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词条 Research stations in Antarctica
释义

  1. History

     First bases  WWII and postwar expansion 

  2. List of research stations

  3. List of Subantarctic research stations

  4. Map

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

A number of governments have set up permanent research stations in Antarctica and these bases are widely distributed. Unlike the drifting ice stations set up in the Arctic, the research stations of the Antarctic are constructed either on rock or on ice that is (for practical purposes) fixed in place.

Many of the stations are staffed around the year. A total of 42 countries (as of October 2006), all signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, operate seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent.

The population of people performing and supporting scientific research on the continent and nearby islands varies from approximately 4,000 during the summer season to 1,000 during winter (June).[1] In addition to these permanent stations, approximately 30 field camps are established each summer to support specific projects.[2]{{Dubious|date=August 2011}}

History

First bases

During the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration in the late 19th century, the first bases on the continent were established. In 1898, Carsten Borchgrevink, a Norwegian/British explorer, led the British Antarctic Expedition to Cape Adare, where he established the first Antarctic base on Ridley Beach. The expedition is often referred to now as the 'Southern Cross' Expedition, after their ship's name. Most of the staff were Norwegian, but the funds for the expedition were British, provided by Sir George Newnes. The 10 members of the expedition explored Robinson Bay to the west of Cape Adare by dog teams, and later, after being picked up by the ship at the base, went ashore on the Ross Ice Shelf for brief journeys. The expedition hut is still in good condition and visited frequently by tourists.

The hut was later occupied by Scott's Northern Party under the command of Victor Campbell for a year in 1911, after its attempt to explore the eastern end of the ice shelf discovered Roald Amundsen already ashore preparing for his assault on the South Pole.

In 1903, Dr William S. Bruce's Scottish National Antarctic Expedition set off to Antarctica, with one of its aims to establish a meteorological station in the area. After the expedition failed to find land, Bruce decided to head back to the Laurie Island in the South Orkneys and find an anchorage there.[3] The islands were well-situated as a site for a meteorological station, and their relative proximity to the South American mainland allowed a permanent station to be established.{{sfn|Rudmose Brown|p=57}} Bruce instituted a comprehensive programme of work, involving meteorological readings, trawling for marine samples, botanical excursions, and the collection of biological and geological specimens.[3]

The major task completed during this time was the construction of a stone building, christened "Omond House".[4] This was to act as living accommodation for the parties that would remain on Laurie Island to operate the proposed meteorological laboratory. The building was constructed from local materials using the dry stone method, with a roof improvised from wood and canvas sheeting. The completed house was 20 feet by 20 feet square (6m × 6m), with two windows, fitted as quarters for six people. Rudmose Brown wrote: "Considering that we had no mortar and no masons' tools it is a wonderfully fine house and very lasting. I should think it will be standing a century hence ..."[5]

Bruce later offered to Argentina the transfer of the station and instruments on the condition that the government committed itself to the continuation of the scientific mission.[6] Bruce informed the British officer William Haggard of his intentions in December 1903, and Haggard ratified the terms of Bruce proposition.[7]

The Scotia sailed back for Laurie Island on 14 January 1904 carrying on board Argentinean officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, National Meteorological Office, Ministry of Livestock and National Postal and Telegraphs Office. In 1906, Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on South Orkney Islands.

WWII and postwar expansion

Little happened for the following forty years until the Second World War, when the British launched Operation Tabarin in 1943, to establish a presence on the continent. The chief reason was to establish solid British claims to various uninhabited islands and parts of Antarctica, reinforced by Argentine sympathies toward Germany.

Prior to the start of the war, German aircraft had dropped markers with swastikas across Queen Maud Land in an attempt to create a territorial claim, see New Swabia.[8] Led by Lieutenant James Marr, the 14-strong team left the Falkland Islands in two ships, HMS William Scoresby (a minesweeping trawler) and Fitzroy, on Saturday January 29, 1944. Marr had accompanied the British explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton on his final Antarctic expedition in 1921 - 1922.

Bases were established during February near the abandoned Norwegian whaling station on Deception Island, where the Union Flag was hoisted in place of Argentine flags, and at Port Lockroy (on February 11) on the coast of Graham Land. A further base was founded at Hope Bay on February 13, 1945, after a failed attempt to unload stores on February 7, 1944. These bases were the first ever to be constructed on the mainland Antarctica.[9]

The Operation provoked a massive expansion in international activity after the war. Chile organized its First Chilean Antarctic Expedition in 1947–48. Among other accomplishments, it brought the Chilean president Gabriel González Videla to personally inaugurate one of its bases, thereby becoming the first head of state to set foot on the continent.[10] Signy Research Station (UK) was established in 1947, Australia's Mawson Station in 1954, Dumont d'Urville Station was the first French station in 1956. In that same year, the United States built McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the Soviet Union built Mirny Station.

List of research stations

The United States maintains the southernmost Base and the largest base and research station

in Antarctica, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. The second-southernmost base is the Chinese Kunlun Station at 80°25′02″S during the summer season, and the Russian Vostok Station at 78°27′50″S during the winter season.

