| 词条 | Richard Carrier |
| 释义 |
| name = Richard Carrier | image = RichardCarrierSM.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Richard Cevantis Carrier | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|12|1}} | birth_place = | residence = | nationality = American | ethnicity = | citizenship = | other_names = | known_for = | television = | education = B.A. (History), M.A. (Ancient history), M.Phil. (Ancient history), Ph.D. (Ancient history)[1] | alma_mater = University of California, Berkeley, Columbia University[1] | spouse = Jennifer Robin Carrier (1995–2015) | partner = | children = | parents = | relations = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = {{url|http://www.richardcarrier.info/}} | footnotes = }} Richard Cevantis Carrier (born December 1, 1969) is an American historian, atheist activist, author, public speaker and blogger. Carrier has a doctorate in ancient history from Columbia University where his thesis was on the history of science in antiquity. He originally gained prominence as an advocate of atheism and metaphysical naturalism, authoring many articles on The Secular Web and later defending his basic position in his book Sense and Goodness Without God. His blog appeared on Freethought Blogs and he has frequently been a featured speaker at various skeptic, secular humanist, freethought and atheist conventions, such as the annual Freethought Festival in Madison, Wisconsin, the annual Skepticon convention in Springfield, Missouri and conventions sponsored by American Atheists. In 2016, his blog on the Freethought Blogs network was suspended amid sexual assault allegations.[2] Carrier has frequently debated with Christian apologists such as William Lane Craig and David Marshall both in person and online. The Craig debate was broadcast on Lee Strobel's television show Faith Under Fire.[3] His recent books on the historicity of Jesus have established him as a leading supporter of the Christ myth theory,[4] which claims that neither the historical Jesus nor the biblical Jesus existed. Carrier asserts that in the context of his Bayesian methodology,{{efn-lr|name=bayesian.methodology}} the ahistoricity of Jesus{{efn-lr|name=ahistoricity.theory}} and his origin as a mythical deity are "true" (i.e. the "most probable" Bayesian conclusion),[5] arguing that the probability of Jesus' existence is somewhere in the range of 1/3 to 1/12000, depending on the estimates used for the computation.[6] Nearly all contemporary scholars of ancient history[7] and biblical scholarship have maintained that a historical Jesus did indeed exist.[8][9] CareerCarrier received a PhD in Ancient History from Columbia University in 2008. His thesis was entitled "Attitudes Towards the Natural Philosopher in the Early Roman Empire (100 B.C. to 313 A.D.)."[10] He has published several articles and chapters in books on the subject of history and philosophy. He was formerly the editor of and a substantial contributor to The Secular Web. His contributions there include an autobiographical essay From Taoist to Infidel in which he discusses his upbringing in a benign Methodist church, his conversion to Taoism in early adulthood, his confrontation with Christian fundamentalists while in the United States Coast Guard, and his deeper study of religion, Christianity, and Western philosophy, which eventually led to his embrace of naturalism.[11] In his contribution to The Empty Tomb, Carrier argues that the earliest Christians probably believed Jesus had received a new spiritual body in the resurrection, and that stories of his old body disappearing from its tomb were developed later.[12] He also argues it is less likely, but also possible, that the original body of Jesus was misplaced or stolen. This work was criticized by philosophy professor Stephen T. Davis in Philosophia Christi[13] and Christian theologian Norman Geisler.[14] In Not the Impossible Faith, he wrote on the social and intellectual context of the rise and early development of Christianity. Though originally skeptical of theories about the ahistoricity of Jesus, since late 2005, he has considered it "very probable Jesus never actually existed as a historical person."[15] He also said "though I foresee a rising challenge among qualified experts against the assumption of historicity [of Jesus], as I explained, that remains only a hypothesis that has yet to survive proper peer review."[16] Carrier was initially not interested in the question of the historicity of Jesus.[17] Like many others his first thought was that it was a fringe conspiracy topic not worthy of academic inquiry; however a number of different people requested that he investigate the subject and raised money for him to do so. Since then he has become a leading expert on the Jesus ahistoricity theory.[4] Antony Flew's changed opinion on GodWhen reports spread in 2004 that Antony Flew changed his mind on his rejection of the existence of gods, Carrier engaged in correspondence with Flew to find out what happened and published an extensive analysis of the situation on The Secular Web, finding among other things that Flew changed his position to there being some sort of "minimal God," as in Deism. According to the author of the book in Flew's name, Roy Abraham Varghese, Flew had released a statement through his publisher (without addressing Carrier's correspondence), stating, "My name is on the book and it represents exactly my opinions. I would not have a book issued in my name that I do not 100 percent agree with. I needed someone to do the actual writing because I'm 84 and that was Roy Varghese's role. This is my book and it represents my thinking."