version https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28869775|date = July 2018}} gambling,[24] and post-disaster mental health.[25]

Advantages and disadvantages

E-mental health has a number of advantages such as being low cost, easily accessible and providing anonymity to users.[26] However, there are also a number of disadvantages such as concerns regarding treatment credibility, user privacy and confidentiality.[27] Online security involves the implementation of appropriate safeguards to protect user privacy and confidentiality. This includes appropriate collection and handling of user data, the protection of data from unauthorized access and modification and the safe storage of data.[28]

E-mental health has been gaining momentum in the academic research as well as practical arenas[29] in a wide variety of disciplines such as psychology, clinical social work, family and marriage therapy, and mental health counseling. Testifying to this momentum, the E-Mental Health movement has its own international organization, the International Society for Mental Health Online.[30] However, e-Mental health implementation into clinical practice and healthcare systems remains limited and fragmented.[31][32]

Programs

There are at least five programs currently available to treat anxiety and depression. Several programs have been identified by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence as cost effective for use in primary care.[21] These include Fearfighter,[33] a text based cognitive behavioral therapy program to treat people with phobias, and Beating the Blues,[34] an interactive text, cartoon and video CBT program for anxiety and depression. Two programs have been supported for use in primary care by the Australian Government.{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}} The first is Anxiety Online,[35] a text based program for the anxiety, depressive and eating disorders, and the second is THIS WAY UP,[36] a set of interactive text, cartoon and video programs for the anxiety and depressive disorders. Another is iFightDepression®[37] a multilingual, free to use, web-based tool for self-management of less severe forms of depression, for use under guidance of a GP or psychotherapist.

There are a number of online programs relating to smoking cessation. QuitCoach[38] is a personalised quit plan based on the users response to questions regarding giving up smoking and tailored individually each time the user logs into the site. Freedom From Smoking[39] takes users through lessons that are grouped into modules that provide information and assignments to complete. The modules guide participants through steps such as preparing to quit smoking, stopping smoking and preventing relapse.

Other internet programs have been developed specifically as part of research into treatment for specific disorders. For example, an online self-directed therapy for problem gambling was developed to specifically test this as a method of treatment.[24] All participants were given access to a website. The treatment group was provided with behavioural and cognitive strategies to reduce or quit gambling. This was presented in the form of a workbook which encouraged participants to self-monitor their gambling by maintaining an online log of gambling and gambling urges. Participants could also use a smartphone application to collect self-monitoring information. Finally participants could also choose to receive motivational email or text reminders of their progress and goals.

An internet based intervention was also developed for use after Hurricane Ike in 2009.[25] During this study, 1,249 disaster-affected adults were randomly recruited to take part in the intervention. Participants were given a structured interview then invited to access the web intervention using a unique password. Access to the website was provided for a four-month period. As participants accessed the site they were randomly assigned to either the intervention. those assigned to the intervention were provided with modules consisting of information regarding effective coping strategies to manage mental health and health risk behaviour.

Cybermedicine

Cybermedicine is the use of the Internet to deliver medical services, such as medical consultations and drug prescriptions. It is the successor to telemedicine, wherein doctors would consult and treat patients remotely via telephone or fax.

Cybermedicine is already being used in small projects where images are transmitted from a primary care setting to a medical specialist, who comments on the case and suggests which intervention might benefit the patient. A field that lends itself to this approach is dermatology, where images of an eruption are communicated to a hospital specialist who determines if referral is necessary.

The field has also expanded to include online "ask the doctor" services that allow patients direct, paid access to consultations (with varying degrees of depth) with medical professionals (examples include Bundoo.com, Doctor Spring, Teladoc, and Ask The Doctor).

A Cyber Doctor,[40] known in the UK as a Cyber Physician,[41] is a medical professional who does consultation via the internet, treating virtual patients, who may never meet face to face. This is a new area of medicine which has been utilized by the armed forces and teaching hospitals offering online consultation to patients before making their decision to travel for unique medical treatment only offered at a particular medical facility.[40]

Self-monitoring healthcare devices

Self-monitoring is the use of sensors or tools which are readily available to the general public to track and record personal data. The sensors are usually wearable devices and the tools are digitally available through mobile device applications.