Station
name 		LOCODE Type Country Year
Est. 		Administered by LocationStatus &
Activities		 Coordinates Time zone
Aboa AQ ABA Summer {{FIN}} 1988 Finnish Antarctic Research Program Queen Maud Land Active 73.042283|S|13.407350|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Aguirre Cerda AQ Summer {{CHL}} 1955 Instituto Antártico Chileno Deception Island Closed
1967 		62.933704|S|60.5958931|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Amundsen–Scott South Pole AQ AMS Permanent {{USA}} 1957 United States Antarctic Program Geographical South PoleActive90|S|0|E|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station (USA)}}x}}UTC+12*
Arctowski AQ ARC Permanent {{POL}} 1977 Polish Academy of Sciences King George Island Active 62.160140|S|58.473247|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Arrival Heights Laboratory[11] AQ Permanent {{NZL}} 1959 Antarctica New Zealand Ross IslandActive77.830577|S|166.661174|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Arrival Heights Satellite Station[11] AQ Permanent {{NZL}} 1959 Antarctica New Zealand Ross Island Active 77.830016|S|166.661659|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Artigas AQ ART Permanent {{URU}} 1984 Uruguayan Antarctic Institute King George Island Active 62.184444|S|58.903889|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Arturo Parodi AQ Summer {{CHL}} 1999 Instituto Antártico Chileno Ellsworth Land Closed
Relocated to
Union Glacier
2014 		80.304170|S|81.3870573|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Arturo Prat AQ APT Permanent {{CHL}} 1947 Chilean Navy Greenwich Island Active 62.478889|S|59.664444|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}h}}UTC−3
Asuka AQ Summer {{JPN}} 1985 National Institute of Polar Research Queen Maud Land Closed
Unmanned activity 		71.525950|S|24.111409|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Beaver Lake[12] AQ Summer {{AUS}} 1995 Australian Antarctic Division Beaver Lake Active 70.795115|S|68.168909|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Belgrano I AQ Permanent {{ARG}} 1955 Instituto Antártico Argentino Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Abandoned
1980 		77|46|S|38|11|W|region:AR_type:city|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Belgrano II AQ BEL Permanent {{ARG}} 1979 Instituto Antartico Argentino Coats Land Active 77.873696|S|34.627588|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Belgrano III AQ Permanent {{ARG}} 1980 Instituto Antártico Argentino Berkner Island Abandoned
1984 		77.900556|S|45.783611 |W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Bellingshausen AQ BHN Permanent {{RUS}} 1968 Russian Antarctic Expedition King George IslandActive62.198591|S|58.960547|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Bharati AQ Permanent {{IND}} 2012 Indian Antarctic Program Larsemann Hills Active 69.408030|S|76.187361|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Borga AQ Summer {{RSA}} 1969 South African National Antarctic Programme Borg Massif Closed
1976 		72.966667|S|3.8|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Brockton AQ Summer {{USA}} 1965 United States Navy Ross Ice Shelf Abandoned
1972 		80.033333|S|178.7 |W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Brown AQ Summer {{ARG}} 1951 Instituto Antártico Argentino Paradise Harbor Active 64.895476|S|62.870905|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}h}}UTC−3
Byrd AQ Permanent
Summer
since 1972 		{{USA}} 1957 United States Antarctic Program Marie Byrd LandClosed
2005		80|00|53|S|119|33|56|W|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Cámara AQ Summer {{ARG}} 1953 Instituto Antartico Argentino Half Moon Island Active 62.594847|S|59.918558|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Carvajal
(ex Station T) 		AQ Summer {{CHL}} 1984 Instituto Antártico Chileno Adelaide Island Active 67.761201|S|68.914365|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Casey AQ CAS Permanent {{AUS}} 1957 Australian Antarctic Division Vincennes Bay Active 66.282514|S|110.526613|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}t}}UTC+8
Charcot[13] AQ Permanent {{FRA}} 1957 French Polar Institute Adélie Land Closed 1959
Abandoned 		69.375|S|139.016667|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Collins AQ Summer {{CHL}} 2006 Instituto Antártico Chileno Fildes Peninsula Active 62.169250|S|58.851852|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Comandante Ferraz AQ CFZ Permanent {{BRA}} 1984 Brazilian Antarctic Program King George Island Active 62.085379|S|58.391513|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Concordia AQ CON Permanent {{ITA}}
{{FRA}} 		2005 National Antarctic Research Program
and
IPEV 		Dome C
Antarctic Plateau 		Active 75.099780|S|123.332196|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}s}}UTC+10
Dakshin Gangotri AQ Permanent {{IND}} 1983 Indian Antarctic Program Dakshin Gangotri Glacier Closed
1990
Support base		69.406752|S|76.193379|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Dallmann AQ Summer {{GER}} 1994 Alfred Wegener Institute Carlini Station Active 62.238251|S|58.667764|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Davis AQ DAV Permanent {{AUS}} 1957 Australian Antarctic Division Princess Elizabeth Land Active 68.576667|S|77.9675|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}s}}UTC+7
Deception AQ Summer {{ARG}} 1948 Instituto Antartico Argentino Deception Island Active 62.975284|S|60.697771|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory AQ Summer {{NED}} 2013 British Antarctic Survey Rothera Station Active 67.568979|S|68.124626|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Dobrowolski
(ex Oasis) 		AQ Summer {{POL}} 1959 Polish Academy of Sciences Wilkes Land Closed
1998 		66.274514|S|100.749889|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Dome Fuji AQ DMF Summer {{JPN}} 1995 National Institute of Polar Research Queen Maud Land Closed 77.316285|S|39.701049|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Drescher AQ Summer {{GER}} 1986 Alfred Wegener Institute Queen Maud Land Closed
2004 		72.833333|S|19.033333|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Druzhba AQ Summer {{URS}} 1960 Soviet Antarctic Expedition Zavadovskiy Island Closed
1960 		66.716667|S|86.4|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Drúzhnaya 1 AQ Summer {{URS}} 1975 Soviet Antarctic Expedition Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Closed
1986
Lost 		77.566667|S|40.216667|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Drúzhnaya 2 AQ Summer {{URS}} 1982 Soviet Antarctic Expedition Lassiter Coast Closed
1986 		75.6|S|57.866667|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Drúzhnaya 3 AQ Summer {{URS}} 1982 Soviet Antarctic Expedition Queen Maud Land Closed
1986 		71.1|S|10.816667 |W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
{{Interlanguage link multi>Drúzhnaya 4|2=ru|3=Дружная-4|preserve=1}} AQ DRZ Summer {{URS}}
{{RUS}} 		1987 Soviet Antarctic Expedition
Russian Antarctic Expedition 		Princess Elizabeth Land Closed
1995		69.7333333|S|73.7|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Dumont d'Urville AQ DDU Permanent {{FRA}} 1956 IPEV Adélie Land Active 66.662778|S|140.001944|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}v}}UTC+10
E Base AQ Summer {{RSA}} 1985 Fimbul Ice Shelf Active70.3|S|2.433333|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
East Base AQ Permanent {{USA}} 1941 United States Antarctic Service Expedition Stonington Island Closed
1948 		{{coord|68.183841|S|66.998158|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Eco-Nelson AQ Permanent {{CZE}} 1989 Private station Nelson IslandActive62.246312|S|58.982251|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Eduardo Frei
and
Villa Las Estrellas 		AQ Permanent {{CHL}} 1969 Chilean Air Force King George Island Active 62.193126|S|58.981986|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}h}}UTC−3
Eights AQ Permanent {{USA}} 1963 National Science Foundation Queen Maud Land Closed
1965		75.233333|S|77.166667|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline,title}}
Ellsworth AQ Permanent {{USA}}
{{ARG}} 		1957 United States Navy
Instituto Antártico Argentino 		Filchner-Ronne Ice ShelfTransferred to Argentina in 1959
Closed 1962		77.65|S|41.033333|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Elichiribehety
(ex Station D) 		AQ Summer {{URU}} 1997 Uruguayan Antarctic Institute Hope Bay Active 63.402478|S|56.990707|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Escudero AQ ESC Permanent {{CHL}} 1994 Instituto Antártico Chileno King George Island Active 62.201382|S|58.962358|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}h}}UTC−3
Esperanza AQ ESP Permanent {{ARG}} 1953 Instituto Antartico Argentino Hope Bay Active 63.3975|S|56.997778|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Filchner AQ Summer {{GER}} 1982 Alfred Wegener Institute Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Abandoned
and lost 1999 		77.10000|S|50.4000|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Fossil Bluff
(ex Station KG)
[14] 		AQ Permanent intermittently
Summer 		{{UK}} 1961 British Antarctic Survey Alexander IslandActive71.323389|S|68.287722|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Gabriel de Castilla AQ GDC Summer {{ESP}} 1989 Spanish National Research Council Deception IslandActive
Marine biology[15]		62.976951|S|60.675305|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
General Bernardo O'Higgins AQ OHG Permanent {{CHL}} 1948 Chilean Army Cape Legoupil Active
Logistics 		63.320947|S|57.899677|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}h}}UTC−3
Georg Forster AQ Permanent {{GDR}}
{{GER}} 		1976

