“Eisenstadt”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Eisenstadt ({{IPA-de|ˈaɪ̯zn̩ʃtat}}; {{lang-hu|Kismarton}}, {{lang-hr|Željezni grad}}, {{lang|hr|Željezno}}, {{lang-sl|Železno}}) is a city in Austria, the state capital of Burgenland. It has a population of about 14,241 (2016).

In the Habsburg Empire's Kingdom of Hungary, Kismarton (Eisenstadt) was the seat of the Eszterházy Hungarian noble family. The composer Joseph Haydn lived there as Hofkapellmeister under Esterházy patronage.

Geography

Eisenstadt lies on a plain leading down to the river Wulka, at the south foot of the Leitha Mountains, about {{convert|12|km|0|abbr=off}} from the Hungarian border.

Subdivisions

Other informal areas of the city include Wiesäcker and Lobäcker, which lie south of the Eisbach, a tributary of the Wulka. The city is surrounded by the district (Bezirk) of Eisenstadt-Umgebung.

The city previously included the districts (Ortsteile) of Eisenstadt-Stadt, Eisenstadt-Oberberg, Eisenstadt-Unterberg, and Eisenstadt-Schloßgrund (Kismartonváralja).

Nearby municipalities

Climate

{{Weather box
|location= Eisenstadt
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 18.8
|Feb record high C = 19.7
|Mar record high C = 27.4
|Apr record high C = 27.2
|May record high C = 30.8
|Jun record high C = 36.1
|Jul record high C = 36.4
|Aug record high C = 37.0
|Sep record high C = 33.7
|Oct record high C = 26.4
|Nov record high C = 21.9
|Dec record high C = 19.8
|year record high C = 37.0
|Jan high C = 2.8
|Feb high C = 5.3
|Mar high C = 10.4
|Apr high C = 15.3
|May high C = 20.6
|Jun high C = 23.4
|Jul high C = 25.9
|Aug high C = 25.7
|Sep high C = 20.9
|Oct high C = 14.8
|Nov high C = 7.7
|Dec high C = 4.0
|year high C = 14.7
|Jan mean C = -0.4
|Feb mean C = 1.3
|Mar mean C = 5.5
|Apr mean C = 9.9
|May mean C = 15.1
|Jun mean C = 18.1
|Jul mean C = 20.2
|Aug mean C = 19.8
|Sep mean C = 15.3
|Oct mean C = 9.8
|Nov mean C = 4.3
|Dec mean C = 1.1
|year mean C = 10.0
|Jan low C = -2.9
|Feb low C = -1.6
|Mar low C = 1.9
|Apr low C = 5.5
|May low C = 10.1
|Jun low C = 13.2
|Jul low C = 15.2
|Aug low C = 15.1
|Sep low C = 11.4
|Oct low C = 6.5
|Nov low C = 1.7
|Dec low C = -1.2
|year low C = 6.2
|Jan record low C = -21.6
|Feb record low C = -19.8
|Mar record low C = -19.2
|Apr record low C = -4.0
|May record low C = -1.6
|Jun record low C = 3.7
|Jul record low C = 6.2
|Aug record low C = 3.8
|Sep record low C = 2.1
|Oct record low C = -5.3
|Nov record low C = -12.3
|Dec record low C = -17.8
|year record low C = -21.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 33.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 29.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 45.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 51.9
|May precipitation mm = 62.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 71.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 66.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 59.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 58.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 43.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 53.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 41.2
|year precipitation mm = 618.0
|Jan snow cm = 12.0
|Feb snow cm = 8.8
|Mar snow cm = 6.4
|Apr snow cm = 0.8
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.0
|Nov snow cm = 5.0
|Dec snow cm = 14.1
|year snow cm = 47.1
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 6.1
|Feb precipitation days = 5.9
|Mar precipitation days = 8.1
|Apr precipitation days = 7.7
|May precipitation days = 8.5
|Jun precipitation days = 9.3
|Jul precipitation days = 8.5
|Aug precipitation days = 8.2
|Sep precipitation days = 7.0
|Oct precipitation days = 5.9
|Nov precipitation days = 7.8
|Dec precipitation days = 6.9
|year precipitation days = 89.9
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 12.3
|Feb snow days = 7.6
|Mar snow days = 2.8
|Apr snow days = 0.3
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 2.3
|Dec snow days = 6.8
|year snow days = 32.1
|Jan sun = 68.9
|Feb sun = 105.8
|Mar sun = 136.1
|Apr sun = 188.0
|May sun = 237.1
|Jun sun = 232.5
|Jul sun = 252.3
|Aug sun = 244.0
|Sep sun = 176.2
|Oct sun = 136.3
|Nov sun = 70.4
|Dec sun = 50.1
|year sun = 1897.7
|source 1= Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics^[1]
|date = January 2013}}