[18] Carrier concluded that Flew's changed ideas were not accurately represented in the book written for Flew, There is a God.[19][20][21] Quotes in Hitler's Table Talk{{see also|Hitler's Table Talk}}Richard Carrier, in collaboration with Reinhold Mittschang, challenged several anti-Christian statements attributed to Adolf Hitler in his collection of monologues known as the Table Talk. Carrier's paper argues that the French and English translations are "entirely untrustworthy"[22] and suggests the possibility that François Genoud had doctored portions of the text to enhance Hitler's views.[23] Carrier put forward a new translation of twelve quotations based on Henry Picker and Werner Jochmann's German editions, as well as a fragment from the Bormann-Vermerke preserved at the Library of Congress, which challenge some of the quotations popularly used to demonstrate Hitler's hostility to Christianity. Carrier concludes that Hitler's views in the Table Talk, "resemble Kant's with regard to the primacy of science over theology in deciding the facts of the universe, while remaining personally committed to a more abstract theism."[24] Carrier also maintains that throughout the Table Talk Hitler takes a cynical view of Catholicism, "voicing many of the same criticisms one might hear from a candid (and bigoted) Protestant."[25] In the new forward to the Table Talk, Gerhard Weinberg commented that "Carrier has shown the English text of the table-talk that originally appeared in 1953 and is reprinted here derives from Genoud's French edition and not from one of the German texts."[26] Derek Hastings cites Carrier's paper for "an attempt to undermine the reliability of the anti-Christian statements."[27] Carrier's thesis that the English translation should be entirely dispensed with is not accepted by Richard Steigmann-Gall, who despite referencing the controversies raised by Carrier,[28] "ultimately presume[d] its authenticity."[29] Public debatesCarrier has engaged in several formal debates, both online and in person, on a range of subjects including naturalism, natural explanations of early Christian resurrection accounts, the morality of abortion, and the general credibility of the Bible. He debated Michael R. Licona on the Resurrection of Jesus at the University of California, Los Angeles on April 19, 2004.[30] Carrier debated atheist Jennifer Roth online on the morality of abortion.[31] He has defended naturalism in formal debates with Tom Wanchick and Hassanain Rajabali. He has debated David Marshall on the general credibility of the New Testament.[32] His debates on the historicity of Jesus have included professor of religious studies Zeba A. Crook,[33][34][35][36] Christian scholars Dave Lehman and Doug Hamp.[37][38][39][40] The March 18, 2009 debate Did Jesus Rise From The Dead? with William Lane Craig was held at the Northwest Missouri State University and posted online in two parts by ReasonableFaithOrg (YouTube channel). Prior to the debate, Carrier commented that "I originally insisted we first debate [on the topic] Are the Gospels Historically Reliable? for the simple reason that you can't honestly debate the former until you've debated (and in fact settled) the latter."[41] And then per his post debate commentary, Carrier noted that Craig "focused almost entirely on protecting the Gospels as historical sources, and it was there that his shotgun of arguments got well ahead of my ability to catch up."[42][43] The October 25, 2014 debate Did Jesus Exist? with Trent Horn was held in San Diego, California and posted online by the "MABOOM Show" (YouTube channel). Per the Question and Answer session, Horn lists some of his recommended books for defending the historicity of Jesus. Horn notes works by ; Shirley Jackson Case,[44] Robert Van Voorst,[45] Paul Rhodes Eddy and Greg Boyd[46] and Bart D. Ehrman.[47] Per Ehrman's book, Horn states, "a good popular introduction might be Bart Ehrman's book Did Jesus Exist?. Unfortunately it is not a scholarly treatment like Dr. Carrier's [book]" and "there really is not a scholarly treatment of the issue from the historical view" (time 1:38:30).[48] The April 13, 2016 debate Did Jesus Exist? with Craig A. Evans was held at the Kennesaw State University and posted online by KSUTV. Per Evans' opening remarks (time 6:30–28:30), Carrier states, "That is the best case I think you can make for the historicity of Jesus" (time 28:30).[49] In news and mediaRichard Carrier was the keynote speaker for the Humanist Community of Central Ohio's annual Winter Solstice Banquet where he spoke on defending naturalism as a philosophy.[50] He also appears in the documentary The Nature of Existence in which film-maker Roger Nygard interviews people of many different religious and secular philosophies about the meaning of life.[51] Personal lifeCarrier announced in 2015 that he and his wife had ended their 20-year marriage. He also revealed that he is polyamorous, and that the last two years of his marriage had an open relationship agreement, after informing his wife of his extramarital affairs.[52] Jesus ahistoricity theoryCarrier has authored two Jesus historicity books: Proving History and On the Historicity of Jesus. The first of these books advances a methodology, based on Bayes' theorem,{{efn-lr|name=bayesian.methodology}} as the standard by which all methodology for any historical study must adhere in order to be logically sound. The second applies this methodology to the question of the historicity of Jesus, and reaches a conclusion for the ahistoricity of Jesus.