1990 		Alfred Wegener Institute Filchner-Ronne Ice ShelfClosed
1993		70.777493|S|11.848847|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
German Antarctic Receiving Station AQ Permanent {{GER}} 1991 German Aerospace Center Cape Legoupil Active63.320873|S|57.900615|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Giacomo Bove[16] AQ BGB Summer {{ITA}} 1976 Private station Italia ValleyTaken apart by the Argentine Navy 197662.168055|S|58.505071|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Gondwana AQ Summer {{GER}} 1983 Alfred Wegener Institute Transantarctic Mountains Active 74.635399|S|164.222014|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
González Videla AQ Summer {{CHL}} 1951 Chilean Air Force Waterboat Point
Graham Land 		Active 64.823954|S|62.857077|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Great Wall AQ GWL Permanent {{CHN}} 1985 Polar Research Institute of China King George IslandActive62.216838|S|58.961855|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Guillermo Mann AQ Summer {{CHL}} 1991 Instituto Antártico Chileno Cape Shirreff Active62.469917|S|60.771250|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Hallett AQ Permanent
Summer since 1964 		{{USA}}
{{NZL}} 		1956 International Geophysical Year Hallett Peninsula Closed 1973 72.316667|S|170.266667|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Halley AQ HLY Permanent
Temporary Summer[17] 		{{UK}} 1956 British Antarctic Survey [18] Brunt Ice ShelfActive75.612543|S|26.197797|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
relocated {{convert|23|km|mi}} inland[19]
Jang Bogo AQ JBS Permanent {{KOR}} 2014 Korea Polar Research Institute Terra Nova Bay Active 74.624015|S|164.228815|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}} UTC+11
Jinnah AQ Summer {{PAK}} 1991 Pakistan Antarctic Programme Sør Rondane Mountains, Queen Maud Land Active 70.3999984|S|25.749997|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Juan Carlos Primero AQ JCP Summer {{ESP}} 1988 Spanish National Research Council South Bay, Livingston Island Active 62.663138|S|60.387992|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Jubany
(renamed Carlini) 		AQ JUB Permanent {{ARG}} 1953 Instituto Antartico Argentino King George Island Active 62.238251|S|58.667764|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Julio Ripamonti AQ Summer {{CHL}} 1982 Instituto Antártico Chileno Ardley Island Active 62.210106|S|58.935508|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}} UTC-3
King Baudouin
(first station) 		AQ Permanent {{BEL}} 1957 National Center for Polar Research Princess Ragnhild Coast Closed 1961
Abandoned 		70.425833|S|24.316667|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
King Baudouin
(second station) 		AQ Permanent {{BEL}}
{{NED}} 		1964 National Center for Polar Research Princess Ragnhild Coast Closed 1967
Abandoned 		70.425833|S|24.316667|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
King Sejong AQ KSG Permanent {{KOR}} 1988 Korea Polar Research Institute King George Island Active 62.222803|S|58.788256|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}} UTC−3
Kohnen AQ KHN Summer {{GER}} 2001 Alfred Wegener Institute Queen Maud Land Active 75.001882|S|0.066792|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Komsomolskaya AQ Permanent {{URS}} 1957 Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute Queen Mary LandClosed
1962		74.1|S|94.5|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Kunlun AQ Summer {{CHN}} 2009 Polar Research Institute of China Dome A Active 80.417340|S|77.116449|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Law AQ LAW Summer {{ROU}} 1986 Romanian Polar Research Institute Larsemann Hills
Princess Elizabeth Land 		Active 69.373573|S|76.371594|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Lázarev AQ Permanent {{URS}} 1959 Russian Antarctic Expedition Lazarev Ice Shelf Closed 1961
Abandoned 		69.966667|S|12.916667|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Lenie AQ Summer {{USA}} 1985 United States Antarctic Program Admiralty BayActive62.178439|S|58.446158|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Leningradskaya AQ Summer {{RUS}} 1971 Russian Antarctic Expedition Oates Coast
Victoria Land 		Closed 1991
Reopened 2007 		69.501333|S|159.391840|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Little America AQ Permanent {{USA}} 1929 Ross Ice Shelf Lost
1987 		78.2|S|162.2|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Little Rockford AQ Summer {{USA}} 1958 Marie Byrd Land Closed 1965
Abandoned 		79.5|S|147.316667|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Machu Picchu AQ Summer {{PER}} 1989 Instituto Antàrtico Peruano [20] Admiralty Bay
King George Island 		Active 62.091497|S|58.469905|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Maitri AQ MTR Permanent {{IND}} 1989 Indian Antarctic Program Schirmacher Oasis Active 70.766632|S|11.731516|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Maldonado AQ Summer {{ECU}} 1990 Instituto Antártico Ecuatoriano Greenwich Island Active 62.449056|S|59.741389|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Marambio AQ MRB Permanent {{ARG}} 1969 Instituto Antartico Argentino Marambio Island Active 64.241014|S|56.626753|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Mario Zucchelli AQ MZU Summer[21] {{ITA}} 1986 National Antarctic Research Program
ENEA
CNR 		Terra Nova BayActive74.694206|S|164.113869|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}x}}UTC+12*
[22]
Matienzo AQ Summer {{ARG}} 1961 Instituto Antartico Argentino Graham Land Active 64.975659|S|60.071501|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Maudheim AQ Permanent {{NOR}}
{{SWE}}
{{UK}} 		1949 Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition Queen Maud LandClosed
1952		71.05|S|10.933333|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Mawson AQ MAW Permanent {{AUS}} 1954 Australian Antarctic Division Mac Robertson Land Active 67.603232|S|62.874170|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}r}}UTC+6
McMurdo AQ MCM Permanent {{USA}} 1956 United States Antarctic Program Ross Island Active 77.846323|S|166.668235|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}x}}UTC+12*
Melchior AQ Summer {{ARG}} 1947 Instituto Antartico Argentino Melchior Islands Active 64.325688|S|62.976063|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Mendel AQ Summer {{CZE}} 2006 Masaryk University James Ross Island Active 63.800623|S|57.882178|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Mir AQ Summer {{URS}} 1958
Meteo 		Russian Antarctic Expedition Drygalski Island Closed
1960 		65.75|S|92.5|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Mirny AQ MIR Permanent {{RUS}} 1956 Russian Antarctic Expedition Davis Sea Active 66.553122|S|93.009724|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Mizuho AQ Summer {{JPN}} 1970 National Institute of Polar Research Mizuho Plateau Active
occasionally
transhipment station 		70.699174|S|44.279057|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Molodyozhnaya AQ Summer {{RUS}} 1962
reopened
in 2007		 Russian Antarctic Expedition Thala Hills
East Antarctica 		Closed 1990
Active
Meteorology
[23] 		67.665348|S|45.838400|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inlinee}}
Neumayer I AQ NEU Permanent {{GER}} 1981 Alfred Wegener Institute Princess Martha Coast Closed
1993 		70.651509|S|8.263172|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Neumayer II AQ NEU Permanent {{GER}} 1992 Alfred Wegener Institute Queen Maud Land Closed
2009 		70.637847|S|8.261744|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Neumayer III AQ NEU Permanent {{GER}} 2009 Alfred Wegener Institute Atka Bay Active70.677250|S|8.271600|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}l}}UTC
Norway AQ Permanent {{NOR}} 1957 Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition Fimbul Ice Shelf Closed 1960
Transferred to
South Africa 		70.5|S|2.5|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Novolazarevskaya AQ NOV Permanent {{RUS}} 1961 Russian Antarctic Expedition Queen Maud Land Active 70.776762|S|11.822356|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Oasis
(renamed
Dobrowolski) 		AQ Summer {{URS}}
{{POL}} 		1956