Self-monitoring devices were created for the purpose of allowing personal data to be instantly available to the individual to be analyzed. As of now, fitness and health monitoring are the most popular applications for self-monitoring devices.[42] The biggest benefit to self-monitoring devices is the elimination of the necessity for third party hospitals to run tests, which are both expensive and lengthy. These devices are an important advancement in the field of personal health management.

Self-monitoring healthcare devices exist in many forms. An example is the Nike+ FuelBand, which is a modified version of the original pedometer.[42] This device is wearable on the wrist and allows one to set a personal goal for a daily energy burn. It records the calories burned and the number of steps taken for each day while simultaneously functioning as a watch. To add to the ease of the user interface, it includes both numeric and visual indicators of whether or not the individual has achieved his or her daily goal. Finally, it is also synced to an iPhone app which allows for tracking and sharing of personal record and achievements.

Other monitoring devices have more medical relevance. A well-known device of this type is the blood glucose monitor. The use of this device is restricted to diabetic patients and allows users to measure the blood glucose levels in their body. It is extremely quantitative and the results are available instantaneously.[43] However, this device is not as independent of a self-monitoring device as the Nike+ Fuelband because it requires some patient education before use. One needs to be able to make connections between the levels of glucose and the effect of diet and exercise. In addition, the users must also understand how the treatment should be adjusted based on the results. In other words, the results are not just static measurements.

The demand for self-monitoring health devices is skyrocketing, as wireless health technologies have become especially popular in the last few years. In fact, it is expected that by 2016, self-monitoring health devices will account for 80% of wireless medical devices.[44] The key selling point for these devices is the mobility of information for consumers. The accessibility of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets has increased significantly within the past decade. This has made it easier for users to access real-time information in a number of peripheral devices.

There are still many future improvements for self-monitoring healthcare devices. Although most of these wearable devices have been excellent at providing direct data to the individual user, the biggest task which remains at hand is how to effectively use this data. Although the blood glucose monitor allows the user to take action based on the results, measurements such as the pulse rate, EKG signals, and calories do not necessarily serve to actively guide an individual's personal healthcare management. Consumers are interested in qualitative feedback in addition to the quantitative measurements recorded by the devices.[45]

Evaluation

Knowledge of the socio-economic performance of eHealth is limited, and findings from evaluations are often challenging to transfer to other settings. Socio-economic evaluations of some narrow types of mHealth can rely on health economic methodologies, but larger scale eHealth may have too many variables, and tortuous, intangible cause and effect links may need a wider approach.[46]

In developing countries

eHealth in general, and telemedicine in particular, is a vital resource to remote regions of emerging and developing countries but is often difficult to establish because of the lack of communications infrastructure.[47] For example, in Benin, hospitals often can become inaccessible due to flooding during the rainy season[48] and across Africa, the low population density, along with severe weather conditions and the difficult financial situation in many African states, has meant that the majority of the African people are badly disadvantaged in medical care. In many regions there is not only a significant lack of facilities and trained health professionals, but also no access to eHealth because there is also no internet access in remote villages, or even a reliable electricity supply.[49]

Internet connectivity, and the benefits of eHealth, can be brought to these regions using satellite broadband technology, and satellite is often the only solution where terrestrial access may be limited, or poor quality, and one that can provide a fast connection over a vast coverage area.[49]

See also

  • Center for Telehealth and E-Health Law
  • eHealthInsurance
  • EUDRANET
  • European Institute for Health Records
  • Health 2.0
  • Health blog
  • Technology and mental health issues
  • Telehealth

