“Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul

释义

History
Geography
Climate
Sister city
References
External links

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Rio Grande
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Noiva_do_Mar.jpg
| image_flag = Bandeira de Rio Grande.jpg
| image_seal = Brasão Rio Grande.jpg
| nickname = Noiva do mar (Bride of the Sea)
| motto =
| image_map = RioGrandedoSul Municip RioGrande.svg
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Brazil
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Brazil
| coordinates = {{coord|32|02|06|S|52|05|55|W|region:BR|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Brazil
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = Sul
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = Rio Grande do Sul
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1737
| established_title2 = Incorporated
| established_date2 = 1835
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Alexandre Duarte Lindenmeyer (PT)
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 2709.53
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 6
| population_footnotes = ^[1]
| population_total = 198048
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro =
| timezone = UTC −3
| utc_offset = -3
| timezone_DST = UTC −2
| utc_offset_DST = -2
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 96500
| area_code = (+55) 53
| blank_name = HDI (2000)
| blank_info = 0.878 – {{color|#090|high}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.riogrande.rs.gov.br}}
| footnotes =
}}

Rio Grande (lit. "Great River") is a municipality (município) and one of the oldest cities in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It was the state capital from 1835 to 1845. It is the most important port city in the state and has one of the most important maritime ports in Brazil.

The city is named after a nearby channel which indirectly connects the Lagoa dos Patos, to the northeast, and Lagoa Mirim, to the west, with the Atlantic Ocean. The municipality is bordered by Santa Vitória do Palmar on the south and Pelotas on the north, which lies across the São Gonçalo Channel.

The city built up its wealth over the course of its long history of strong industrial movements. Today it is still one of the richest cities in Rio Grande do Sul, mainly because of its port, the second busiest in Brazil, and its refinery, which processes Ipiranga petroleum.

The city is served by Rio Grande Airport.

History

The history of Rio Grande is as old as the history of the whole region. It was explored by Portuguese sailors led by Martim Afonso de Sousa who sought fortified places along the southern Brazilian coast for a defense against the French corsairs. He discovered the tributary which indirectly connects the Lagoa dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim to the Atlantic Ocean and called the place Rio Grande de São Pedro (lit. "Large River of St. Peter").

In 1669, the Portuguese established a colony further down the South American coastline along the Río de la Plata, which they called Colônia do Sacramento. With the first permanent Portuguese settlement in the region, livestock was introduced and began to spread far and wide over the territory. With the new settlers, the Portuguese decided to make a church-sanctioned settlement and, in 1736, created the Freguesia de São Pedro which covered what is today all of Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul.

The city of Rio Grande was founded in 1737 by Brigadier General José da Silva Pais and his men to defend Portugal's territory. The Jesus Maria e José Fort was constructed, which was built on the site of the future city. The fort was transformed into a town when colonists from the Azores and Madeira arrived in the 1750s. In 1751, the growing colony became the Village of Rio Grande de São Pedro. In 1760, Rio Grande de São Pedro, which was formerly governed from Santa Catarina became its own captaincy, a type of administrative division.

In 1763 the village was occupied by the Spanish. After constant disputes, Portugal reconquered the village in 1776, thanks to the actions of General Rafael Pinto Bandeira. However, when the fortress was taken by Spanish troops, many families fled to Viamão and established around its port the city of Porto Alegre.

During the Ragamuffin War, Rio Grande became a city and the province's capital all at once. In 1835, revolutionary General Bento Gonçalves da Silva forced Antônio Rodrigues Fernandes Braga, the provincial president, to flee from Porto Alegre to Rio Grande, a journey of about 200 km. The city remained the province's seat of government until the revolution's end in 1845.

Geography

Rio Grande, as the name suggests, is a littoral city, which boasts what many call the longest beach in the world—the Praia do Cassino. This beach is approximately {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} of uninterrupted Atlantic coastline. The entire municipality lies at a very low altitude — at its highest point only {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} above sea level. Additionally, the city, which is surrounded by water, sinks about one centimeter every year.

