| 词条 | Rio Chama |
| 释义 |
| name = Rio Chama | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = Dvorak Sp1995 RioChama NM.jpg | image_caption = An early Spring rafting trip down the Rio Chama in New Mexico | image_size = 300 | map = Rio-Chama-NM-Map-USACE-2007.png | map_size = 300 | map_caption = Map the Rio Chama within New Mexico, showing reservoirs and "wild and scenic" stretch | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption= | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = United States | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = New Mexico, Colorado | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = Counties | subdivision_name4 = Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, Archuleta County, Colorado, Conejos County, Colorado | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{convert|130|mi|km|abbr=on}}[1] | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= USGS gage 08290000, 2.8 miles above mouth[1] | discharge1_min = {{convert|1.2|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|571|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}[2] | discharge1_max = {{convert|15000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} | source1 = Confluence of West Fork and East Fork | source1_location = San Juan Mountains, Rio Grande National Forest, Colorado | source1_coordinates= {{coord|37|05|36|N|106|33|06|W|display=inline}}[3] | source1_elevation = {{convert|9440|ft|abbr=on}}[4] | mouth = Rio Grande | mouth_location = San Juan Indian Reservation, New Mexico | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|36|2|32|N|106|5|16|W|display=inline,title}}[3] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|5620|ft|abbr=on}}[3] | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|3144|sqmi|abbr=on}}[1] | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = nwsr | designation1_type = Wild, Scenic | designation1_date = November 7, 1988 | designation1_number = }} }} The Rio Chama, a major tributary river of the Rio Grande, is located in the U.S. states of Colorado and New Mexico. The river is about {{convert|130|mi|km}} long altogether. From its source to El Vado Dam its length is about {{convert|50|mi|km}}, from El Vado Dam to Abiquiu Dam is about {{convert|51|mi|km}}, and from Abiquiu Dam to its confluence with the Rio Grande is about {{convert|34|mi|km}}.[5] The name "Chama" is a shortened version of the Tewa term [tsąmą' ǫŋwįkeyi], meaning "wrestling pueblo-ruin".[6][7] CourseThe Rio Chama originates in south-central Colorado, just above the New Mexico border in the San Juan Mountains and Rio Grande National Forest. The main stem Rio Chama begins at the confluence of two short headwater tributaries called West Fork and East Fork. The West Fork flows eastward from the Continental Divide. Across the divide lies the Navajo River, one of the headwater tributaries of the Colorado River. The East Fork extends a few miles into Conejos County, Colorado to a source near one of the headwater tributaries of the Conejos River. The confluence of the forks lies just within Archuleta County, Colorado. From there the Rio Chama flows generally south. After a few miles the river enters Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, and flows by the town of Chama. The tributary Willow Creek joins the Rio Chama after being impounded as Heron Lake by Heron Dam. Willow Creek flows from the dam about {{convert|1000|ft|m}} to the Rio Chama. A couple miles below that the Rio Chama flows into El Vado Lake, a reservoir created by El Vado Dam.[8] From El Vado Dam the Rio Chama continues flowing south, entering Chama Canyon and Santa Fe National Forest and the Chama River Canyon Wilderness. It is joined by Rio Cebolla from the east,[9] then Rio Gallina from the west.[10] Then the river enters Abiquiu Lake, the reservoir created by Abiquiu Dam. The tributary Rio Puerco joins the Rio Chama in Abiquiu Lake.[8] Below Abiquiu Dam the Rio Chama flows generally east, skirting the edge of Carson National Forest. It flows by the town of Abiquiú, located at the mouth of Abiquiu Creek, after which it turns to flow generally southeast. Near the villages of Chili and La Chuachia the Rio Chama is joined by two of its primary tributaries. The Rio del Oso joins from the west then, within less than a mile, the Rio Ojo Caliente joins from the northeast. From there the Rio Chama flows several miles southeast to join the Rio Grande near Ohkay Owingeh, about {{convert|5|mi|km}} north of the city of Espanola and approximately {{convert|30|mi|km|}} north of Santa Fe.[8] HistoryThe Rio Chama has been used by humans for nearly 10,000 years, dating from the time when camels and wooly mammoths roamed the southwestern United States.[11] In 1988, the {{convert|24.6|mi|km|sing=on}} section known as Chama Canyon was designated as a National Wild and Scenic River by the U.S. Congress. RecreationWhitewater boatingThe upper river is characterized by huge boulders that create difficult holes, sizeable drops and hidden/sunken driftwood that test experienced whitewater boaters. The first 6//#11'>11]long stretch south of Chama. Below its confluence with the Rio Brazos, the Rio Chama offers several miles of excellent fly fishing to the tailwaters of Heron Lake and El Vado Reservoir. The Rio Chama, is very wide at this point, with large runs, pools, and large boulders that create excellent fishing opportunities for rainbow and wild brown trout. Chama CanyonThe walls in Chama Canyon rise some {{convert|1500|ft|m}} above the river.[11] The canyon rim and sloping uplands are "frequently punctuated by steep sandstone and shale outcroppings. Inside the canyon is a plethora of geological wonders including high, steep canyon walls and escarpments consisting of rock slides, ledges, pinnacles and ridges. The bedrock of Chama Canyon is shale, basalt, tuft, sandstone, granite, quartzite and other types of rocks, some of which formed about 110 million years ago."[11] The Chama Valley is home to dense stands of ponderosa pine, douglas-fir, pinyon, juniper, mountain-mahogany, gambel oak and serviceberry. The riparian area also includes cottonwoods, box elder, willows, hackberry and numerous shrubs that are indigenous to north-central New Mexico. It is teeming with a variety of wildlife including cougars, black bears, elk, mule deer, badgers, bobcats, coyotes, beavers, raccoons, ducks, dippers, spotted sandpipers, Canada geese, turkey, golden eagles, bald eagles, falcons, hawks, owls, turkey vultures, brown and rainbow trout, flathead chub, flathead minnows, white suckers, carp, channel catfish, black crappie, longnose dace, and other species of mammals, birds and fish.[11] Various species of rattlesnakes are found in the adjacent mountain valleys and canyons. See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web |title= Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08290000, Rio Chama near Chamita, NM |publisher= USGS |url= http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/08290000.2009.pdf |accessdate= 21 July 2010}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chama, Rio}}2. ^{{cite web |title= Water resources data for the United States, Water Year 2009; gage 08290000, Rio Chama near Chamita, NM |publisher= USGS |url= http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/08290000.2009.pdf |accessdate= 21 July 2010}} 3. ^1 2 {{GNIS|923661|Rio Chama}} 4. ^Chama Peak, Colorado, 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1957 (1974 rev.) 5. ^1 Calculated in Google Earth 6. ^{{cite book|last=Bright|first=William|authorlink=William Bright|title=Native American placenames of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA87|accessdate=11 April 2011|year=2004|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3598-4|page=87}} 7. ^The namesake pueblo ruin is at {{coord|36.1953174|-106.2145758|format=dms|type:landmark|display=inline}} 8. ^1 2 General course info from USGS topographic maps 9. ^{{GNIS|910234|Rio Cebolla}} 10. ^{{GNIS|910239|Rio Gallina}} 11. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://southwestpaddler.com/docs/riograndenm14.html |title=Rio Chama, New Mexico |publisher=Southwestpaddler.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-23}} 7 : Rivers of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico|Rivers of Colorado|Rivers of New Mexico|Tributaries of the Rio Grande|Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States|Rivers of Archuleta County, Colorado|Old Spanish Trail (trade route) |
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