“Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces

释义

Statement
Noether's formula
Relation to the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem
Early versions
References

In mathematics, the Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces describes the dimension of linear systems on an algebraic surface. The classical form of it was first given by {{harvs|txt|last=Castelnuovo|year1=1896|year2=1897}}, after preliminary versions of it were found by {{harvtxt|Noether|1886}} and {{harvtxt|Enriques|1894}}. The sheaf-theoretic version is due to Hirzebruch.

Statement

One form of the Riemann–Roch theorem states that if D is a divisor on a non-singular projective surface then

where χ is the holomorphic Euler characteristic, the dot . is the intersection number, and K is the canonical divisor. The constant χ(0) is the holomorphic Euler characteristic of the trivial bundle, and is equal to 1 + p_a, where p_a is the arithmetic genus of the surface. For comparison, the Riemann–Roch theorem for a curve states that χ(D) = χ(0) + deg(D).

Noether's formula

Noether's formula states that

where χ=χ(0) is the holomorphic Euler characteristic, c₁² = (K.K) is a Chern number and the self-intersection number of the canonical class K, and e = c₂ is the topological Euler characteristic. It can be used to replace the

term χ(0) in the Riemann–Roch theorem with topological terms; this gives the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces.

Relation to the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem

For surfaces, the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem is essentially the Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces combined with the Noether formula. To see this, recall that for each divisor D on a surface there is an invertible sheaf L = O(D) such that the linear system of D is more or less the space of sections of L.

For surfaces the Todd class is , and the Chern character of the sheaf L is just , so the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem states that

Fortunately this can be written in a clearer form as follows. First putting D = 0 shows that

(Noether's formula)

For invertible sheaves (line bundles) the second Chern class vanishes. The products of second cohomology classes can be identified with intersection numbers in the Picard group, and we get a more classical version of Riemann Roch for surfaces:

If we want, we can use Serre duality to express h²(O(D)) as h⁰(O(K − D)), but unlike the case of curves there is in general no easy way to write the h¹(O(D)) term in a form not involving sheaf cohomology (although in practice it often vanishes).

Early versions

The earliest forms of the Riemann–Roch theorem for surfaces were often stated as an inequality rather than an equality, because there was no direct geometric description of first cohomology groups.

A typical example is given by {{harvtxt|Zariski|1995|loc=p. 78}}, which states that

where

r is the dimension of the complete linear system |D| of a divisor D (so r = h⁰(O(D)) −1)
n is the virtual degree of D, given by the self-intersection number (D.D)
π is the virtual genus of D, equal to 1 + (D.D + K.D)/2
p_a is the arithmetic genus χ(O_F) − 1 of the surface
i is the index of speciality of D, equal to dim H⁰(O(K − D)) (which by Serre duality is the same as dim H²(O(D))).

The difference between the two sides of this inequality was called the superabundance s of the divisor D.

Comparing this inequality with the sheaf-theoretic version of the Riemann–Roch theorem shows that the superabundance of D is given by s = dim H¹(O(D)). The divisor D was called regular if i = s = 0 (or in other words if all higher cohomology groups of O(D) vanish) and superabundant if s > 0.

References

Topological Methods in Algebraic Geometry by Friedrich Hirzebruch {{isbn|3-540-58663-6}}
{{Citation | last1=Zariski | first1=Oscar | author1-link=Oscar Zariski | title=Algebraic surfaces | publisher=Springer-Verlag | location=Berlin, New York | series=Classics in Mathematics | isbn=978-3-540-58658-6 |mr=1336146 | year=1995}}

3 : Theorems in algebraic geometry|Algebraic surfaces|Topological methods of algebraic geometry

随便看

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。