| 词条 | Riad Al Solh |
| 释义 |
|name = Riad El Solh رياض الصلح |image = Riadh elsolh.jpg |office = 15th Prime Minister of Lebanon |president = Bishara Al Khouri |term_start = 25 September 1943 |term_end = 10 January 1945 |predecessor = Office established |successor = Abdul Hamid Karami |president2 = Bishara Al Khouri |term_start2 = 14 December 1946 |term_end2 = 14 February 1951 |predecessor2 = Saadi Al Munla |successor2 = Hussein Al Oweini |birth_date = 1894 |birth_place = Sidon, Ottoman Empire |death_date = {{death date and age|1951|7|17|1894}} |death_place = Amman, Jordan |party = Committee of Union and Progress (1916–1920) Independent (1920–1934) Constitutional Bloc (1934–1951) |spouse = Fayza Al Jabiri |children = Five daughters: Leila Al Solh, 'Alia Alsulh, Bahija Alsulh, Lamia Alsulh, Muna Alsulh; |alma_mater = University of Paris |profession = Lawyer |religion = Sunni Islam }}Riad Al Solh (1894 – 17 July 1951) ({{lang-ar|رياض الصلح}}) was the first prime minister of Lebanon after the country's independence.[1][2] BiographyEarly lifeRiad Al Solh, also written Riad el Solh or Riad Solh, was born in Sidon, south Lebanon, in 1894.[1] His family was a prominent Sunni land-owning family from Sidon.[3][4] His father, Reda Al Solh, was a reformist sub-governor in Nabatiyyah and in Saida and a leading nationalist Arab leader.[6] In 1915 Reda Al Solh was tried by Ottoman forces and went into exile in Smyrna, Ottoman Empire.[6] He then served as an Ottoman governor in Salonica.[6] He also served as Minister of the Interior in Emir Faisal’s government in Damascus.[9] Riad Al Solh studied law and political science at the University of Paris.[1] He spent most of his youth in Istanbul, as his father was a deputy in the Ottoman Parliament.[9] CareerSolh served as prime minister of Lebanon twice. His first term was just after the Lebanon's independence (25 September 1943 – 10 January 1945).[5] Solh was chosen by president Bishara Al Khouri to be his first Prime Minister.[6] Solh and Khouri achieved and implemented the National Pact (al Mithaq al Watani) in November 1943 that provided an official framework to accommodate the confessional differences in Lebanon.[7][8][9] The National Pact was an unwritten gentleman's agreement.[10] The Pact stated that president, prime minister and Speaker of the Parliament in Lebanon should be allocated to three major confessional groups based on the 1932 census, namely the Maronite Christians, the Sunni Muslims and the Shiite Muslims, respectively.[10] During his first term, Solh also served as the minister of supplies and reserves from 3 July 1944 to 9 January 1945.[11] Solh held premiership again from 14 December 1946 to 14 February 1951[12] again under the presidency of Bishara Al Khouri.[13] Solh was critical of King Abdullah and played a significant role in granting the blessing of the Arab League's political committee to the All-Palestine Government during his second term.[14] AssassinationSolh escaped unhurt from an assassination attempt in March 1950.[15][16] It was perpetrated by a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.[15] However, several months after leaving office, he was gunned down on 17 July 1951 at Marka Airport in Amman by members of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.[3][12] The attack was perpetrated by three gunmen, who killed him in revenge for the execution of Anton Saadeh, one of the party's founding leaders.[17][18][19] In the context of 1950s Mideast politics, assassinations were common; indeed, King Abdullah I of Jordan was assassinated just four days later. Personal lifeHe secretly converted to Shia Islam since, compared to Sunni Islam, its inheritance laws meant that his daughters, his only children, could inherit a greater share of his wealth.[20][21] Al Solh was married to Fayza Al Jabiri, the sister of two-time prime minister of Syria, Saadallah al-Jabiri.[22] They had five daughters and a son, Reda, who died in infancy.[15] His eldest daughter, Aliya (1935–2007), continued in her father's path in the struggle for a free and secure Lebanon. Aliya propagated the rich cultural heritage of Lebanon abroad until her death in Paris. Lamia Al Solh (born 1937) is married to the late Prince Moulay Abdallah of Morocco, King Mohammed VI's uncle.[23] Her children are Moulay Hicham, Moulay Ismail and a daughter Lalla Zineb. Mona Al Solh was formerly married to the Saudi Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz.[24][25] She is the mother of the Prince Al Waleed bin Talal, Prince Khalid bin Talal and Princess Reema bint Talal.[24][26] Bahija Al Solh Assad is married to Said Al Assad who is the former Lebanese ambassador to Switzerland and a former member of parliament. They have two sons and two daughters. His youngest daughter, Leila Al Solh Hamade, was appointed as one of the first two female ministers in Omar Karami's government.