| 词条 | Richard Cloward |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Richard Cloward | honorific_suffix = | image = Richard Cloward.png | image_size = 275px | alt = | caption = Cloward with his wife, Frances Fox Piven at the Motor Voter signing ceremony (1993) | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1926|12|25}} | birth_place = Rochester, New York | death_date = {{death date and age|2001|08|20|1926|12|25}} | death_place = New York City | death_cause = Lung cancer | nationality = American | citizenship = U.S. | occupation = Sociologist | period = | known_for = Cloward-Piven strategy | title = | boards = | spouse = Frances Fox Piven | children = | parents = Esther Marie (Fleming), Donald Cloward | relatives = | awards = | website = | education = Columbia University, University of Rochester | alma_mater = Columbia University | thesis_title = | thesis_url = | thesis_year = | school_tradition = | workplaces = Columbia University | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | main_interests = Strain theory (sociology), Anomie | notable_works = "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty"[1] | notable_ideas = Cloward-Piven strategy }} Richard Andrew Cloward (December 25, 1926 – August 20, 2001) was an American sociologist and an activist. He influenced the Strain theory of criminal behavior and the concept of anomie, and was a primary motivator for the passage of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 known as "Motor Voter". He taught at Columbia University for 47 years. Early lifeCloward was born in Rochester, New York, the son of Esther Marie (Fleming), an artist and women's rights activist, and Donald Cloward, a radical Baptist minister.[2][3] Cloward served as an ensign in the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. He received a bachelor's degree from the University of Rochester in 1949, and then a master's degree from the Columbia University School of Social Work in 1950. He then served as a first lieutenant in the U.S. Army from 1951 to 1954, and later worked as a social worker in an army prison in New Cumberland, Pennsylvania. Cloward became an assistant professor at Columbia's School of Social Work in 1954, and had visiting posts at the Hebrew University, the University of Amsterdam, the University of California, Santa Barbara and Arizona State University. He received a doctorate in sociology from Columbia University in 1958. Together with fellow sociologist Lloyd Ohlin, Cloward wrote Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs, which rejected the prevailing premise that delinquency resulted from individual irresponsibility and argued it was caused by poverty and the lack of alternative opportunities caused by poverty, and that the conditions underlying delinquency could be resolved through social programs.[4] Political activitiesIn 1966, Cloward co-founded the National Welfare Rights Organization, which advocated federalizing Aid to Families with Dependent Children by building local welfare rolls. In 1982, he and his wife Frances Fox Piven founded "Human SERVE" (Service Employees Registration and Voter Education), which established motor-voter programs in selected states as precedents for the Motor Voter Act enacted in 1993. Also in 1966, he and Piven published a paper in the May issue of The Nation magazine — "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty",[5] which advocated wiping out poverty by increasing demands on the federal government, leading to implementation of a guaranteed minimum income. His detractors called this the "Cloward-Piven Strategy". Additional information
References1. ^{{cite news |title=The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty |last=Cloward |first=Richard |author2=Piven, Frances |date=May 2, 1966 |publisher=The Nation |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2010/03/24-4}} 2. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/23/nyregion/richard-cloward-welfare-rights-leader-dies-at-74.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm | work=The New York Times | title=Richard Cloward, Welfare Rights Leader, Dies at 74 | date=August 23, 2001}} 3. ^https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/21/obituaries/esther-m-f-cloward-women-s-rights-advocate-91.html 4. ^Fox, Margalit. [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/04/us/04ohlin.html Lloyd E. Ohlin, Expert on Crime and Punishment, Is Dead at 90], The New York Times, January 3, 2009. Accessed January 5, 2009. 5. ^{{cite news |title=The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty |last=Cloward |first=Richard |author2=Piven, Frances |date=May 2, 1966 |publisher=The Nation |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2010/03/24-4}}
Bibliography
11 : 1926 births|2001 deaths|American sociologists|Columbia University faculty|Columbia University School of Social Work faculty|Columbia University School of Social Work alumni|University of Rochester alumni|United States Army officers|United States Navy officers|American naval personnel of World War II|American army personnel of the Korean War |
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