1959 		Russian Antarctic Expedition Bunger Hills Active 66.266667|S|100.733333|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Oazis 2 AQ Summer {{URS}} 1987 Russian Antarctic Expedition Bunger Hills Closed
1995 		66.274514|S|100.749889|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Orcadas AQ ORC Permanent {{ARG}} 1904 Instituto Antartico Argentino
Argentine Navy 		Laurie Island
South Orkney Islands		Active60.738085|S|44.738130|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Palmer AQ PLM Permanent {{USA}} 1968 United States Antarctic Program Anvers Island Active 64.774230|S|64.052718|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}h}}UTC−3
Petrel AQ Summer {{ARG}} 1952 Instituto Antartico Argentino Dundee Island Active 63.477947|S|56.228753|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Pionérskaya AQ Permanent {{URS}} 1956 Russian Antarctic Expedition Queen Mary Land Closed
1959 		69.733333|S|95.516667|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Plateau AQ Permanent {{USA}} 1965 United States Navy
National Science Foundation 		Queen Maud Land Closed
1969		79.25082|S|40.56042|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Pobeda AQ Summer {{URS}} 1960 Russian Antarctic Expedition Queen Mary Land Closed
1960 		64.65|S|98.9|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Pole of inaccessibility {{URS}} 1958 Kemp Land Closed
1958 		82.1|S|54.966667|E|format=dms|region:|display=inline}}
Port Martin AQ Permanent {{FRA}} 1950 French Antarctic Expedition Cape Margerie Closed
1952 		66.818250|S|141.400694|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Primavera AQ Summer {{ARG}} 1977 Instituto Antartico Argentino Graham Land Active 64.155766|S|60.955183|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Princess Elisabeth AQ Summer {{BEL}} 2007 International Polar Foundation
Energy passive station. 		Queen Maud LandReopened
23 November 2017[24]		71.949944|S|23.347079|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Progress AQ PRO Summer {{URS}}
{{RUS}} 		1988 Russian Antarctic Expedition Prydz Bay Active 69.373575|S|76.371678|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Risopatrón AQ Summer {{CHL}} 1954 Instituto Antártico Chileno Robert Island Active 62.378333|S|59.700833|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Rothera
(ex Station R)
[25] 		AQ ROT Permanent {{UK}} 1975 British Antarctic Survey Adelaide Island Active 67.568417|S|68.125796|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Russkaya AQ Summer {{URS}}
{{RUS}} 		1980
reopened in 2007 		Russian Antarctic Expedition Marie Byrd Land Closed 1990
Active 		74.766755|S|136.802882|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}f}}UTC−6
[26]
Salyut AQ Summer {{URS}} 1978 Russian Antarctic Expedition Queen Mary Land Closed
1978 		65.533333|S|96.5|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
San Martín AQ SMT Permanent {{ARG}} 1951 Instituto Antartico Argentino Barry Island Active 68.130043|S|67.101311|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
SANAE I AQ SNA Permanent {{RSA}} 1960 South African National Antarctic Programme Fimbul Ice Shelf Closed 1963
Abandoned 		70.3|S|2.366667|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
SANAE II AQ SNA Permanent {{RSA}} 1971 South African National Antarctic Programme Fimbul Ice Shelf Closed 1979
Abandoned 		70.3|S|2.366667|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
SANAE III AQ SNA Permanent {{RSA}} 1979 South African National Antarctic Programme Fimbul Ice Shelf Closed 1997
Abandoned 		70.3|S|2.366667|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
SANAE IV AQ SNA Permanent {{RSA}} 1960
SANAE I 		South African National Antarctic Programme Vesleskarvet
Queen Maud Land 		Active 71.672650|S|2.840575|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC+2
Sarie Marais AQ Summer {{RSA}} 1982 South African National Antarctic Programme Ahlmann Ridge Closed 1999
Dismantled 2001
Geology
Biology 		72.026389|S|2.805|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Scott Base AQ SBA Permanent {{NZL}} 1957 Antarctica New Zealand Ross Island Active 77.849132|S|166.768196|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}x}}UTC+12
Shirreff AQ Summer {{USA}} 1991 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cape Shirreff Active 62.470271|S|60.770998|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Signy
(ex Station H)
[27] 		AQ SGN Permanent
1947-1995
Summer
since 1996		 {{UK}} 1947 British Antarctic Survey Signy Island
South Orkney Islands 		Active 60.708137|S|45.594888|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Site 2 AQ Summer {{USA}} 1957 Law Dome Closed 1966
Abandoned
Glaciology 		66.501944|S|113.2025|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Syowa AQ SYW Permanent {{JPN}} 1957 National Institute of Polar Research East Ongul Island Active 69.004448|S|39.581713|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}o}}UTC+3
Siple AQ Summer {{USA}} 1973 Stanford's STAR Lab Ellsworth Land Closed
