| 词条 | Richard Weikart |
| 释义 |
| name = Richard Weikart | residence = Snelling, California | other_names = | image = | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = July 1958 | birth_place = United States | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | known = Historian of modern Germany, Advocate of intelligent design | occupation = Professor of History at California State University, Stanislaus | title = | salary = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | faith = Protestant | spouse = Lisa Weikart | partner = | children = Joy, John, Joseph, Miriam, Christine, Hannah, and Sarah | relations = | website = csustan.edu/History/Faculty/Weikart/ | footnotes = | employer = | height = | weight = }}Richard Weikart (born July 1958) is a professor of history at California State University, Stanislaus,[1] and is a senior fellow for the Center for Science and Culture of the Discovery Institute.[2] In 1997 he joined the editorial board of the Access Research Network's Origins & Design Journal.[3] Weikart's work focuses on the impact of evolution, which he and the Discovery Institute term Darwinism, on social thought, ethics and morality. His work and conclusions are controversial.[4] Weikart received a bachelor's degree in 1980 from Texas Christian University, a master's from Texas Christian University in 1989, and a doctorate in history from University of Iowa in 1994.[5] He is married to Lisa Weikart with seven children. BiographyAs a Christian in the 1970s, Weikart began studying intellectual history on the belief "that much modern thought had debased humanity."[6] Weikart wrote in The Human Life Review, published by an anti-abortion organization, that "Darwinism has indeed devalued human life, leading to ideologies that promote the destruction of human lives deemed inferior to others . . . Darwinism really is a matter of life and death."[7] In an article published by Books and Culture: A Christian Review, he wrote "we need to counter our hedonistic, materialistic, and self-centered culture with true Christian compassion, self sacrifice, and self denial."[8] Weikart is also a supporter of intelligent design.[9] Weikart is the author of four books, the first being The Myth of Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Is His Theology Evangelical? about the relationship of the theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (a founding member of the Confessing Church, who was hanged for his involvement in a plot to kill Adolf Hitler) to Evangelicalism. Weikart's second book is Socialist Darwinism: Evolution in German Socialist Thought from Marx to Bernstein, which contains work from his dissertation.[10] The book argues that Karl Marx, Frederick Engels, August Bebel, Karl Kautsky and Eduard Bernstein "biologized" social theory for a "scientifically grounded socialist theory."[11] Historian Daniel Gasman reviewed the book saying it should be read with "caution," and "Weikart's book inaugurates research into an important area of intellectual history, but the theoretical framework offered does not keep pace with the demanding complexity of the subject."[12] His third book, From Darwin to Hitler, has been widely criticized by the academic community and promoted by creationists.[13] His fourth is a sequel, Hitler's Ethic, arguing that Adolf Hitler's "ideology revolved around evolutionary ethics -- the idea that whatever promoted evolutionary progress is good and whatever hinders it is bad."[13][14] According to Weikart, "This evolutionary ethic shaped nearly every major feature of Nazi policy: eugenics (measures to improve human heredity, including compulsory sterilization), euthanasia, racism, population expansion, offensive warfare and racial extermination."[15] Thomas Pegelow Kaplan, a historian at Davidson College, reviewed the book for Central European History noting Weikart "pushes his interpretations too far" because Weikart "does not sufficiently integrate the complex motivational factors" behind ideology, with Kaplan concluding Hitler's Ethic "offers little in terms of a new, fully convincing understanding of the Nazi dictator's thought."[16] Gerwin Strobl, a historian at University of Cardiff, reviewed Hitler's Ethic in European History Quarterly, writing the introduction "reads like a mixture of a television voiceover and the worst kind of undergraduate essay" and described the book has two notable weaknesses: "how ‘Hitler’s ethics’ were disseminated within the party" and its "emphasis on intellectual developments inside Germany," which ignores "that Hitler had set out to copy what he regarded as the Anglo-American example."