Origin of the name

The present city name, meaning "Iron City", was first recorded in 1118 as "castrum ferrum" and refers to the history of iron mining and iron trade in the area. The first written mention of the town took place in 1264 as "minor Mortin", matching the Hungarian name, Kismarton, which is recalling Saint Martin, the patron saint of the main church.

History

Archeological finds prove that the Eisenstadt area was already settled in the Hallstatt period. Celts and Romans settled somewhat later. During the Migration Period, the area was settled by different Germanic tribes and the Huns. Around 800, during the reign of Charlemagne, settlement by the Bavarii began.

The fortress built on the original earth works was destroyed by the troops of Margrave Leopold III of Austria. In 1241, it was destroyed by the Mongol invaders. In 1373, the town came into the possession of the Kanizsai family, who rebuilt the walls surrounding the town and built a fortress at the site of the present day castle between 1388 and 1392. In 1388, Eisenstadt was given the right to hold markets by Emperor Sigismund.

From 1440 Archduke Albert VI of Austria held the town as collateral for a loan. In 1451, Matthias Corvinus ceded it to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor in return for the Holy Crown of Hungary. Matthias Corvinus reconquered it by force in 1482, but Maximilian I acquired it again in 1490. It remained under Habsburg rule until 1622; however, the Ottoman Empire briefly conquered Kismarton in 1529 and 1532 during their advances on the city of Vienna (see Ottoman wars in Europe). It was destroyed by fire in 1589.

In 1648, it passed under the rule of the Esterházy family. These Hungarian princes permanently changed the face of the city due to their extensive construction, especially on their castle, Schloss Esterházy. During this period, the city was captured by the army of Imre Thököly in 1683, and it saw the defeat of the rebel kuruc army of Sándor Károlyi by the Habsburgs in 1704. It was again destroyed by fire in 1776.

The appointment of Joseph Haydn as the prince's Hofkapellmeister (court orchestra director, composing and performing music) began the great artistic period in the city's history. In 1809, Eisenstadt was occupied by French troops during the Napoleonic Wars; in 1897, it was joined to the railway network.

Until the end of World War I, it was the seat of Kismarton district in Sopron county in the Kingdom of Hungary. Without plebiscite, the city and the entire Hungarian territory of Burgenland (with the exception of the city of Sopron where the only plebiscite was held) was annexed to Austria by the Saint-Germain and Treaties of Trianon in 1921. Since 30 April 1925, Eisenstadt has been the seat of the Burgenland state government and thus the state capital. During World War II, Eisenstadt was heavily bombarded. On 2 April 1945, it was captured by Soviet troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front in the course of the Vienna Offensive, and the city remained under Soviet occupation until 1955. In 1960, Eisenstadt became the see of its own Roman Catholic diocese.

Politics

Main sights

Castles and palaces

Religious edifices

Buildings

Museums

Gallery

Culture

Twin towns — sister cities

Natives

Other residents

As a surname

Eisenstadt (also Ajzenstat, Eisenstaedter, Asch, etc.), a Jewish surname, derives from this city.^[3] Some people with this surname or its variants include:

References

1. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/daten/klimadaten/bgl/7704.htm| title = Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000 – Eisenstadt| language = German| publisher = Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics|accessdate = January 23, 2013}}
2. ^Filckr photos: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/cam37/691277889/in/set-72157600773601316/], [https://www.flickr.com/photos/dugspr/3263776377/in/set-72157613489017555]
3. ^Asch and its variants are an abbreviation for Eisenstadt. see {{cite encyclopedia | title = Ash | encyclopedia = Jewish Encyclopedia | year = 1906 | url= http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1907-ash}}