{{efn-lr|name=ahistoricity.theory}} Carrier's first major book, Proving History: Bayes's Theorem and the Quest for the Historical Jesus, published in 2012 by Prometheus Books, describes the application of Bayes' theorem to historical inquiry in general and the historicity of Jesus in particular.[53] In June 2014, Carrier's On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt was published by Sheffield Phoenix Press.[54][55] Carrier notes that it is "the first comprehensive pro-Jesus-myth book ever published by a respected academic press and under formal peer review."[56] Carrier argues that there is insufficient Bayesian probability, that is evidence, to believe in the historicity of Jesus. Furthermore, he argues that a celestial Jesus figure was probably originally known only through private revelations and hidden messages in scripture which were then crafted into a historical figure, to communicate the claims of the gospels allegorically. These allegories then began to be believed as fact during the struggle for control of the Christian churches of the first century. Marcan priority assumes that the Gospel of Mark was the first gospel to be written.[57][58] However, biblical scholars do not have access to any primary sources for the Gospels (see Historical reliability of the Gospels), which makes any conclusions about them susceptible to doubt as is also the case with any oral transmission of the gospel prior to the first-written gospel.[59][60] In addition to the Gospels being written decades after Jesus' death, Carrier claims that the Gospels are "wildly fictitious" and he believes that Mark, in particular, is an extended meta-parable.[63] Carrier has claimed that post-biblical writings on Jesus are not independent sources for Jesus given the possibility they rely on the Gospels for their information.[61]Carrier contends that apart from the hero archetype pattern, nothing else in the Gospels is reliable evidence for or against the historicity of Jesus.[62] Celestial JesusCarrier asserts that originally "Jesus was the name of a celestial being, subordinate to God, with whom some people hallucinated conversations"[63] and "The Gospel began as a mythic allegory about the celestial Jesus, set on earth, as most myths then were".[63] Stories were created that placed Jesus on Earth, in context with historical figures and places. Eventually people began to believe that these allegorical stories were real.[63][64] Carrier argues that Jesus was originally considered a god like any other god, and was later historicized. Earl Doherty originated the premise that Jesus originated as a myth per Middle Platonism (with some influence from Jewish mysticism) and that the belief in a historical Jesus emerged only among Christian communities in the 2nd century. Doherty asserts that Paul the Apostle and other writers of the earliest existing proto-Christian Gnostic documents did not believe in Jesus as a person who was incarnated on Earth in an historical setting, rather, they believed in Jesus as a heavenly being who suffered his sacrificial death in the lower spheres of heaven, where he was crucified by demons and then was subsequently resurrected by God (see Dying-and-rising god). This mythological Jesus was not based on a historical Jesus, but rather on an exegesis of the Old Testament in the context of Jewish-Hellenistic religious syncretism heavily influenced by Middle Platonism, and what the authors believed to be mystical visions of a risen Jesus.[65]Carrier reviewed Doherty's work in 2002,[66] concluding that Doherty's thesis was plausible, however, Carrier had not yet concluded it was probably more true than the minimal historicity thesis (he also noted that some of Doherty's points were untenable and that only his core thesis was at least coherent with the evidence). After 2008, Carrier agreed with the core of Doherty's thesis.[67] Carrier further writes that "It does soundly establish the key point that Jesus was regarded as a pre-existent incarnate divine being from the earliest recorded history of Christianity, even in fact before the writings of Paul, and that this was not even remarkable within Judaism."[68] Richard Carrier argues that the idea of a pre-Christian celestial being named Jesus is known from the writings of Philo of Alexandria in his writings on the Book of Zechariah.[69] Carrier argues that Philo's view of this angelic being is identical to Paul's view of Jesus, such as being the firstborn son of God, the celestial 'image of God', and God's agent of creation.[70] However, Larry Hurtado has said that the figure named Jesus in Zechariah is mentioned as a completely distinct figure, and that the Logos Philo discusses is not an angelic being at all.[71] Carrier further argues that Paul's reference to Jesus being a seed/descendant of David in Romans 1:3 refers to Jesus' being incarnated from a "cosmic sperm bank"[72] of David's seed (sperm), rather than the commonly held scholar view that it refers to Jesus as a descendant of David. Thus Jesus possessed a surrogate human body, therefore the religious requirement for a human/god blood sacrifice was fulfilled during his subsequent crucifixion by demons.[73] Simon Gathercole at Cambridge, however, has noted that Paul's reference in Romans 1:3 is a common expression in the Septuagint simply meaning to be the "descendant of", and that the theme of the descendants of David is common throughout the Old Testament.