“Republican Fascist Party”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Republican Fascist Party ({{lang-it|Partito Fascista Repubblicano}}, PFR) was a political party in Italy led by Benito Mussolini during the German occupation of Central and Northern Italy and was the sole legitimate and ruling party of the Italian Social Republic. It was founded as the successor of former National Fascist Party as an anti-monarchist party. It considered King Victor Emmanuel III to be a traitor after he had signed the surrender to the Allies.

History

After the Nazi-engineered Gran Sasso raid liberated Mussolini, the National Fascist Party (PNF) was revived on 13 September 1943 as the Republican Fascist Party (PRF) and as the single party of the Northern and Nazi-protected Italian Social Republic, informally known as the Salò Republic. Its secretary was Alessandro Pavolini.

The PFR did not outlast Mussolini's execution and the disappearance of the Salò state in April 1945. However, it inspired the creation of the Italian Social Movement (MSI)^[2] and the MSI has been seen as the successor to the PFR and the PNF.^[3] The MSI was formed by former Fascist leaders and veterans of the republic's fascist army.^[4] The party tried to modernise and revise fascist doctrine into a more moderate and sophisticated direction.^[5]

Ideology

A corporatist economic system whereby employer and employee syndicates are linked together in associations to collectively represent the nation's economic producers and work alongside the state to set national economic policy was advocated by the Fascists.^[8] This economic system intended to resolve class conflict through collaboration between the classes.^[9]

The Italian Fascists opposed liberalism and capitalism, but rather than seeking a reactionary restoration of the pre-French Revolutionary world, which it considered to have been flawed, it had a forward-looking direction.^[10] It was also opposed to the reactionary conservatism developed by Joseph de Maistre.^[11] It believed the success of Italian nationalism required respect for tradition and a clear sense of a shared past among the Italian people, alongside a commitment to a modernized Italy.^[12]

Fascism was opposed to Marxism because it was viewed as a threat to nationalism.^[13] The Fascists were also anti-communists, viewing Bolshevism as the greatest contemporary menace to Western civilization.^[14]

Secretary of the Republican Fascist Party

National Congress

References

1. ^Eagle and fasces respectively.
2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9s2mOVfOWg8C&pg=PA328#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=328|title=The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right|first1=Peter|last1=Davies|first2=Derek|last2=Lynch|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-99472-6}}
3. ^Levy, 1996, p. 188.
4. ^Ignazi, 1998, p. 157.
5. ^{{cite book|author=Stanley Payne|chapter=Fascism|editor1=Mary E. Hawkesworth|editor2=Maurice Kogan|title=Encyclopedia of Government and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MdR_fvPxZoC&pg=PA177|year=1992|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-07224-3|page=177}}
6. ^Aristotle A. Kallis. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-s2FAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945]. London, England, UK; New York City, USA: Routledge, 2000. p. 41.
7. ^Kallis, p. 50.
8. ^Andrew Vincent. Modern Political Ideologies. Third edition. Malden, Massaschussetts, USA; Oxford, England, UK; West Sussex, England, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 2010. p. 160.
9. ^John Whittam. Fascist Italy. Manchester, England, UK; New York City, USA: Manchester University Press, 1995. p. 160.
10. ^Eugen Weber. The Western Tradition: From the Renaissance to the present. Heath, 1972. p. 791.
11. ^Stanley G.Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. p. 214.
12. ^Claudia Lazzaro. "Forging a Visible Fascist Nation: Strategies for Fusing the Past and Present." In Claudia Lazzaro, Roger J. Crum (eds). Donatello Among The Blackshirts: History And Modernity In The Visual Culture Of Fascist Italy. Ithaca, New York, USA: Cornell University Press, 2005. p. 13.
13. ^Stanislao G. Pugliese. Fascism, anti-fascism, and the resistance in Italy: 1919 to the present. Oxford, England, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2004. pp. 43–44.
14. ^Cannistraro, Philip V., and Edward D. Wynot Jr. "On the Dynamics of Anti-Communism as a Function of Fascist Foreign Policy, 1933-1943." Il Politico (1973): 645–681.