References

1. ^1 {{cite journal | first1=Vincenzo | pmc=1761900 | title=What is e-Health (2): The death of telemedicine? | journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=e22 | doi=10.2196/jmir.3.2.e22 |doi-access=free | last1=Della Mea | pmid=11720964| date=22 June 2001 }}
2. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Oh |first1=Hans |last2=Rizo |first2=Carlos |last3=Enkin |first3=Murray |last4=Jadad |first4=Alejandro |date=24 February 2005 |title=What Is eHealth (3): A Systematic Review of Published Definitions |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=e1 |pmid=15829471 |pmc=1550636 |doi=10.2196/jmir.7.1.e1 |doi-access=free }}
3. ^{{cite web |author1=ICT Applications and Cybersecurity Division: Policies and Strategies Department |author2=ITU Telecommunication Development Sector |date=September 2008 | url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/app/docs/e-Health_prefinal_15092008.PDF | title=Implementing e-Health in Developing Countries: Guidance and Principles | accessdate=2012-04-15 |website=International Telecommunication Union }}
4. ^{{cite journal |last=Griskewicz |first=M. |date=July 2002 |title=HIMSS SIG develops proposed e-health definition |journal=HIMSS News |volume=13 |issue=7 |page=12 }}
5. ^{{cite journal | last1=Eysenbach |first1=G |author1-link=Gunther Eysenbach | last2=Diepgen | first2=TL | title=The role of e-health and consumer health informatics for evidence-based patient choice in the 21st century |journal=Clinics in Dermatology | date=Jan–Feb 2001 | volume=19 | issue=1 | pages=11–7 | doi=10.1016/S0738-081X(00)00202-9 | pmid=11369478 |citeseerx=10.1.1.7.2559 }}
6. ^{{cite journal | last1=Ball | first1=Marion J. | last2=Lillis | first2=Jenifer | title=E-health: transforming the physician/patient relationship | journal=International Journal of Medical Informatics | date=April 2001 | volume=61 | issue=1 | pages=1–10 | doi=10.1016/S1386-5056(00)00130-1 | pmid=11248599 |url=http://www.ijmijournal.com/article/S1386-5056(00)00130-1/fulltext |url-access=subscription |via=Elsevier }}
7. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=O'Donoghue |first1=John |last2=Herbert |first2=John | date=October 2012 | title = Data Management within mHealth Environments: Patient Sensors, Mobile Devices, and Databases | doi = 10.1145/2378016.2378021 | journal = Journal of Data and Information Quality | volume = 4 | issue = | page = 5 }}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.exploris.info/Cardio-Explorer/|title=Exploris - Cardio Explorer|website=www.exploris.info|language=de-CH|access-date=2017-09-13}}
9. ^{{cite report |first1=Jochen |last1=Fingberg |first2=Marit |last2=Hansen |first3=Markus |last3=Hansen |first4=Henry |last4=Krasemann |first5=Luigi Lo |last5=Iacono |first6=Thomas |last6=Probst |first7=Jessica |last7=Wright |url=http://www.ccrl-nece.de/publications/paper/public/LR-06-262.pdf |format=PDF |title=Integrating Data Custodians in eHealth Grids: Security and Privacy Aspects |series=NEC Lab Report |date=2006 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929041307/http://www.ccrl-nece.de/publications/paper/public/LR-06-262.pdf }}
10. ^{{cite journal |last1=Eysenbach |first1=G |author1-link=Gunther Eysenbach |date=18 June 2001 | title=What is e-health? | journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=e20 | doi=10.2196/jmir.3.2.e20 |doi-access=free | pmid=11720962 | pmc=1761894 }}
11. ^{{cite journal | first1=Claudia | title=What Is eHealth (4): A Scoping Exercise to Map the Field | last2=Sloan | first2=David | last3=Gregor | first3=Peter | last4=Sullivan | first4=Frank | last5=Detmer | first5=Don | last6=Kahan | first6=James P. | last7=Oortwijn | first7=Wija | last8=MacGillivray | first8=Steve | journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research | volume=7 | issue=1 | pages=e9 | doi=10.2196/jmir.7.1.e9 |doi-access=free | last1=Pagliari | pmc=1550637 | pmid=15829481 |date=31 March 2005 }}
12. ^{{cite journal |last1=Ahern | first1=David K. | title=What Is eHealth (6): Perspectives on the Evolution of eHealth Research | last2=Kreslake | first2=Jennifer M. | last3=Phalen | first3=Judith M. | journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research | volume=8 | issue=1 | pages=e4 | doi=10.2196/jmir.8.1.e4 | pmid=16585029 | pmc=1550694 |doi-access=free |date=31 March 2006 }}
13. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Norman|first=C. D.|last2=Skinner|first2=H. A.|year=2006|title=eHEALS: The eHealth Literacy Scale.|url=|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|volume=8|issue=2|pages=e9|doi=10.2196/jmir.8.2.e9|pmid=16867972|pmc=1550701}}
14. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Hayat|first=T|last2=Brainin|first2=E|last3=Neter|first3=E|year=2017|title=With Some Help From My Network: Supplementing eHealth Literacy With Social Ties|pmc=5391437|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|volume=19|issue=3|pages=e98|doi=10.2196/jmir.6472|via=|pmid=28360024}}
15. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=E|last2=West|first2=D|year=2007|title=Characteristics associated with use of public and private web sites as sources of health care information: results from a national survey.|url=|journal=Med Care|volume=45|issue=3|pages=245–251|doi=10.1097/01.mlr.0000244509.60556.49|pmid=17304082|via=}}
