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词条 Acoustic impedance
释义

  1. Mathematical definitions

     Acoustic impedance  Specific acoustic impedance  Relationship 

  2. Characteristic acoustic impedance

     Characteristic specific acoustic impedance  Effect of temperature  Characteristic acoustic impedance 

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

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Acoustic impedance and specific acoustic impedance are measures of the opposition that a system presents to the acoustic flow resulting from an acoustic pressure applied to the system. The SI unit of acoustic impedance is the pascal second per cubic metre ({{nobreak|Pa·s/m3}}) or the rayl per square metre ({{nobreak|rayl/m2}}), while that of specific acoustic impedance is the pascal second per metre ({{nobreak|Pa·s/m}}) or the rayl.[1] In this article the symbol rayl denotes the MKS rayl. There is a close analogy with electrical impedance, which measures the opposition that a system presents to the electrical flow resulting from an electrical voltage applied to the system.

Mathematical definitions

Acoustic impedance

For a linear time-invariant system, the relationship between the acoustic pressure applied to the system and the resulting acoustic volume flow rate through a surface perpendicular to the direction of that pressure at its point of application is given by:{{cn|date=March 2019}}

or equivalently by

where

  • p is the acoustic pressure;
  • Q is the acoustic volume flow rate;
  • is the convolution operator;
  • R is the acoustic resistance in the time domain;
  • G = R −1 is the acoustic conductance in the time domain (R −1 is the convolution inverse of R).
Acoustic impedance, denoted Z, is the Laplace transform, or the Fourier transform, or the analytic representation of time domain acoustic resistance:[1]

where

  • is the Laplace transform operator;
  • is the Fourier transform operator;
  • subscript "a" is the analytic representation operator;
  • Q −1 is the convolution inverse of Q.

Acoustic resistance, denoted R, and acoustic reactance, denoted X, are the real part and imaginary part of acoustic impedance respectively:{{cn|date=March 2019}}

where

  • i is the imaginary unit;
  • in Z(s), R(s) is not the Laplace transform of the time domain acoustic resistance R(t), Z(s) is;
  • in Z(ω), R(ω) is not the Fourier transform of the time domain acoustic resistance R(t), Z(ω) is;
  • in Z(t), R(t) is the time domain acoustic resistance and X(t) is the Hilbert transform of the time domain acoustic resistance R(t), according to the definition of the analytic representation.

Inductive acoustic reactance, denoted XL, and capacitive acoustic reactance, denoted XC, are the positive part and negative part of acoustic reactance respectively:{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Acoustic admittance, denoted Y, is the Laplace transform, or the Fourier transform, or the analytic representation of time domain acoustic conductance:[1]

where

  • Z −1 is the convolution inverse of Z;
  • p −1 is the convolution inverse of p.

Acoustic conductance, denoted G, and acoustic susceptance, denoted B, are the real part and imaginary part of acoustic admittance respectively:{{cn|date=March 2019}}

where

  • in Y(s), G(s) is not the Laplace transform of the time domain acoustic conductance G(t), Y(s) is;
  • in Y(ω), G(ω) is not the Fourier transform of the time domain acoustic conductance G(t), Y(ω) is;
  • in Y(t), G(t) is the time domain acoustic conductance and B(t) is the Hilbert transform of the time domain acoustic conductance G(t), according to the definition of the analytic representation.

Acoustic resistance represents the energy transfer of an acoustic wave. The pressure and motion are in phase, so work is done on the medium ahead of the wave; as well, it represents the pressure that is out of phase with the motion and causes no average energy transfer.{{cn|date=March 2019}} For example, a closed bulb connected to an organ pipe will have air moving into it and pressure, but they are out of phase so no net energy is transmitted into it. While the pressure rises, air moves in, and while it falls, it moves out, but the average pressure when the air moves in is the same as that when it moves out, so the power flows back and forth but with no time averaged energy transfer.{{cn|date=March 2019}} A further electrical analogy is a capacitor connected across a power line: current flows through the capacitor but it is out of phase with the voltage, so no net power is transmitted into it.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Specific acoustic impedance

For a linear time-invariant system, the relationship between the acoustic pressure applied to the system and the resulting particle velocity in the direction of that pressure at its point of application is given by

or equivalently by:

where

  • p is the acoustic pressure;
  • v is the particle velocity;
  • r is the specific acoustic resistance in the time domain;
  • g = r −1 is the specific acoustic conductance in the time domain (r −1 is the convolution inverse of r).{{cn|date=March 2019}}
Specific acoustic impedance, denoted z is the Laplace transform, or the Fourier transform, or the analytic representation of time domain specific acoustic resistance:[1]

where v −1 is the convolution inverse of v.

Specific acoustic resistance, denoted r, and specific acoustic reactance, denoted x, are the real part and imaginary part of specific acoustic impedance respectively:{{cn|date=March 2019}}

where

  • in z(s), r(s) is not the Laplace transform of the time domain specific acoustic resistance r(t), z(s) is;
  • in z(ω), r(ω) is not the Fourier transform of the time domain specific acoustic resistance r(t), z(ω) is;
  • in z(t), r(t) is the time domain specific acoustic resistance and x(t) is the Hilbert transform of the time domain specific acoustic resistance r(t), according to the definition of the analytic representation.

