| 词条 | Eileen Blair |
| 释义 |
| name = Eileen Blair | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Eileen Maud O'Shaugnessy | birth_place = South Shields, County Durham, England, United Kingdom | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1905|9|25}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1945|3|29|1905|9|25}} | death_place = Newcastle upon Tyne, England, United Kingdom | resting_place = St Andrew's and Jesmond Cemetery, West Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne| nationality = English | other_names = Eileen O'Shauhgnessy | occupation = | known_for = Wife of George Orwell }} Eileen Maud Blair (née O'Shaughnessy, 25 September 1905 – 29 March 1945) was the first wife of George Orwell (Eric Arthur Blair). She was born in South Shields in the northeast of England. Her mother was Marie O'Shaughnessy and her father was Lawrence O'Shaughnessy, a customs collector. Education and early lifeO'Shaughnessy attended Sunderland Church High School. In the autumn of 1924, she entered St Hugh's College, Oxford,[1] where she studied English. In 1927 she received a higher second-class degree.{{sfn|Stansky|Abrahams|1994|pp=104–105}} By choice there followed a succession of jobs 'of no special consequence and with no connection from one to the next', which she held briefly, and which began with work as an assistant mistress at Silchester House, a girls' boarding school in Taplow in the Thames valley, and included being a secretary; a reader for the elderly Dame Elizabeth Cadbury; and the proprietor of an office in Victoria Street, London, for typing and secretarial work. When she closed it down she took up freelance journalism, selling an occasional feature piece to the Evening News.{{which|date=February 2014}} She also helped her brother Lawrence, by typing, proofreading and editing his scientific papers and books.{{sfn|Stansky|Abrahams|1994|p=106}}[2] In the autumn of 1934 Eileen enrolled at University College, London for a two-year graduate course in educational psychology, leading to a Master of Arts qualification. Eileen was particularly interested in testing intelligence in children "and quite early decided upon that as the subject for the thesis she would be writing".[2] Elizaveta Fen, a fellow student who became one of O'Shaughnessy's closest friends, met her then for the first time: "She was twenty-eight years old and looked several years younger. She was tall and slender, her shoulders rather broad and high. She had blue eyes and dark brown, naturally wavy hair. George once said that she had 'a cat's face' – and one could see that this was true in a most attractive sense..."{{sfn|Stansky|Abrahams|1994|p=107}} She was very close to her elder brother Lawrence O'Shaughnessy,[3] a thoracic surgeon,[4] but even so, in a letter she described her brother as "one of nature's Fascists".[4] MarriageEileen met Eric Blair in the spring of 1935. At the time Eric was living at 77 Parliament Hill in Hampstead, occupying a spare room in the first floor flat of Rosalind Henschel Obermeyer, a niece of the conductor and composer Sir George Henschel and a friend of Mabel Fierze. Rosalind Obermeyer was taking an advanced course in psychology at University College, London; one evening she invited some of her friends and acquaintances to a party. One "was an attractive young woman whom Rosalind did not know especially well, although they often sat next to each other at lectures: her name was Eileen O'Shaughnessy." Elizaveta Fen recalled Orwell in her memoirs, Orwell and his friend and mentor Richard Rees, "draped" at the fireplace, looking, she thought, "moth-eaten and prematurely aged."{{sfn|Stansky|Abrahams|1994|pp=100–101}} Eric Blair married Eileen O'Shaugnessy the next year, on 9 June 1936, at St Mary's Church, Wallington, Hertfordshire (as Eric Arthur Blair and Eileen Maud O'Shaugnessy; at this time he was known as Orwell only in his writing, his friends knew him as Eric or Blair; and he "never quite got around to changing it").{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} Blair, though a non-practising member of the Church of England, "was sufficiently a traditionalist to wish to be married in it." They tried to have children, but Eileen did not become pregnant and they learnt later that Orwell was sterile, as he told Rayner Heppenstall, as Eileen confided in Elizaveta Fen.{{sfn|Stansky|Abrahams|1994|p=179}} Eileen joined her husband in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Eileen volunteered for a post in the office of John McNair, the leader of the Independent Labour Party who coordinated the arrival of British volonteers, and with the help of Georges Kopp paid visits to her husband, bringing him English tea, chocolate, and cigars.