16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Neter|first=E|last2=Brainin|first2=E|year=2012|title=eHealth literacy: extending the digital divide to the realm of health information.|url=|journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research|volume=14|issue=1|pages=e19|doi=10.2196/jmir.1619|pmid=22357448|pmc=3374546|via=}}
17. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.diabetesfederatie.nl/ndf/e-diabetes.html | title=e-Diabetes on the website of the Dutch Diabetes foundation | publisher=Diabetesfederatie.nl | accessdate=2012-04-15}}
18. ^{{cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=Kylie |last2=Reynolds |first2=Julia |last3=Christensen |first3=Helen |last4=Griffiths |first4=Kathleen M. |title=e-hub: an online self-help mental health service in the community |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |date=7 June 2010 |volume=192 |issue=11 Suppl |pages=S48–S52 |pmid=20528710 |url=https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2010/192/11/e-hub-online-self-help-mental-health-service-community |url-access=registration |via=MJA }}
19. ^{{cite report |last1=Cotton |first1=Rebecca |last2=Hyatt |first2=Jen |last3=Patrick |first3=Matthew |date=29 January 2013 |title=E-Mental Health: what's all the fuss about? |series=Discussion Paper |volume=12 |publisher=NHS Confederation |location=London, UK |url=http://www.nhsconfed.org/resources/2013/01/e-mental-health-whats-all-the-fuss-about }}
20. ^1 {{cite report |author=Department of Health and Ageing |date=June 2012 |title=E-Mental Health Strategy for Australia |publisher=Australian Government |location=Canberra, Australia |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/7C7B0BFEB985D0EBCA257BF0001BB0A6/$File/emstrat.pdf |format=PDF }}
21. ^1 {{cite web |date=1 May 2013 |orig-year=2006 |title=Computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety |website=NICE |publisher=National Institute for Health & Clinical Excellence |location=London, UK |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ta97 }}
22. ^{{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |author-link=American Psychiatric Association |date=2000 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |edition=4th, text revision |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-025-6 |title-link=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders }}
23. ^{{cite journal |last1=Civljak |first1=Marta |last2=Stead |first2=Lindsay F. |last3=Hartmann-Boyce |first3=Jamie |last4=Sheikh |first4=Aziz |last5=Car |first5=Josip |date=10 July 2013 |title=Internet-based interventions for smoking cessation |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume= |issue=7 |page=CD007078 |pmid=23839868 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007078.pub4 |doi-access=free }}
24. ^1 {{cite journal | first1=David C. | last1=Hodgins | first2=Gordon H. | last2=Fick | first3=Robert | last3=Murray | first4=John A. | last4=Cunningham | title=Internet-based interventions for disordered gamblers: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of online self-directed cognitive-behavioural motivational therapy | date=8 January 2013 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-13-10 |doi-access=free | volume=13 | page=10 | journal=BMC Public Health | pmid=23294668 | pmc=3545736 }}
25. ^1 {{cite journal | last1=Ruggiero | first1=Kenneth J. | last2=Resnick | first2=Heidi S. | last3=Paul | first3=Lisa A. | last4=Gros | first4=Kirstin | last5=McCauley | first5=Jenna L. | last6=Acierno | first6=Ron | last7=Morgan | first7=Mark | last8=Galea | first8=Sandro | title=Randomized Controlled Trial of an Internet-Based Intervention Using Random-Digit-Dial Recruitment: The Disaster Recovery Web Project | journal=Contemporary Clinical Trials | date=January 2012 | volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=237–46 | doi=10.1016/j.cct.2011.10.001 | pmid=22008248 | pmc=3253875 }}
26. ^{{cite journal | last1=Andrews | first1=Gavin | last2=Titov | first2=Nickolai | title=Treating people you never see: internet-based treatment of the internalising mental disorders | journal=Australian Health Review | date=25 May 2010 | volume=34 | issue=2 | pages=144–7 | doi=10.1071/AH09775 | pmid=20521437 }}
27. ^{{cite journal |last1=Musiat |first1=Peter |last2=Goldstone |first2=Philip |last3=Tarrier |first3=Nicholas |title=Understanding the acceptability of e-mental health: attitudes and expectations towards computerised self-help treatments for mental health problems |journal=BMC Psychiatry |date=11 April 2014 |volume=14 |page=109 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-14-109 |doi-access=free |pmid=24725765 |pmc=3999507 }}
28. ^{{cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=Kylie |last2=Bennett | first2=Anthony James |last3=Griffiths |first3=Kathleen Margaret |title=Security Considerations for E-Mental Health Interventions |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |date=19 December 2010 |volume=12 |issue=5 |page=e61 |doi=10.2196/jmir.1468 |doi-access=free | pmid=21169173 | pmc=3057317 }}