Specific inductive acoustic reactance, denoted xL, and specific capacitive acoustic reactance, denoted xC, are the positive part and negative part of specific acoustic reactance respectively:{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Specific acoustic admittance, denoted y, is the Laplace transform, or the Fourier transform, or the analytic representation of time domain specific acoustic conductance:[1]

where

  • z −1 is the convolution inverse of z;
  • p −1 is the convolution inverse of p.

Specific acoustic conductance, denoted g, and specific acoustic susceptance, denoted b, are the real part and imaginary part of specific acoustic admittance respectively:{{cn|date=March 2019}}

where

  • in y(s), g(s) is not the Laplace transform of the time domain acoustic conductance g(t), y(s) is;
  • in y(ω), g(ω) is not the Fourier transform of the time domain acoustic conductance g(t), y(ω) is;
  • in y(t), g(t) is the time domain acoustic conductance and b(t) is the Hilbert transform of the time domain acoustic conductance g(t), according to the definition of the analytic representation.

Specific acoustic impedance z is an intensive property of a particular medium (e.g., the z of air or water can be specified); on the other hand, acoustic impedance Z is an extensive property of a particular medium and geometry (e.g., the Z of a particular duct filled with air can be specified).{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Relationship

For a one dimensional wave passing through an aperture with area A, the acoustic volume flow rate Q is the volume of medium passing per second through the aperture; if the acoustic flow moves a distance dx = v dt, then the volume of medium passing through is dV = A dx, so:{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Provided that the wave is only one-dimensional, it yields

Characteristic acoustic impedance

Characteristic specific acoustic impedance

The constitutive law of nondispersive linear acoustics in one dimension gives a relation between stress and strain:[1]

where

  • p is the acoustic pressure in the medium;
  • ρ is the volumetric mass density of the medium;
  • c is the speed of the sound waves traveling in the medium;
  • δ is the particle displacement;
  • x is the space variable along the direction of propagation of the sound waves.

This equation is valid both for fluids and solids. In

  • fluids, ρc2 = K (K stands for the bulk modulus);
  • solids, ρc2 = K + 4/3 G (G stands for the shear modulus) for longitudinal waves and ρc2 = G for transverse waves.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Newton's second law applied locally in the medium gives:{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Combining this equation with the previous one yields the one-dimensional wave equation:

The plane waves

that are solutions of this wave equation are composed of the sum of two progressive plane waves traveling along x with the same speed and in opposite ways:{{cn|date=March 2019}}

from which can be derived

For progressive plane waves:{{cn|date=March 2019}}

or

Finally, the specific acoustic impedance z is

{{cn|date=March 2019}}

The absolute value of this specific acoustic impedance is often called characteristic specific acoustic impedance and denoted z0:[1]

The equations also show that

z0 varies greatly among media, especially between gas and condensed phases; for instance, water is 800 times denser than air and its speed of sound is 4.3 times as fast as that of air, and so the specific acoustic impedance of water is 3,500 times higher than that of air.{{cn|date=March 2019}} This means that a sound in water with a given pressure amplitude is 3,500 times less intense than one in air with the same pressure—because air, with its lower z0, moves with a much greater velocity and displacement amplitude than water; reciprocally, if a sound in water and another in air have the same intensity, then the pressure is much smaller in air.{{cn|date=March 2019}} These variations lead to important differences between room acoustics or atmospheric acoustics on the one hand, and underwater acoustics on the other.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

Effect of temperature

{{unreferenced section|date=March 2019}}{{original research|section|date=March 2019}}

Temperature acts on speed of sound and mass density and thus on specific acoustic impedance.

{{Temperature_effect}}

Characteristic acoustic impedance

For a one dimensional wave passing through an aperture with area A, Z = z/A, so if the wave is a progressive plane wave, then:{{cn|date=March 2019}}

The absolute value of this acoustic impedance is often called characteristic acoustic impedance and denoted Z0:[1]

and the characteristic specific acoustic impedance is

If the aperture with area A is the start of a pipe and a plane wave is sent into the pipe, the wave passing through the aperture is a progressive plane wave in the absence of reflections, and the usually reflections from the other end of the pipe, whether open or closed, are the sum of waves travelling from one end to the other.{{cn|date=March 2019}} (It is possible to have no reflections when the pipe is very long, because of the long time taken for the reflected waves to return, and their attenuation through losses at the pipe wall.{{cn|date=March 2019}}) Such reflections and resultant standing waves are very important in the design and operation of musical wind instruments.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

See also

{{Div col}}
  • Acoustic attenuation
  • Impedance analogy
  • Acoustic ohm
  • Earthquake bomb
{{Div col end}}

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|last1=Kinsler|first1=Lawrence|last2=Frey|first2=Austin|last3=Coppens|first3=Alan|last4=Sanders|first4=James|year=2000|title=Fundamentals of Acoustics|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=0-471-84789-5}}

External links

  • What Is Acoustic Impedance and Why Is It Important?
  • The Wave Equation for Sound

4 : Acoustics|Sound|Sound measurements|Physical quantities
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