[74] Carrier further argues that like the school of early Jewish mysticism (100 BC - 1000 AD) known as Merkabah mysticism and its views on the heavens and firmaments of creation, Carrier writes that "Mythicism places the incarnation of Jesus below the heavens ... being the whole vast region between the earth and the moon [the firmament], was well-established in both Jewish and pagan cosmology (see Element 37, Chapter 4, OHJ, pp. 184–93)."[75] Jewish and Hellenistic syncretismCarrier notes four major trends in religion, occurring prior to the formation of Christianity, including syncretism, the development of monotheism, the transformation of agricultural salvations cults into personal salvation cults, and cosmopolitanism.[63] Carrier writes that per syncretism, "Mithraism was a syncretism of Persian and Hellenistic elements; the mysteries of Isis and Osiris were a syncretism of Egyptian and Hellenistic elements. Christianity is simply a continuation of the same trend: a syncretism of Jewish and Hellenistic elements. Each of these cults is unique and different from all the others in nearly every detail—but it's the general features they all share in common that reflect the overall fad that produced them in the first place, the very features that made them popular and successful within Greco-Roman culture."[76] Furthermore, Carrier says; Christianity, as a Jewish sect, began when someone (most likely Cephas, perhaps backed by his closest devotees) claimed this [celestial deity] "Jesus" had at last revealed that he had tricked the Devil by becoming incarnate and being crucified by the Devil (in the region of the heavens ruled by Devil), thereby atoning for all of Israel's sins. ... It would be several decades later when subsequent members of this cult, after the world had not yet ended as claimed, started allegorizing the gospel of this angelic being. By placing him in earth history as a divine man, as a commentary on the gospel and its relation to society and the Christian mission.[64] ReceptionOn the Historicity of Jesus was reviewed by fellow mythicist Raphael Lataster in the Journal of Religious History, who concurs that according to the Gospels, "Jesus fits almost perfectly" the Rank-Raglan mythotype, and notes that there is "not a single confirmed historical figure" that conforms to the mythotype.[77]Carrier's methodology in his work on the historicity of Christ was reviewed by Aviezer Tucker, a prior advocate of using Bayesian techniques in history. Tucker expressed some sympathy for Carrier's view of the Gospels, stating: "The problem with the Synoptic Gospels as evidence for a historical Jesus from a Bayesian perspective is that the evidence that coheres does not seem to be independent, whereas the evidence that is independent does not seem to cohere." However, Tucker argued that historians have been able to use theories about the transmission and preservation of information to identify reliable parts of the Gospels. He said that "Carrier is too dismissive of such methods because he is focused on hypotheses about the historical Jesus rather than on the best explanations of the evidence."[78] Reviewing On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt, Christina Petterson of the University of Newcastle, Australia, in the academic journal Relegere, writes, "Even if strictly correct, the methodology is tenuous. In addition, the numbers and the statistics seem like a diversion or an illusionary tactic which intentionally confuse and obfuscate", and that, "Maths aside, nothing in the book shocked me, but seemed quite rudimentary first year New Testament stuff." Petterson says Carrier's conclusion that the later tales of a historical Jesus should be studied for their literary and rhetorical purpose and not for their specific historical content "reveals Carrier's ignorance of the field of New Testament studies and early Christianity."[79] Responding to what he sees as the main elements in the same book, Emeritus Professor of New Testament Language, Literature and Theology at the University of Edinburgh, Larry Hurtado, has written that, contrary to Carrier's claims, Philo of Alexandria never refers to an archangel named Jesus. Hurtado also states that the apostle Paul clearly believed Jesus to have been a real man who lived on earth and that deities of pagan saviour cults such as Isis and Osiris, etc., were not transformed in their devotees' ideas from heavenly deities to actual people living on earth.[80] Daniel N. Gullotta, reviewing Carrier's On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt, says Carrier has provided a "rigorous and thorough academic treatise that will no doubt be held up as the standard by which the Jesus Myth theory can be measured" though he finds Carrier's arguments "problematic and unpersuasive", his use of Bayesian probabilities "unnecessarily complicated and uninviting" and criticizes Carrier's "lack of evidence, strained readings and troublesome assumptions." Gullotta also says that there is absolutely no evidence whatsoever, either documentary or archaeological, that there was a period when Christians believed that Jesus only existed in heaven rather than living as a human being on earth, which he says is Carrier's "foundational" thesis.[81] Simon Gathercole at Cambridge has written regarding mythicist arguments relating to the claim that Paul believed in a heavenly, celestial Jesus who was never on Earth. Gathercole concludes that Carrier's arguments, and more broadly, the mythicist positions on different aspects of Paul's letters are contradicted by the historical data, and that Paul says a number of things regarding Jesus' life on Earth, his personality, family, etc.[82]PublicationsSelected articles