1988 		75.916667|S|83.916667 |W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Sobral AQ Permanent {{ARG}} 1965 Instituto Antártico Argentino Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Closed
1968 		81|04|45|S|40|31|12|W|region:AR_type:city|display=inline}}
Sodrúzhestvo AQ Summer {{URS}} 1971 Russian Antarctic Expedition Amery Ice Shelf Closed
1974 		69.716667|S|73.733333|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
South Ice AQ Permanent {{UK}} 1957 Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition Edith Ronne Land Closed 1958
Abandoned 		82.083333|S|30.0|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Sovetskaya AQ Permanent {{URS}} 1958 Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute Kaiser Wilhelm II LandClosed
1959
Abandoned		77.966667|S|89.266667|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Soyuz AQ Permanent {{URS}} 1982 Russian Antarctic Expedition Prince Charles Mountains Closed
1989 		70.576667|S|68.791667|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}} UTC+5
St. Kliment Ohridski AQ Summer {{BUL}} 1988 Bulgarian Antarctic Institute Emona Anchorage
Livingston Island 		Active 62.641389|S|60.364722|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Station A[28] AQ Summer {{UK}} 1944 United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust Goudier Island Active 64.825276|S|63.493688|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station B[29] AQ Permanent {{UK}} 1944 Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition Deception Island Closed
1969 		62.977231|S|60.563809|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station C[30] AQ Summer {{UK}} 1946 British Antarctic Survey Cape Geddes Closed 1947
Abandoned 		60.687642|S|44.573196|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station D[31] AQ Permanent {{UK}} 1945 British Antarctic Survey Hope Bay Closed
1964 		63.402478|S|56.990707|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station E[32] AQ Permanent {{UK}} 1946 British Antarctic Survey Stonington Island Closed
1975 		68.185678|S|66.994815|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station F
(renamed Faraday)[33]		AQ Permanent {{UK}} 1947 British Antarctic Survey Galindez Island Closed
1996 		65.245791|S|64.257786|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station G[34] AQ Permanent {{UK}} 1947 British Antarctic Survey Admiralty Bay Closed
1961 		62.087217|S|58.394049|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station J[35] AQ Permanent {{UK}} 1957 British Antarctic Survey Prospect Point Closed 1959
Removed 2004 		65.998516|S|65.318273|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station N[36] AQ Permanent {{UK}} 1955 British Antarctic Survey Anvers Island Closed 1958
Demolished
1991 		64.760032|S|64.079991|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station O[37] AQ Permanent {{UK}} 1956 British Antarctic Survey Danco Island Closed 1959
Demolished
2004 		64.733333|S|62.600000|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station P[38] AQ Summer {{UK}} 1957 British Antarctic Survey Mateev Cove Closed
1958 		62.649306|S|60.590278|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station T[39]AQ Permanent {{UK}} 1961 British Antarctic Survey Adelaide Island Closed
1977 		67.761201|S|68.914365|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station V[40] AQ Permanent {{UK}} 1953 British Antarctic Survey View Point Closed
1963 		63.554392|S|57.378279|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station W[41] AQ Permanent {{UK}} 1956 British Antarctic Survey Detaille Island Closed
1959 		66.867006|S|66.797971|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Station Y[42] AQ Permanent {{UK}}] 1955
reopened 1969 		British Antarctic Survey Horseshoe IslandClosed
1960
1969		{{coord|67.808285|S|67.294266|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Svea AQ Summer {{SWE}} 1988 Swedish Polar Research Secretariat Queen Maud Land Active 74.583333|S|11.216667|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Taishan[43] AQ Summer {{CHN}} 2014 Polar Research Institute of China Princess Elizabeth Land Active 73.863883|S|76.974717|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Tor AQ TOR Summer {{NOR}} 1993 Norwegian Polar Institute Queen Maud Land Active 71.889477|S|5.159545|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Troll AQ TRL Permanent {{NOR}} 1990 Norwegian Polar Institute Queen Maud Land Active 72.011662|S|2.535138|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Union Glacier AQ Summer {{CHL}} 2014 Chilean Army
Chilean Navy
Chilean Air Force
Instituto Antártico Chileno 		Union Glacier Active 79|46|10|S|82|54|26|W|type:landmark_region:AQ|name=Joint Scientific Polar Station "Union Glacier" (Chile)}}
Vanda AQ Permanent until 1974
Summer since 1976 		{{NZL}} 1969 Antarctica New Zealand Victoria Land Active 77.516667|S|161.666667|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Vechernyaya[44] AQ Summer {{BLR}} 2007 National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Mount Vechernyaya, Thala HillsActive67.659123|S|46.158125|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Vernadsky
(ex Station F) 		AQ VKY Permanent {{UKR}}