29. ^{{cite journal |last1=Sprenger |first1=Michaela |last2=Mettler | first2=Tobias |last3=Osma |first3=Jorge |title=Health professionals' perspective on the promotion of e-mental health apps in the context of maternal depression |journal=PLOS ONE |date=12 July 2017 |volume=12 |issue=7 |page=e0180867 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180867 |pmid=28704442 |pmc=5507525 }}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ismho.org/|title=ISHMO |publisher=International Society for Mental Health Online }}
31. ^{{cite journal |last1=Gehring |first1=ND |title=Pediatric eMental healthcare technologies: a systematic review of implementation foci in research studies, and government and organizational documents |journal=Implementation Science |date=June 21, 2017 |volume=12 |issue=76 |pages=76 |doi=10.1186/s13012-017-0608-6 |pmid=28637479 |pmc=5479013 }}
32. ^{{cite journal |last1=Wozney |first1=L |title=Implementation of eMental Health care: viewpoints from key informants from organizations and agencies with eHealth mandates |journal=BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making |date=December 2017 |volume=17 |issue=78 |pages=78 |doi=10.1186/s12911-017-0474-9 |pmid=28577543 |pmc=5455087 }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://fearfighter.cbtprogram.com/ |title=FearFighter |publisher=CCBT Ltd }}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.beatingtheblues.co.uk/|title=Beating the Blues |publisher=365 Health and Wellbeing Ltd }}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.anxietyonline.org.au/ |title=Mental Health Online |publisher=Swinburne University of Technology }}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://thiswayup.org.au |title=THIS WAY UP |publisher=St Vincent's Hospital Sydney Limited }}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://ifightdepression.com/ |title=iFightDepression® |publisher=European Alliance Against Depression }}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.quitcoach.org.au/ |title=QuitCoach |publisher=Quit Victoria }}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ffsonline.org/ |title=Freedom From Smoking® Online |publisher=American Lung Association }}
40. ^1 {{cite web|last=Allday|first=Erin|title=Online visits a boon for far-off patients|url=http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Online-visits-a-boon-for-far-off-patients-In-2558574.php|work=SFGate|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|date=27 May 2007}}
41. ^{{cite web|last=Butler|first=Patrick|title=Future care to be provided by cyber doctors|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2000/dec/07/health.healthandwellbeing|work=The Guardian|date=7 December 2000|quote=Patients' first contact with the NHS in 20 years time will be via interactive ‘cyber-physicians’ accessed through domestic television sets, according to a government-sponsored study.}}
42. ^1 {{cite web | last=Paddock | first=Catharine | title=How self-monitoring is transforming health |website=Medical News Today |publisher=Healthline Media UK Ltd | date=15 August 2013 | url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/264784.php }}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/productsandmedicalprocedures/invitrodiagnostics/glucosetestingdevices/default.htm|title=Blood Glucose Monitoring Devices |date=22 December 2016 |website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services }}
44. ^{{cite web |last=Dolan |first=Brian |date=31 May 2012 |url=http://mobihealthnews.com/17498/by-2017-50m-consumer-wireless-health-devices-to-ship/|title=By 2017: 50M consumer wireless health devices to ship |website=MobiHealthNews |publisher=HIMSS Media }}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cfah.org/blog/2014/self-monitoring-health-it-falls-short-of-providing-the-information-we-need|title=Self-Monitoring Health IT Falls Short of Providing the Information We Need|first=Jessie |last=Gruman |date=16 April 2014 |website=Center for Advancing Health: Prepared Patient Blog |publisher=George Washington University }}
46. ^{{cite journal |last1=Greenhalgh |first1=Trisha |last2=Russell |first2=Jill |date=2 November 2010 |title=Why Do Evaluations of eHealth Programs Fail? An Alternative Set of Guiding Principles |journal=PLoS Medicine |volume=7 |issue=11 |page=e1000360 |pmid=21072245 |pmc=2970573 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000360 |doi-access=free }} {{open access}}
47. ^{{cite web |first=Adesina |last=Iluyemi |date=14 April 2009 |title=Refocusing Europe-Africa Strategy: Strategic Importance of eHealth |website=SlideShare |url=https://www.slideshare.net/Adesina/euafrica-ict-forumv2 }}
48. ^{{cite press release |last=Payer |first=Markus |publisher=SES |date=4 June 2015 |location=Luxembourg |url=http://www.ses.com/4233325/news/2015/21260022|title=SES Improves Quality Healthcare Access in Benin |accessdate=26 February 2016 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000119/http://www.ses.com/4233325/news/2015/21260022 }}
49. ^1 {{cite web |first=Gerhard |last=Bethscheider |url=http://www.worldteleport.org/news/249029/Satellite-Is-Vital-For-A-Unified-Global-e-Health-System...-An-SES-Techcom-Services-Perspective-.htm |title=Satellite is vital for a unified, global, E-Health system... An SES Techcom Services Perspective |date=2 September 2015 |editor-first=Randall |editor-last=Barney |website=World Teleport Association |access-date=28 January 2016 }}