Books and chapters
See also{{Portal|Atheism|Biography|Christianity|History|}}
Notes{{notelist-lr|refs=[83][84]}} References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.richardcarrier.info/cv.pdf |title=Curriculum Vitae |date=October 7, 2014 |accessdate=March 19, 2015}} 2. ^[https://freethoughtblogs.com/pharyngula/2016/06/21/richard-carriers-blog/ PZ Myers. Richard Carrier's Blog.] 3. ^[https://archive.org/details/RichardCarrierVs.WilliamLaneCraigDebateonFaithUnderFire Audio Archive of Debate] 4. ^1 {{cite book |first=Maurice |last=Casey |authorlink=Maurice Casey |title=Jesus: Evidence and Argument or Mythicist Myths? |publisher=Bloomsbury T&T Clark |year=2014 |pages=14–16 |isbn=9780567447623}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Lataster|first1=Raphael|title=Questioning the Plausibility of Jesus Ahistoricity Theories — A Brief Pseudo-Bayesian Metacritique of the Sources|journal=The Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies|date=2015|volume=6:1|page=91}} 6. ^{{Cite book|asin=B00QSO2S5C|title=On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt|last=Carrier|first=Richard|date=June 30, 2014|publisher=Sheffield Phoenix Press|edition=kindle|language=English|location=location 40476}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=Forged:Writing in the name of God|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2011|isbn=978-0-06-207863-6|page=285|first=Bart|last=Ehrman}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPZ39rqaIZ0|title=Did Jesus Exist? Dr. Robert M Price, Dr. Richard Carrier, David Fitzgerald Interview Part 1}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=Jesus Now and Then|last2=Gould|first2=Graham|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8028-0977-3|page=34|first1=Richard A.|last1=Burridge}} 10. ^{{cite web |work=Columbia University Libraries |title=Clio Holdings Information |url=http://clio.cul.columbia.edu:7018/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=8602980 |accessdate=March 29, 2015}} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://infidels.org/library/modern/testimonials/carrier.html |title=From Taoist to Infidel |work=The Secular Web |date=2001 |accessdate=March 19, 2015}} 12. ^{{cite book|last1=Carrier|first1=Richard|editor1-last=Price|editor1-first=Robert M.|editor2-last=Lowder|editor2-first=Jeffery Jay|title=The Empty Tomb: Jesus Beyond the Grave|date=2005|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=9781591022862|chapter=The Spiritual Body of Christ and the Legend of the Empty Tomb}} 13. ^{{cite journal |first=Stephen T. |last=Davis |title=The Counterattack of the Resurrection Skeptics: A Review Article |journal=Philosophia Christi |volume=8 |number=1 |year=2006 |pages=39–63}} 14. ^{{cite journal |first=Norman |last=Geisler |title=A Critical Review of The Empty Tomb: Jesus beyond the Grave |journal=Christian Apologetics Journal |volume=5 |number=1 |date=Spring 2006 |pages=45–106}} 15. ^{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Carrier |title=Spiritual Body FAQ |url=http://www.richardcarrier.info/SpiritualFAQ.html#ahistoricity |accessdate=March 19, 2015}} 16. ^{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Carrier |date=March 25, 2009 |title=Richard Carrier Blogs: Craig Debate Wrap |url=http://richardcarrier.blogspot.com/2009/03/craig-debate-wrap.html?showComment=1238006760000#c2038665926598076080 |accessdate=March 19, 2015}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=Did Jesus Exist? Dr. Robert M Price, Dr. Richard Carrier, David Fitzgerald Interview Part 1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPZ39rqaIZ0}} 18. ^{{cite news |last=Varghese |first=Roy Abraham |title='There Is a God' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/books/review/Letters-t.html |work=New York Times |accessdate=March 19, 2015 |date=January 13, 2008}} 19. ^{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Carrier |title=Antony Flew Considers God ... Sort Of |url=http://infidels.org/kiosk/article/antony-flew-considers-godsort-of-369.html |work=The Secular Web |date=November 17, 2010 |accessdate=May 21, 2017}} 20. ^{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Leading Atheist Philosopher Concludes God's Real |work=FOX News |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2004/12/09/leading-atheist-philosopher-concludes-god-real/ |accessdate=March 19, 2015 | date=December 9, 2004}} 21. ^{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Oppenheimer |title=The Turning of an Atheist |work=New York Times Magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/magazine/04Flew-t.html |date=November 4, 2007 |accessdate=March 19, 2015}} 22. ^[https://media.8ch.net/pdfs/src/1429265963793.pdf "'Hitler's Table Talk': Troubling Finds."] German Studies Review 26 (3): 561–576. 23. ^Carrier (2003), [https://www.scribd.com/doc/264203378/Carrier-tabletalk-1432747-pdf#page=5 p. 565.] 24. ^Carrier (2003), [https://www.scribd.com/doc/264203378/Carrier-tabletalk-1432747-pdf#page=14 p. 574.] 25. ^Carrier (2003), [https://www.scribd.com/doc/264203378/Carrier-tabletalk-1432747-pdf#page=13 p. 573.] 