{{UK}} 		1994 National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine Galindez Island Active 65.245791|S|64.257786|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}i}}UTC−3
Vostok AQ VOS Permanent {{URS}}
{{RUS}} 		1957 Russian Antarctic Expedition Antarctic Ice Sheet Active 78.463889|S|106.83757|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}r}}UTC+6
Vostok I AQ VOS Permanent {{URS}} 1957 Russian Academy of Sciences East Antarctica Closed 1957
Abandoned 		72.133333|S|96.583333|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Wasa AQ WSA Summer {{SWE}} 1989 Swedish Polar Research Secretariat Queen Maud Land Active 73.039901|S|13.398584|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Weddell 1 AQ Summer {{RUS}}
{{USA}} 		1992 Russian Antarctic Expedition
National Science Foundation 		Weddell SeaClosed
1992		71.8|S|51.716667|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
World Park AQ Permanent 1987 Greenpeace Cape Evans Dismantled
1992		77.6389 |S|166.4139|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Yelcho AQ Summer {{CHL}} 1962
reopened 2015 		Instituto Antártico Chileno South Bay
Doumer Island		Active64.87591|S|63.583721|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Zhongshan AQ ZGN Permanent {{CHN}} 1989 Polar Research Institute of China Larsemann Hills
Prydz Bay 		Active 69.373587|S|76.371652|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}