[27] LegacyPatrick Seale's book The Struggle for Arab Independence (2011) deals with the history of the Middle East from the final years of the Ottoman Empire up to the 1950s and focuses on the influential career and personality of Solh.[28] A square in downtown Beirut, Riad al-Solh Square,[29] was named after him.[30]References1. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Riad al-Solh commemorated with launch of biography|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/Mar/06/Riad-al-Solh-commemorated-with-launch-of-biography.ashx#axzz20RI6Uuqi|accessdate=12 July 2012|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=6 March 2010}} {{s-start}}{{s-off}}{{succession box | before = —| title = Prime Minister of Lebanon|years=1943–1945| after = Abdul Hamid Karami}}{{succession box | before = Saadi Al Munla| title = Prime Minister of Lebanon|years=1946–1951| after = Hussein Al Oweini}}{{s-end}}{{Prime Ministers of Lebanon}}{{Authority control}}{{Commons}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Solh, Riad}}2. ^{{cite journal | last = Mugraby | first = Muhamad | title = The syndrome of one-time exceptions and the drive to establish the proposed Hariri court | journal = Mediterranean Politics, Special Issue: The Politics of Violence, Truth and Reconciliation in the Arab Middle East | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 171–194 | doi = 10.1080/13629390802127513 | date = July 2008 | ref = harv }} Pdf. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012044649/http://www.cggl.org/publicdocs/20080707.pdf |date=12 October 2013 }} 3. ^1 {{cite book|author=R. Hrair Dekmejian|title=Patterns of Political Leadership: Egypt, Israel, Lebanon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCVgiW9KDh8C&pg=PR5|accessdate=21 October 2012|year=1975|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-87395-291-0|page=34}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Lebanon's Predicament|year=1987|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|page=91|url=https://www.questia.com/read/34342509/lebanon-s-predicament|author=Samir Khalaf|accessdate=31 August 2013}} {{Subscription required|via=Questia}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Rulers of Lebanon|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/arabs/lebrule.html|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|accessdate=13 December 2012}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last=Türedi|first=Almula|title=Lebanon: at the edge of another civil war|journal=Perceptions|date=Spring–Summer 2008|pages=21–36|url=http://sam.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Almula-T%2B-redi.pdf|accessdate=23 October 2012}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Leila Tarazi Fawaz|title=An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZ_pm2UtD8EC&pg=PR8|accessdate=23 October 2012|date=6 February 1995|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08782-8|page=222}} 8. ^{{cite book|author1=Philip G. Roeder|author2=Donald S. Rothchild|title=Sustainable Peace: Power And Democracy After Civil Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FFGNRfzndl8C&pg=PA219|accessdate=24 October 2012|year=2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8974-7|page=228}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last=Hudson|first=Michael C.|title=Democracy and Social Mobilization in Lebanese Politics|journal=Comparative Politics|date=January 1969|volume=1|issue=2|pages=245–263|jstor=421387|doi=10.2307/421387}} 10. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Vanessa E. Shields|author2=Nicholas Baldwin|title=Beyond Settlement: Making Peace Last After Civil Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0fEXpAegzIC&pg=PA159|accessdate=23 October 2012|year=2008|publisher=Associated University Presse|isbn=978-0-8386-4183-5|pages=159}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Former Ministers|url=http://www.economy.gov.lb/index.php/aboutUs/2|publisher=Ministry of Economy and Trade|accessdate=5 October 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221083735/http://www.economy.gov.lb/index.php/aboutUs/2|archivedate=21 February 2013|df=dmy-all}} 12. ^1 Kamil Dib, "Warlords and Merchants, The Lebanese Business and Political Establishment", p. 89 13. ^{{cite web|title=Political leaders of Lebanon|url=http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/lebanon.htm|publisher=Terra|accessdate=23 October 2012}} 14. ^{{cite journal|last=Shlaim|first=Avi|title=The Rise and Fall of the All-Palestine Government in Gaza|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|date=Autumn 1990|volume=20|issue=1|pages=37–53|jstor=2537321|doi=10.2307/2537321}} 15. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news|last=Kechichian|first=Joseph A.|title=Resolute fighter for freedom|url=http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/weekend-review/articles/resolute-fighter-for-freedom-1.41127|accessdate=7 April 2013|newspaper=Gulf News|date=11 June 2009}} 16. ^{{cite journal | last = Knudsen | first = Are | title = Acquiescence to assassinations in post-civil war Lebanon? | journal = Mediterranean Politics | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–23 | doi = 10.1080/13629391003644611 | date = March 2010 | ref = harv }} 17. ^{{cite news|title=Six major leaders killed in Lebanon since 1943|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z54kAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VvwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6416,234206&dq=ehden+massacre&hl=en|accessdate=6 November 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=2 June 1987}} 18. ^{{cite journal | last = Kliot | first = N. | title = The collapse of the Lebanese state | journal = Middle Eastern Studies | volume = 23 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–74 | doi = 10.1080/00263208708700688 | jstor = 4283154 | date = January 1987 | ref = harv }} 19. ^{{cite book|author=Tim Llewellyn|title=Spirit of the Phoenix: Beirut and the Story of Lebanon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYgrDkJsuTEC&pg=PR7|accessdate=15 March 2013|date=1 June 2010|publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-735-1 |pages= xiii}} 20. ^{{cite book|author1=Youssef Courbage|author2=Emmanuel Todd|authorlink2=Emmanuel Todd|title=A Convergence of Civilizations: The Transformation of Muslim Societies Around the World|date=2014|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231150033|page=31|edition=illustrated}} 21. ^{{cite book|author1=Marie-Claude Thomas|title=Women in Lebanon: Living with Christianity, Islam, and Multiculturalism|date=2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137281999|pages=147, 222|edition=illustrated}} 22. ^The Middle East enters the twenty-first century, By Robert Owen Freedman, Baltimore University 2002, page 218. 23. ^{{cite book|title=Morocco Foreign Policy And Government Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5V77mdCXHJcC&pg=PA84|accessdate=7 April 2013|date=30 January 2004|publisher=International Business Publications|isbn=978-0-7397-6000-0|page=84}} 24. ^1 {{cite news|last=Henderson|first=Simon|title=The Billionaire Prince|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/08/27/the_billionaire_prince?page=0,1|accessdate=21 October 2012|newspaper=Foreign Policy|date=27 August 2010}} 25. ^{{cite news|last=Moubayed|first=Sami|title=Lebanon cabinet: A tightrope act|url=http://www.lebanonwire.com/1102MLN/11020107GN.asp|accessdate=7 April 2013|work=Lebanon Wire|date=1 February 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323172008/http://lebanonwire.com/1102MLN/11020107GN.asp|archivedate=23 March 2013|df=dmy-all}} 26. ^{{cite book|author=Mamoun Fandy|title=(Un)civil War of Words: Media and Politics in the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QfURgCJmekC&pg=PP7|accessdate=21 October 2012|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-99393-1|page=43}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=Leila Al Solh|url=http://arab.wagggsworld.org/fr/grab/20465/1/keynotespeakerresume.pdf|publisher=World Association of girl guides and girl scoutes|accessdate=12 July 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134132/http://arab.wagggsworld.org/fr/grab/20465/1/keynotespeakerresume.pdf|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} 28. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Interview with Patrick Seale|url=http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/interview-with-patrick-seale|publisher=The Global Dispatches|accessdate=22 July 2012|date=15 September 2011}} 29. ^Young, M., The Ghosts of Martyrs Square: An Eyewitness Account of Lebanon's Life Struggle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), [https://books.google.com/books?id=S1PhUbtoSrwC&pg=PA129#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 129]. 30. ^{{cite news|title=The Killing Will Continue Until ,C*|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Killing+Will+Continue+Until+%2cC*.-a0306326090|accessdate=28 March 2013|newspaper=Dar Al Hayat|date=25 October 2012}} 13 : 1894 births|1951 deaths|Prime Ministers of Lebanon|People from Sidon|Assassinated Lebanese politicians|People murdered in Jordan|Lebanese people murdered abroad|Lebanese people of the Ottoman Empire|1950s murders in Jordan|1951 crimes in Jordan|1951 murders in Asia|Converts to Shia Islam from Sunni Islam|University of Paris alumni |
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