26. ^Weinberg, Gerhard (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fk-aXlliu6cC&pg=PR9 Foreword] In Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed. 2003. Hitler's Table Talk 1941–1944. New York: Engima Books, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fk-aXlliu6cC&pg=PR11 p. xi] 27. ^{{cite book|last=Hastings|first=Derek|title=Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism: Religious Identity and National Socialism|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=c5oiGxk6Dz4C&pg=PT257 251]}} 28. ^Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich: Nazi conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RreXLeUG_AIC&pg=PA255 pp. 255–256]. 29. ^Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2007). Christianity and the Nazi Movement. Journal of Contemporary History 42 (2): 208. {{cite web |url=http://www.kent.edu/CAS/History/upload/Christianity_and_the_Nazi_Movement_Response.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=October 13, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013212900/http://www.kent.edu/CAS/History/upload/Christianity_and_the_Nazi_Movement_Response.pdf |archivedate=October 13, 2013 |df= }} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.createspace.com/231347 |title=Licona vs. Carrier: On the Resurrection of Jesus Christ |date=April 19, 2004 |accessdate=March 19, 2015}} 31. ^{{cite web |url=http://infidels.org/library/modern/debates/secularist/abortion/ |title=On the Issue of Abortion |accessdate=March 19, 2015}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://christthetao.blogspot.com/2013/03/marshall-vs-carrier-richards-opening.html |title=Marshall vs. Carrier: Richard's opening argument |work=Christ the Tao |date=March 25, 2013 |accessdate=March 19, 2015}} 33. ^{{cite web|author1=Zeba A. Crook|author2=Richard Carrier|title=Debate: Jesus of Nazareth: Man or Myth?|url=http://centreforinquiry.ca/jesus-of-nazareth-man-or-myth/|website=centreforinquiry.ca|publisher=Centre for Inquiry Canada|accessdate=May 16, 2016|date=April 5, 2014|quote=Branch: Centre for Inquiry Ottawa}} 34. ^{{cite web|title=I'll Be Debating the Historicity of Jesus in Ottawa, Canada|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/carrier/archives/5391#ixzz48mPwkmZ8|website=Richard Carrier Blogs|date=March 26, 2014}} 35. ^{{cite web|title=Ottawa Historicity Debate: A Commentary|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/carrier/archives/5612|website=Richard Carrier Blogs|date=May 29, 2014}} 36. ^{{cite web|last1=Abbass|first1=Veronica|title=Jesus of Nazareth: Man or Myth?|url=http://canadianatheist.com/2014/05/11/jesus-of-nazareth-man-or-myth-2/|website=Canadian Atheist|accessdate=May 25, 2016|date=May 11, 2014}} 37. ^{{cite web|title=Videos of Mark Smith – Debate: Was There An Historical Jesus?|url=http://www.jcnot4me.com/page192.html|website=www.jcnot4me.com|accessdate=May 25, 2016|date=October 23, 2014|quote=Dr. Richard Carrier & Mark Smith -vs- Rev. Doug Hamp & Dr. Dave Lehman, Huntington Beach, CA}} 38. ^{{cite web|title=Debate #12 – The Historicity Of Jesus – Richard Carrier and Mark Smith vs Doug Hamp and Dave Lehman|url=https://instance.clickstreamtv.net/cst/37966237|website=Backyard Skeptics/Freethought Alliance Streaming Videos|accessdate=May 25, 2016|date=October 23, 2014|quote=Atheism Vs Christianity Debate Series. Please note that the first 4 minutes of this video are not available due to technical issues.}} 39. ^{{cite web|title=Upcoming Events {{!}} Christianity/Atheism Debate – Huntington Beach, CA {{!}} CreationEvents.org|url=http://creationevents.org/event/christianityatheism-debate-huntington-beach-ca/|website=creationevents.org}} 40. ^{{cite web|last1=Coker|first1=Matt|title=Christians and Atheists Debate in Huntington Beach Over Whether Jesus Was a Real Dude|url=http://www.ocweekly.com/news/christians-and-atheists-debate-in-huntington-beach-over-whether-jesus-was-a-real-dude-6478646|website=OC Weekly|date=October 22, 2014}} 41. ^{{cite web|last1=Carrier|first1=Richard|title=W.L. Craig Debate|url=http://richardcarrier.blogspot.com/2009/01/wl-craig-debate.html|website=Richard Carrier Blogs|accessdate=May 17, 2016|date=January 30, 2009}} 42. ^{{cite web|last1=Carrier|first1=Richard|title=Craig Debate Wrap|url=http://richardcarrier.blogspot.com/2009/03/craig-debate-wrap.html|website=Richard Carrier Blogs|accessdate=May 17, 2016|date=March 20, 2009}} 43. ^{{cite web|author1=William Lane Craig|author2=Richard Carrier|title=Debate: Did Jesus Rise from the Dead?|url=http://www.reasonablefaith.org/media/craig-vs-carrier-nw-missouri-state-university|website=ReasonableFaith.org|accessdate=May 17, 2016|date=March 18, 2009|quote=Hosted by the Philosophy Club student organization and posted online part-1 & part-2}} 44. ^{{cite book|last=Case|first=Shirley Jackson|title=The Historicity of Jesus Christ: A Criticism of the Contention That Jesus Never Lived, a Statement of the Evidence for His Existence, an Estimate of His Relation to Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drlKAAAAMAAJ|edition=2|year=1928|publisher=University of Chicago Press|pages=306 pages|origyear=1912|quote=[1st ed. (1912) pp. 352 pages.]}} 45. ^{{cite book|last=Voorst|first=Robert Van|authorlink=Robert E. Van Voorst|title=Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC&pg=PA9|year=2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5|page=9}} 46. ^{{cite book|last1=Eddy|first1=Paul Rhodes|last2=Boyd|first2=Gregory A.