* Observes daylight saving time.

List of Subantarctic research stations

Station name LOCODE Type Country Year
Est. 		Administered
by 		LocationStatus &
Activities		 Coordinates Time zone
Alfred Faure TF Permanent {{FRA}} 1963 Île de la Possession Active
Meteorology
Seismology
Biology 		46.432333|S|51.858217|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Bird
(ex Station BI[45]		GS Permanent {{UK}} 1957 British Antarctic Survey Bird Island Active
Bird and seal research 		54.008329|S|38.051132|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Campbell NZ Permanent {{NZL}} 1946 MetService Campbell Island Active
Meteorology 		52.550973|S|169.150981|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Gough SH TDC Permanent {{RSA}} 1956 South African Weather Service Gough Island Active
Meteorology 		40.349307|S|9.880331|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
King Edward Point
(ex Station M)[46]		GS Permanent {{UK}} 1950 British Antarctic Survey King Edward Point Active
Support sustainable fishing 		54.283335|S|36.493196|W|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Marion ZA Permanent {{RSA}} 1948 South African National Antarctic Programme Prince Edward Islands Active
Meteorology
Biology 		46.875460|S|37.858540|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}
Port-aux-Français TF PFR Permanent {{FRA}} 1963 Kerguelen Islands Active
Meteorology
Geophisics
Biology 		49.348667|S|70.219306|E|format=dms|region:AQ|display=inline}}

Map

This map shows permanent research stations only.{{Location map many | Antarctica
| width = 800
| float = center
| caption = Locations of permanent research station in Antarctica
| label = Amundsen–Scott South Pole | position=right
| lat_deg = -90.00
| lon_deg = 00.00
| label2 = Asuka
| pos2 = top
| lat2_deg = -71.52
| lon2_deg = 24.11
| label3 = Bharati
Zhongshan
| pos3 = top
| lat3_deg = -69.40
| lon3_deg = 76.18
| label4 = Casey
| pos4 = right
| lat4_deg = -66.28
| lon4_deg = 110.52
| label5 = Concordia
| pos5 = right
| lat5_deg = -75.10
| lon5_deg = 123.33
| label7 = Davis
Dakshin Gangotri
| pos7 = right
| lat7_deg = -68.57
| lon7_deg = 77.96
| label8 = Dumont d'Urville
| pos8 = right
| lat8_deg = -66.66
| lon8_deg = 140.00
| label9 = Arctowski
Artigas
Bellingshausen
Ferraz
Frei
Escudero
Great Wall
Carlini
King Sejong
| pos9 = left
| lat9_deg = -62.18
| lon9_deg = -58.90
| label10 = Belgrano II
| pos10 = right
| lat10_deg = -77.87
| lon10_deg = -34.62
| label11 = Esperanza
| pos11 = top
| lat11_deg = -63.39
| lon11_deg = -56.99
| label12 = O'Higgins
Marambio
| pos12 = right
| lat12_deg = -63.32
| lon12_deg = -57.90
| label13 = Halley
| pos13 = right
| lat13_deg = -75.61
| lon13_deg = -26.19
| label14 = Jang Bogo
| pos14 = right
| lat14_deg = -74.62
| lon14_deg = 164.22
| label15 = Maitri
Novolazarevskaya
| pos15 = top
| lat15_deg = -70.76
| lon15_deg = 11.73
| label16 = Mawson
| pos16 = right
| lat16_deg = -67.60
| lon16_deg = 62.87
| label17 = McMurdo
Scott
| pos17 = left
| lat17_deg = -77.84
| lon17_deg = 166.66
| label18 = Mirny
| pos18 = left
| lat18_deg = -66.55
| lon18_deg = 93.01
| label19 = Neumayer III
| pos19 = top
| lat19_deg = -70.67
| lon19_deg = -8.27
| label20 = Orcadas
| pos20 = left
| lat20_deg = -60.73
| lon20_deg = -44.73
| label21 = Palmer
| pos21 =top
| lat21_deg = -64.77
| lon21_deg = -64.02
| label22 = Rothera
| pos22 = down
| lat22_deg = -67.56
| lon22_deg = -68.12
| label23 = San Martín
| pos23 =top
| lat23_deg = -68.13
| lon23_deg = -67.10
| label24 = SANAE IV
| pos24 = left
| lat24_deg = -71.67
| lon24_deg = -2.84
| label25 = Syowa
| pos25 = right
| lat25_deg = -69.00
| lon25_deg = 39.58
| label26 = Troll
| pos26 = right
| lat26_deg = -72.01
| lon26_deg = 2.53
| label27 = Vernadsky
| pos27 = botton
| lat27_deg = -65.24
| lon27_deg = -64.25
| label28 = Vostok
| pos28 = left
| lat28_deg = -78.46
| lon28_deg = 106.83
}}

See also

{{commons category|Scientific stations in Antarctica}}
  • Antarctic field camps
  • Demographics of Antarctica
  • Research stations in the Arctic (for analogous stations in the Arctic)
  • List of Antarctic expeditions
  • Transport in Antarctica
  • Winter-over syndrome