Further reading

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Miah |first1=Andy |last2=Rich |first2=Emma |date=2009 |title=The Medicalization of Cyberspace |publisher=Routledge |location=London |oclc=978360846 |isbn=978-0-415-39364-5 }}
  • {{cite book |last=Slack |first=Warner V. |title=Cybermedicine: how computing empowers doctors and patients for better healthcare |date=2001 |publisher=Jossey Bass |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-7879-5631-8 |edition=Revised, updated |oclc=806149793 }}
  • {{cite book |editor1-first=Magdalene |editor1-last=Rosenmöller |editor2-first=Diane |editor2-last=Whitehouse |editor3-first=Petra |editor3-last=Wilson |date=2014 |title=Managing eHealth: From Vision to Reality |location=Basingstoke |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-37942-9 |oclc=870285603 }}
{{refend}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Dunlop |first1=Sally |last2=Freeman |first2=Becky |last3=Jones |first3=Sandra |title=Marketing to Youth in the Digital Age: The Promotion of Unhealthy Products and Health Promoting Behaviours on Social Media |journal=Media and Communication |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=35 |doi=10.17645/mac.v4i3.522 |year=2016 }}

External links

  • {{cite web |url=http://www.nweh.org.uk |title=NorthWest EHealth |publisher=NWEH |date=January 2019 }}
  • {{cite web |url=http://internetmedicalsociety.weebly.com/ehealthq.html |title=The eHeatlhQ Seal |website=Internet Medical Society }}
  • {{cite web |url=http://online.sju.edu/resource/health-human-services/digital-health-care-environment |title=The Digital Health Care Environment |website=Saint Joseph's University |date=2017-02-13 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ehealth}}

2 : Telemedicine|Health informatics
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/12 17:37:05