|title=The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgROZMp4zDMC|date=August 1, 2007|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4}} 47. ^{{cite book|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|title=Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hf5Rj8EtsPkC|date=March 20, 2012|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-208994-6}} 48. ^{{cite web|author1=Trent Horn|author2=Richard Carrier|title=Debate: Did Jesus Exist?|url=https://plus.google.com/+MABOOMShow/posts/LBXWcjNmRdz|publisher=Google+ MABOOMShow|accessdate=May 16, 2016|date=October 25, 2014|quote=Hosted by The San Diego Coalition of Reason (cosponsored by "The Humanist Fellowship of San Diego" and "The San Diego Association of Rational Inquiry").}} 49. ^{{cite web|author1=Craig A. Evans|author2=Richard Carrier|title=Kennesaw State University – KSUTV – Videos – Debate: Did Jesus Exist?|url=http://ksutv.kennesaw.edu/play.php?v=00030027|website=ksutv.kennesaw.edu|publisher=Kennesaw State University|accessdate=May 14, 2016|date=April 13, 2016|quote=Co-hosted by Ratio Christi and the Atheists, Humanists, and Agnostics at KSU.}} 50. ^{{cite news |title=Speaker will defend godless worldview |work=The Columbus Dispatch |page=03C |date=December 22, 2006 }} 51. ^[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1196672/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Imdb cast listing] 52. ^{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Carrier |url=http://www.richardcarrier.info/archives/6737 |title=Coming Out Poly + A Change of Life Venue |work=Richard Carrier Blogs |date=February 18, 2015 |accessdate=March 19, 2015}} 53. ^{{cite book |last=Carrier |first=Richard |title=Proving History: Bayes's Theorem and the Quest for the Historical Jesus |year=2012 |publisher=Prometheus Books |location=New York |isbn=9781616145606}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffieldphoenix.com/showbook.asp?bkid=264 |title=Sheffield Phoenix Press – Display Book |publisher=Sheffieldphoenix.com |date= |accessdate=June 21, 2016}} 55. ^{{cite book |last=Carrier |first=Richard |title=On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt |year=2014 |publisher=Sheffield Phoenix Press |isbn=9781909697355}} 56. ^{{cite web |url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/carrier/archives/4090 |title=Update on Historicity of Jesus |first=Richard |last=Carrier |date=July 17, 2013 |accessdate=March 19, 2015}} 57. ^{{cite web|last1=Carrier|first1=Richard|title=The Formation of the New Testament Canon|url=http://infidels.org/library/modern/richard_carrier/NTcanon.html|website=infidels.org|publisher=Internet Infidels|accessdate=November 19, 2016|date=2000}} 58. ^{{cite web|last1=Carrier|first1=Richard|title=CanonNTSpecialEdit.pdf|url=http://www.richardcarrier.info/CanonNTSpecialEdit.pdf|publisher=richardcarrier.info|accessdate=November 19, 2016|quote=The Formation of the New Testament Canon}} 59. ^{{cite book|last=Ehrman|first=Bart D.|authorlink=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Jesus Before the Gospels: How the Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed, and Invented Their Stories of the Savior|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQfVCQAAQBAJ|date=March 1, 2016|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-228523-2}} 60. ^{{cite web|last1=Bethune|first1=Brian|title=Did Jesus really exist?|url=http://www.macleans.ca/society/life/did-jesus-really-exist-2/|website=macleans.ca|publisher=Maclean's|accessdate=April 16, 2016|date=March 23, 2016|quote=Memory research has cast doubt on the few things we knew about Jesus, raising an even bigger question.}} 61. ^Raphael Lataster. Questioning the Plausibility of Jesus Ahistoricity Theories — A Brief Pseudo-Bayesian Metacritique of the Sources. The Intermountain West Journal of Religious Studies, 2015, 75. 62. ^{{cite web|title=Two Lessons Bart Ehrman Needs to Learn about Probability Theory – Richard Carrier|url=http://www.richardcarrier.info/archives/11545|website=Richard Carrier|accessdate=November 17, 2016|date=November 15, 2016|quote=[A]part from what we can determine from and for the Rank-Raglan data, nothing in the Gospels argues for or against historicity: OHJ, pp. 395, 506–09.}} 63. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|last1=Carrier|first1=Richard|title=So ... if Jesus Didn't Exist, Where Did He Come from Then?|url=http://www.richardcarrier.info/Historicity_of_Jesus.pdf|website=www.richardcarrier.info|accessdate=May 12, 2016|quote=The Official Website of Richard Carrier, Ph.D.}} 64. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Carrier|first1=Richard|authorlink1=Richard Carrier|title=The Bible and Interpretation – Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt: Should We Still Be Looking for a Historical Jesus?|url=http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/2014/08/car388028.shtml|website=www.bibleinterp.com|accessdate=August 29, 2016|date=August 2014|quote=Christianity, as a Jewish sect, began when someone (most likely Cephas, perhaps backed by his closest devotees) claimed this [celestial deity] "Jesus" had at last revealed that he had tricked the Devil by becoming incarnate and being crucified by the Devil (in the region of the heavens ruled by Devil), thereby atoning for all of Israel's sins. ... It would be several decades later when subsequent members of this cult, after the world had not yet ended as claimed, started allegorizing the gospel of this angelic being. By placing him in earth history as a divine man, as a commentary on the gospel and its relation to society and the Christian mission.}} 65. ^{{cite book|last1=Eddy|first1=Paul Rhodes|last2=Boyd|first2=Gregory A.