References

1. ^{{cite journal|author1=Silja Vöneky|author2=Sange Addison-Agyei|authorlink1=Silja Vöneky|title=Oxford Public International Law|journal=Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law|date=May 2011}}
2. ^[https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/antpanel/4past.htm 4.0 Antarctica - Past and Present]
3. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Rudmose Brown|first1=R. N.|last2=Pirie|first2=J. H.|last3=Mossman|first3=R. C.|title=The Voyage of the Scotia|publisher=Mercat Press|location= Edinburgh|year=2002|isbn=1-84183-044-5|pages=34–57}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Voyage of the Scotia 1902–04: The Antarctic|url=http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/scotia/vsindexantarctic.html|publisher=Glasgow Digital Library|accessdate=2008-06-30}}
5. ^{{cite book | last = Speak | first = Peter | year = 2003 | title = William Speirs Bruce: Polar Explorer and Scottish Nationalist | publisher = NMS Publishing | location = Edinburgh | isbn = 1-901663-71-X |page=85}}
6. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.ucema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-107.htm | title=Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Republica Argentina | accessdate=July 6, 2012 | author1=Escude, Carlos |author2=Cisneros, Andres |language=Spanish}}
7. ^{{cite book | title=Cuatro Años en las Orcadas del Sur | publisher=Ediciones Peuser | author=Moneta, Jose Manuel | edition=9th | year=1954}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/library/pictures/catalogue/hmscc1943/|title=HMS Carnarvon Castle 1943|publisher=}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/robert-falcon-scott/9706157/Spirit-of-Scott-2012-Britains-polar-interests-lie-under-a-cloud.html|title=Spirit of Scott 2012: Britain’s polar interests lie under a cloud|publisher=The Daily Telegraph}}
10. ^Antarctica and the Arctic: the complete encyclopedia, Volume 1, by David McGonigal, Lynn Woodworth, page 98
11. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://eies.ats.aq/Ats.IE/ieGenRpt.aspx?idParty=27&period=3|title=New Zealand|website=Antarctic Treaty|accessdate=25 September 2017}}
12. ^Antarctic Treaty
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.institut-polaire.fr/ipev-en/support-for-science/antarctica/dumont-durville/|title=Dumont d'Urville|website=Institute Polaire Français|accessdate=27 September 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/fossil-bluff-kg/|title=Fossil Bluff Station KG|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=12 August 2018}}
15. ^BAE Gabriel de Castilla {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331074037/http://www.utm.csic.es/baegab.asp |date=2010-03-31 }}
16. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.waponline.it/giacomo-bove-station-antarctica-wap-ita-o2/|title=Giacomo Bove Station | website = Worldwide Antarctic Program |publisher=| accessdate = 8 October 2018}}
17. ^[https://www.bas.ac.uk/media-post/115024/ Halley Research Station will not winter in 2018] British Antarctic Survey
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.archello.com/en/project/halley-vi-antarctic-research-station|title=Halley VI Antarctic Research Station|work=Archello.com}}
19. ^[https://www.bas.ac.uk/project/moving-halley/ Halley Research Station relocation] British Antarctic Survey
20. ^ 
21. ^Stazione Mario Zucchelli ItaliAntartide
22. ^{{cite web|title=Current Local Time in Mario Zucchelli Station, Antarctica|url=http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/antarctica/mario-zucchelli-station|website=timeanddate.com|accessdate=20 May 2016}}
23. ^http://www.tvr.by/eng/news.asp?id=15751&date=17.03.2006%2019:31:00#1
24. ^Waking the Princess International Polar Foundation
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/rothera-r/|title=Rothera Station R|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=12 August 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.french-polar-team.fr/R1_Russkaya_Station_Antarctica.php|title=French Polar Team - R1 Russkaya Station / Antarctica|publisher=}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/signy-h/|title=Signy Station H|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=12 August 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ukaht.org/discover/conservation/portlockroydiaries/six/|title=Port Lockroy Diaries|website=United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust|publisher=|accessdate=20 December 2018}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/deception-island-b/|title=Deception Island Station B|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/sandefjord-bay-c/|title=Sandefjord Bay Station C|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/hope-bay-d/|title=Hope Bay Station D|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/stonington-island-e/|title=Stonington Island Station E|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/faraday-f/|title=Faraday Station F|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/admiralty-bay-g/|title=Admiralty Bay Station G|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/prospect-point-j/|title=Prospect Point Station J|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/anvers-island-n/|title=Anvers Island Station N|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/danco-island-o/|title=Danco Island Station O|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/livingston-island-p/|title=Livingstone Island Station P|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/adelaide-island-t/|title=Adelaide Station T|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/view-point-v/|title=View Point Station V|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/detaille-island-w/|title=Detaille Island Station W|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/horseshoe-island-y/|title=Horseshoe Island Station Y|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=中国正式建成南极泰山科考站|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/simp/world/2014/02/140208_antarctic_china_taishan.shtml}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.waponline.it/belarusian-antarctic-research-vechernyaya-station-wap-blr-new/ |date=August 24, 2017 |first=Gianni |last=Varetto |title=Belarusian Antarctic Research Vechernyaya Station (WAP BLR-New) |publisher=Worldwide Antarctic Program}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/bird-island-bi/|title=Bird Island Station BI|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=12 August 2018}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/about/about-bas/our-history/british-research-stations-and-refuges/king-edward-point-m/|title=King Edward Pont Station M|website=British Antarctic Survey|publisher=|accessdate=12 August 2018}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20011224062241/http://members.eunet.at/castaway/stations/aa-bases.html Research stations]
  • [https://www.comnap.aq/Members/SiteAssets/SitePages/Home/Antarctic_Facilities_List_13Feb2014.xls COMNAP Antarctic Facilities (Updated February 2014 - Excel File)]
  • [https://www.comnap.aq/publications/maps/comnap_map_edition5_a0_2009-07-24.pdf COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915110710/https://www.comnap.aq/publications/maps/comnap_map_edition5_a0_2009-07-24.pdf |date=September 15, 2009 }})
  • Antarctic Exploration Timeline, animated map of Antarctic exploration and settlement, showing where and when Antarctic research stations were established
  • [https://www.add.scar.org/ Antarctic Digital Database Map Viewer] SCAR
{{portalbar|Earth sciences|Antarctica|Geography|Lists}}{{Antarctic research stations}}{{Antarctica}}{{Polar exploration}}

5 : Outposts of Antarctica|Antarctica-related lists|Government research|Science and technology in Antarctica|Antarctic research
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