[5] By June 1937 the political situation had deteriorated and Orwell and Eileen were under threat and had to lie low, although they broke cover to try to help Kopp. After getting their passports in order, they escaped from Spain by train, diverting to Banyuls-sur-Mer for a short stay before returning to England. At the start of World War II, Eileen started work in the Censorship Department of the Ministry of Information in London, staying during the week with her family in Greenwich. Her brother Laurence was killed by a bomb during the evacuation from Dunkirk, after which, according to Elizaveta Fen, "her grip on life, which had never been very firm, loosened considerably."{{sfn|Stansky|Abrahams|1994|p=177}} In spring 1942, she changed jobs to work at the Ministry of Food. In June 1944 she and Eric adopted a three-week-old boy they named Richard Horatio. In one of her last letters to Blair, Eileen wrote of arrangements for renting and decorating Barnhill, Jura, the house where Orwell would write most of Nineteen Eighty Four – but she died before she ever saw Barnhill.[6] DeathEileen's brother Lawrence O'Shaughnessy had married Gwen Hunton; Gwen had a property called "Greystone" near Carlton, County Durham, that had been left empty on the death of her maiden aunt. The Blairs stayed there many times in 1944 and 1945. Gwen evacuated her children there from London when the "flying-bomb" raids began, and Richard went there when the Orwells had been bombed out of their flat in Maida Vale in June 1944. In early 1945 Eileen, who was in very poor health, went to stay there. Joyce Pritchard, the O'Shaughnessys' nanny, said that Eileen had visited Greystone frequently between July 1944 and March 1945.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} Eileen died on 29 March 1945 in Newcastle upon Tyne under anaesthetic. She was thirty-nine. In the words of the inquest: "Cardiac failure whilst under anaesthetic of ether and chloroform skilfully and properly administered for operation for removal of uterus."[7] She and Richard were living at Greystone at the time, with Orwell working in Paris as a war correspondent for The Observer. He got to Greystone on Saturday, 31 March. She is buried in Saint Andrew's and Jesmond Cemetery, West Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne. Influence on Orwell's writingSome scholars{{who|date=January 2014}} believe that Eileen had a large influence on Orwell's writing. It is suggested{{who|date=January 2014}} that Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four may have been influenced by one of Eileen's poems, End of the Century, 1984,[8] The poem was written in 1934, to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the school she went to, Sunderland Church High School, and to look ahead 50 years to the school's centenary in 1984.[9] Although the poem was written a year before she met Blair, there are some similarities between the futuristic vision of Eileen's poem and that in Nineteen Eighty-Four, including the use of mind control, and the eradication of personal freedom by a police state.{{sfn|Stansky|Abrahams|1994|p=151}} Sources
978-0094734609|year=1994|publisher=Constable|ref=harv}} References1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.jarrowandhebburngazette.com/news/director-s-odyssey-over-george-orwell-s-wife-1-5298641|date=10 January 2013|work=The Shields Gazette |accessdate=1 February 2014|title=Director's odyssey over George Orwell's wife}} But see Quentin Kopps remarks at the bottom of the article, the son of Georges Kopp, he disputes some of the facts in that article. 2. ^1 {{cite book|first=Elizaveta|last=Fen|chapter=George Orwell's First wife|title=Twentieth Century|pages=115–126}} 3. ^{{cite journal|first=A. P.|last=Naef|url=http://icvts.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/2/3/219|title=Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery|volume=2|pages=219–226|date=September 2003|accessdate=24 June 2012}} 4. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/dec/10/georgeorwell.classics|work=The Guardian|date=10 December 2005|last=Taylor|first=D. J.|title=Another piece of the puzzle|accessdate=31 January 2014|authorlink=D. J. Taylor}} 5. ^Letter to Eileen Blair April 1937 in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p. 296 (Penguin) 6. ^{{cite book|title=The Lost Orwell|first=Peter|last=Davison|authorlink=Peter Davison (professor)|page=244|publisher=Timewell Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1857252149}} 7. ^{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=Crick|title=Orwell:A Life|page=476}} 8. ^{{citation |url=http://www.arlindo-correia.org/101103.html |title=George Orwell|work=www.arlindo-correia.org |date=10 November 2003|accessdate=1 February 2014}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.k-1.com/Orwell/messages/833.sht |title=www.k-1.com |work=www.k-1.com |date= |accessdate=1 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722000957/http://www.k-1.com/Orwell/messages/833.sht |archivedate=22 July 2012 }} External links
8 : 1905 births|1945 deaths|British people of the Spanish Civil War|English civil servants|George Orwell|Civil servants in the Ministry of Food|People educated at Sunderland High School|Alumni of University College London |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。