|title=The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgROZMp4zDMC&pg=PA33|date=August 1, 2007|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-0-8010-3114-4|page=33|quote=Scholars such as [G. A.] Wells, [Earl] Doherty, and [R. M.] Price argue that Paul's view of Jesus was not anything like the recent, contemporary Galilean figure we find in the Gospels. His view of Jesus—which is the earliest view we have—was rather that of a vague cosmic savior figure who existed in the unknown, distant past and/or the mythic spiritual realm. Indeed, the Pauline Christ was actually quite close to the sorts of divinities we find in ancient mystery religions. According to these scholars, this makes it difficult to avoid the conclusion that the earliest Christians viewed Jesus as a sort of vague deity who became historicized as a rather recent figure only after Paul—as oral traditions were passed on and especially when the Gospels were written.}} 66. ^Did Jesus Exist? Earl Doherty and the Argument to Ahistoricity 67. ^{{cite journal|last=Lataster|first=Raphael|authorlink=w:Raphael Lataster|title=Richard Carrier: On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2014; pp. xiv + 696.|journal=Journal of Religious History|date=December 2014|volume=38|issue=4|pages=614–616|doi=10.1111/1467-9809.12219|quote=[Richard Carrier's hypothesis of 'minimal mythicism'], highly influenced by the work of Earl Doherty, states that Jesus was initially believed to be a celestial figure, who came to be historicised over time.}} 68. ^[https://freethoughtblogs.com/carrier/archives/6923 Bart Ehrman on How Jesus Became God] 69. ^Carrier, On the Historicity of Jesus, pp. 200–05.{{bulleted list |Jesus being a preexisting archangel: Phil. 2:5–11 |Jesus was as an angel: Gal. 4:14 |Jesus knew Moses: 1 Cor. 10:4}} 70. ^Richard Carrier. Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt: Should We Still Be Looking for a Historical Jesus?. Bible and Interpretation, 2014. 71. ^Larry Hurtad. [https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2017/12/07/gee-dr-carrier-youre-really-upset/ Gee, Dr. Carrier, You’re Really Upset!] 2017. 72. ^Carrier, On the Historicity of Jesus, p. 577. 73. ^Carrier, On the Historicity of Jesus, p. 570. 74. ^Gathercole, Simon. "The Historical and Human Existence of Jesus in Paul’s Letters." Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 16.2-3 (2018): 191, n. 32. 75. ^Carrier, On the Historicity of Jesus, pp. 184–193. 76. ^Carrier, On the Historicity of Jesus, p. 100. 77. ^{{cite journal |last1=Lataster |first1=Raphael |title=RichardCarrier: On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2014; pp. xiv + 696. |journal=Journal of Religious History |date=December 3, 2014 |volume=38 |issue=4 |page=614 |doi=10.1111/1467-9809.12219 }} 78. ^{{cite journal|last1=Tucker|first1=Aviezer|title=The Reverend Bayes vs Jesus Christ|journal=History and Theory|date=February 2016|volume=55:1|pages=129–140|doi=10.1111/hith.10791}} 79. ^{{cite journal|last1=Petterson|first1=Christina|title=On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt|issue=2|pages=253–58|url=https://relegere.org/relegere/article/view/702/791|journal=Relegere: Studies in Religion and Reception|volume=5|accessdate=January 15, 2018|date=December 2015}} 80. ^{{cite web|last1=Hurtado|first1=Larry|title=Why the "Mythical Jesus" Claim Has No Traction with Scholars|url=https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2017/12/02/why-the-mythical-jesus-claim-has-no-traction-with-scholars/|website=larryhurtado.wordpress.com|accessdate=January 15, 2018|date=December 2, 2017}} 81. ^{{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Gullotta |first=Daniel N.|title=On Richard Carrier's Doubts: A Response to Richard Carrier's On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt|journal=Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus|year=2017|volume=15|issue=2–3|pages=310–346|doi=10.1163/17455197-01502009}} 82. ^Gathercole, Simon. "The Historical and Human Existence of Jesus in Paul’s Letters." Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 16.2-3 (2018): 183-212. 83. ^Per probability interpretations, Evidential probability, also called Bayesian probability, can be assigned to any statement whatsoever, even when no random process is involved, as a way to represent its subjective plausibility, or the degree to which the statement is supported by the available evidence. Per On the Historicity of Jesus, Carrier performs Bayesian analysis on evidential assumptions, many of which are supported by background knowledge (and thus have high probabilities of being true) and others that are not (and thus have standard chance probabilities, which reduce the prior probability accordingly). 84. ^Jesus ahistoricity theory is the antithesis of a given Jesus historicity thesis. Thus for the sake of argument (via Bayesian analysis), Carrier posits three criteria for his minimal historical Jesus:#"An actual man at some point named Jesus acquired followers in life who continued as an identifiable movement after his death." (Carrier, On the Historicity of Jesus, p. 34.)#"This is the same Jesus who was claimed by some of his followers to have been executed by the Jewish or Roman authorities." (Ibid.)#"This is the same Jesus some of whose followers soon began worshipping as a living god (or demigod)." (Ibid.)"If any one of these premises is false, it can fairly be said there was no historical Jesus in any pertinent sense." (Ibid.) External links
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