[17] Eric Kurlander, in German Studies Review, wrote: "Though energetically drawn, this new iteration of the "intentionalist" argument invites skepticism in some respects, especially in its attempt to explain World War II and the Holocaust."[18] Additionally, Larry Arnhart, a professor of Political Science at Northern Illinois University wrote, "As Weikart indicates, Hitler was a crude genetic determinist who believed that not only physical traits but even morality and culture were inherited genetically along racial lines, so that moral and cultural evolution depended on genetic evolution. But Weikart doesn't indicate to his readers that Darwin denied this."[19] Wiekart has responded to this review.[20] In 2016, Wiekart published two books with Regnery Publishing, a conservative publishing house: The Death of Humanity: and the Case for Life and Hitler's Religion: The Twisted Beliefs that Drove the Third Reich. Weikart's The Death of Humanity: and the Case for Life "charts how influential atheist thinkers have approached ethical questions" with "many brief summaries of the thought processes of influential authors, scientists, philosophers, and lawyers who have rejected Judeo-Christian ethics".[21] In Hitler's Religion, "Weikart offers no new scholarship" in arguing that Hitler was not an atheist, but synthesized existing scholarship and sources to show "Hitler was a pantheist".[22] From Darwin to Hitler{{Main article|From Darwin to Hitler}}Weikart is best known for his 2004 book From Darwin to Hitler: Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics and Racism in Germany.[23][24] The Discovery Institute, the hub of the intelligent design movement, funded the book's research.[25] The academic community has been widely critical of the book.[4][26] Regarding the thesis of Weikart's book, University of Chicago historian Robert Richards wrote that Hitler was not a Darwinian and criticized Weikart for trying to undermine evolution.[27] Richards said that there was no evidence that Hitler read Darwin, and that some influencers of Nazism such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain were opposed to evolution.[27] Bibliography
References1. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.csustan.edu/History/Faculty/Weikart/WEIKART.html | title=Richard Weikart | publisher=California State University, Stanislaus |year=2013 | first= | last=}} 2. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.discovery.org/a/2247 | title=Senior Fellow Richard Weikart responds to Sander Gliboff | publisher=Center for Science and Culture |date= October 10, 2004 | first=Richard | last=Weikart | accessdate =2008-05-17}} 3. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.arn.org/infopage/weikart.htm | title=Meet Richard Weikart | publisher=Access Research Network |date= April 1997 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}} 4. ^1 "Unlike the claims regarding Haeckel’s embryology, Weikart’s claims regarding a lineage from Darwin to Hitler via Haeckel have been examined by historians of science and indeed have generally been found lacking. Numerous reviews have accused Weikart of selectively viewing his rich primary material, ignoring political, social, psychological, and economic factors that may have played key roles in the post-Darwinian development of Nazi eugenics and racism. Since there is no clear and unique line from Darwinian naturalism to Nazi atrocities, useful causal relationships are difficult to infer; thus, as Robert J. Richards observes, 'it can only be a tendentious and dogmatically driven assessment that would condemn Darwin for the crimes of the Nazis'."{{cite journal | doi=10.1086/588690 | pmid=18702401| title=Does Science Education Need the History of Science| volume=99| issue=2| pages=322–30| journal=Isis |date=2008 | first=Graeme Gooday, John M. Lynch, Kenneth G. Wilson, and Constance K. Barsky | last1=Gooday| last2=Lynch| first2=John M.| last3=Wilson| first3=Kenneth G.| last4=Barsky| first4=Constance K.}} 5. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.csustan.edu/History/Faculty/Weikart/vita.htm | title=Curriculum Vitae | publisher=California State University, Stanislaus |date= January 2006 | first=Richard | last=Weikart | accessdate =2008-05-17}} 6. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.discovery.org/a/6301 | title=The Dehumanizing Impact of Modern Thought: Darwin, Marx, Nietzsche, and Their Followers | publisher=Discovery Institute |date= July 18, 2008 | first=Richard | last=Weikart | accessdate =2008-05-17}} 7. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.csustan.edu/History/Faculty/Weikart/DarDevalue.htm | title=Does Darwinism Devalue Human Life? | publisher=The Human Life Review |volume=30 |issue=2 |date=Spring 2004 | first=Richard | last=Weikart}} 8. ^Richard Weikart, "Killing Them Kindly: Lessons from the euthanasia movement," Books and Culture: A Christian Review (Jan./Feb. 2004), 30-31 9. ^{{cite news | url=http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/63/4/393.short | title=Do we need a non-Darwinian industry? | publisher=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |date= 20 December 2009 | first=Peter | last=Bowler}} 10. ^Peter Arnds Reviewed work(s): "Socialist Darwinism: Evolution in German Socialist Thought from Marx to Bernstein by Richard Weikart," German Studies Review, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Feb., 2002), pp. 131-132 11. ^Andreas W. Daum, Reviewed work(s): "Socialist Darwinism: Evolution in German Socialist Thought from Marx to Bernstein by Richard Weikart," Isis, Vol. 93, No. 4 (Dec., 2002), pp. 727-728 12. ^Daniel Gasman, "Richard Weikart, Socialist Darwinism, San Francisco: International Scholar’s Publications, 1999," Central European History, 34(4): 2001, 573-575. 13. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.modbee.com/life/faithvalues/story/294591.html | title=Stanislaus State professor laments intolerance toward opponents of evolution | publisher=Modesto Bee |date= May 10, 2008| first=Sue | last=Nowicki| accessdate =2008-05-17}} 14. ^Mickelson in the Morning May 19th 2008; Listen to http://media.libsyn.com/media/mickelson/mickelson-2008-05-19.mp3 15. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.modbee.com/life/story/849772.html | title=Turlock author releases book about Hitler | publisher=Modesto Bee |date= September 1, 2009| first= | last= | accessdate =2009-09-15}} 16. ^{{cite news | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7931459 | title=Book Reviews: Hitler's Ethic | publisher=Central European History |year= 2010 |volume=43 |pages=718–720 | first=Thomas | last=Kaplan | accessdate =2011-09-15}} 17. ^{{cite news | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7931459 | title=Book Reviews: Hitler's Ethic | publisher=European History Quarterly |year=2012 |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=204–206 | first=Gerwin | last=Strobl | accessdate =2012-06-15}} 18. ^{{cite news | url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/german_studies_review/v036/36.2.kurlander.pdf | title=Hitler's Ethic (Review) | publisher=German Studies Review |volume=36 |issue=2 |date=May 2013 |pages=459–460 | first=Eric | last=Kurlander | accessdate =2013-11-15}} 19. ^{{cite news | url=http://darwinianconservatism.blogspot.com/2009/09/richard-weikarts-new-book-hitlers-ethic.html | title=Richard Weikart's New Book--HITLER'S ETHIC | publisher=Darwinian Conservatism |date= September 6, 2009 | first=Larry | last=Arnhart | authorlink=Larry Arnhart | accessdate =2009-09-17}} 20. ^Richard Weikart Responds to Larry Arnhart's Review of Hitler's Ethic, Evolution News, 22 September 2009. 21. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/263019/death-humanity-and-case-life-danusha-v-goska | title=The Death of Humanity and the Case for Life| date=2016-05-27}} 22. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-62157-500-9 | title=Nonfiction Book Review: Hitler's Religion: The Twisted Beliefs That Drove the Third Reich by Richard Weikart. Regnery, $29.99 (352p) ISBN 978-1-62157-500-9}} 23. ^{{cite book|title=From Darwin to Hitler: Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics, and Racism in Germany|first=R|last=Weikart|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2004|isbn=978-1-4039-7201-9}} 24. ^From Darwin to Hitler: A Pathway to Horror (Updated), Jonathan Witt, Evolution News and Views, Discovery Institute, December 15, 2006. 25. ^"Many thanks also to the Center for Science and Culture (especially Jay Richards and Steve Meyer), which provided crucial funding and much encouragement..." Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler, page x 26. ^1 Criticisms include*{{cite journal | doi=10.1086/531468 | title=Richard Weikart. From Darwin to Hitler | journal=The American Historical Review |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=566–567 |date=April 2005 | first=Andrew | last=Zimmerman}}*{{cite journal | last1 = Zimmerman | first1 = Andrew | authorlink = Andrew Zimmerman | year = 2005 | title = Response to Richard Weikart | url = http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/110.4/communications.html | journal = American Historical Review | volume = 110 | issue = 4| page = 1323 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081011171146/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/110.4/communications.html | archivedate = 2008-10-11 | df = | doi = 10.1086/ahr.110.4.1323 }}*{{cite news | url=http://www.csustan.edu/History/Faculty/Weikart/response-to-critics.htm | title=General Response to Critics | publisher=CSUS | year=2006 | first=Richard | last=Weikart | accessdate=2013-02-17 }}*{{cite news | title=Richard Weikart: From Darwin to Hitler | journal=Isis | volume=96 | issue=4 | pages=669–671 | date=December 2005 | first=Nils | last=Roll-Hansen | doi=10.1086/501405 }}*{{cite news | url=http://www.talkreason.org/articles/Genocide.cfm | title=Creationists for Genocide | publisher=Talk.reason | year=2007 | first=Hector | last=Avalos | accessdate=2013-02-17 }}*{{cite news | url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=37981105462766 | title=Review: Richard Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler | publisher=H-German | date=September 2004 | first=Sander | last=Gliboff | accessdate=2013-02-17 }}*{{cite news | url=http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=80951126890820 | title=Review: Richard Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler | publisher=H-Ideas | date=June 2005 | first=Jonathan | last=Judaken | accessdate=2013-02-17 }}*{{cite news | url=http://darwinianconservatism.blogspot.com/2006/02/review-of-richard-weikarts-from-darwin.html | title=A Review of Richard Weikart's From Darwin to Hitler | publisher=Darwinian Conservatism | date=February 25, 2006 | first=Larry | last=Arnhart | accessdate=2013-02-17 }}*{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/journal/12129 | title=Darwinian Liberal Education | journal=Academic Questions | volume=19 | issue=4 | date=December 2006 | first=Larry | last=Arnhart | accessdate=2013-02-17 }} pp. 6-18* Larry Arnhart, Darwinian Conservatism: A Disputed Question (Charlottesville: Imprint Academic, 2005), p. 114. {{ISBN|0-907845-99-1}}*{{cite news | url=http://home.uchicago.edu/~rjr6/articles/Ryerson%20Lecture--%20Moral%20Judgment%20in%20History.pdf | title=Narrative Structure of Moral Judgments in History: Evolution and Nazi Biology | publisher=University of Chicago | date=July 2006 | first=Robert | last=Richards | accessdate=2013-02-17 }} Published as "The Moral Grammar of Narratives in History of Biology: The Case of Haeckel and Nazi Biology" in The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology ed. David L. Hull (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007) pp. 429-452.*{{cite journal | title=Book Review of From Darwin to Hitler | journal=The Journal of Modern History | date=March 2006 | pages=255–257 | first=Ann | last=Taylor Allen | doi=10.1086/502761 | volume=78 }}*{{cite journal | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ftmp20/6/2 | title=Nazi Ideology between Darwin and Hitler | journal=Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions | volume=6 | issue=2 | first=Marius | last=Turda | accessdate=2013-02-17 | page=319 }}* {{cite journal | url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=429573 | title=Book Review From Darwin to Hitler | journal=Central European History | volume=39 | issue=1 | date=March 2006 | first=Helmut | last=Walser Smith | accessdate=2013-02-17 | doi=10.1017/s0008938906260060 }}*{{cite journal | url=http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/63/4/393.short | title=Do we need a non-Darwinian industry? | journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society | volume=63 | issue=4 | pages=393–398 | date=20 December 2009 | first=Peter | last=Bowler | accessdate=2013-02-17 | doi=10.1098/rsnr.2009.0008 }}*{{cite news | url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/resources/Schloss200805.pdf | title=The Expelled Controversy:Overcoming or Raising Walls of Division?, | publisher=American Scientific Affiliation | year=2008 | first=Jeff | last=Schloss | accessdate=2013-02-17 }} 27. ^1 {{cite news | url=https://montrealgazette.com/life/DARWIN+NAZISM/5609903/story.html | title=Severing the link between Darwin and Nazism | newspaper= The Philadelphia Inquirer |date= October 27, 2011 | first=Faye | last=Flam | authorlink=Faye Flam|accessdate= 2013-02-14 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20111229180635/http://www.montrealgazette.com/life/DARWIN+NAZISM/5609903/story.html | archivedate=2011-12-29}} External links
6 : Intelligent design advocates|Discovery Institute fellows and advisors|Texas Christian University alumni|1958 births|Living people|California State University, Stanislaus faculty |
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