The city is named after its 24-mile long tidal channel which indirectly mingles the waters of the Lagoa dos Patos and Lagoa Mirim with the Atlantic Ocean. The largest and most populous island in the Lagoa dos Patos is the Ilha dos Marinheiros, which is part of the municipality.

For the most part, Rio Grande is made up of fields of low and herbaceous vegetation, characteristic of the Uruguayan savanna. There are also planted trees, mostly eucalyptus and pine. Sand dunes are found all up and down the coastline.

The municipality contains part of the Taim Ecological Station.^[2]

Climate

The climate of Rio Grande is humid subtropical and mild, with a strong oceanic influence and relatively cool winters, warm summers and regular precipitation all year. The average temperature in the city is {{convert|18.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and the average annual precipitation is {{convert|1,207|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The hottest month is January, with an average temperature of {{convert|23.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. The coldest month is July, with an average temperature of {{convert|12.9|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, but due to intense winds in the city, the wind chill temperature frequently drops to {{convert|6|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.

{{Weather box|width=auto
| location = Rio Grande
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 36.4
| Feb record high C = 36.4
| Mar record high C = 34.2
| Apr record high C = 35.1
| May record high C = 29.0
| Jun record high C = 27.8
| Jul record high C = 28.4
| Aug record high C = 27.4
| Sep record high C = 26.8
| Oct record high C = 30.6
| Nov record high C = 31.8
| Dec record high C = 36.0
| year record high C = 36.4
| Jan high C = 27.0
| Feb high C = 27.0
| Mar high C = 25.6
| Apr high C = 22.9
| May high C = 19.9
| Jun high C = 16.8
| Jul high C = 16.2
| Aug high C = 17.0
| Sep high C = 18.4
| Oct high C = 20.8
| Nov high C = 23.0
| Dec high C = 25.5
| year high C = 21.7
| Jan mean C = 23.3
| Feb mean C = 23.5
| Mar mean C = 22.2
| Apr mean C = 19.3
| May mean C = 16.4
| Jun mean C = 13.3
| Jul mean C = 13.0
| Aug mean C = 13.8
| Sep mean C = 15.3
| Oct mean C = 17.5
| Nov mean C = 19.5
| Dec mean C = 21.8
| year mean C = 18.2
| Jan low C = 20.6
| Feb low C = 20.8
| Mar low C = 19.7
| Apr low C = 16.5
| May low C = 13.6
| Jun low C = 10.6
| Jul low C = 10.7
| Aug low C = 11.4
| Sep low C = 12.8
| Oct low C = 14.9
| Nov low C = 16.7
| Dec low C = 19.1
| year low C = 15.6
| Jan record low C = 12.2
| Feb record low C = 11.0
| Mar record low C = 11.0
| Apr record low C = 5.7
| May record low C = 1.7
| Jun record low C = 1.2
| Jul record low C = 1.2
| Aug record low C = 0.6
| Sep record low C = 1.6
| Oct record low C = 6.8
| Nov record low C = 3.4
| Dec record low C = 9.8
| year record low C = 0.6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 112.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 100.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 112.6
| Apr precipitation mm = 51.5
| May precipitation mm = 86.9
| Jun precipitation mm = 109.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 174.9
| Aug precipitation mm = 126.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 143.2
| Oct precipitation mm = 81.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 74.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 59.9
| year precipitation mm = 1233.6
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 8
| Feb precipitation days = 8
| Mar precipitation days = 8
| Apr precipitation days = 5
| May precipitation days = 6
| Jun precipitation days = 8
| Jul precipitation days = 10
| Aug precipitation days = 8
| Sep precipitation days = 9
| Oct precipitation days = 7
| Nov precipitation days = 6
| Dec precipitation days = 5
| year precipitation days = 88
| Jan humidity = 78.3
| Feb humidity = 78.6
| Mar humidity = 79.3
| Apr humidity = 79.6
| May humidity = 82.8
| Jun humidity = 83.7
| Jul humidity = 86.7
| Aug humidity = 84.3
| Sep humidity = 83.8
| Oct humidity = 80.5
| Nov humidity = 77.6
| Dec humidity = 77.6
| year humidity = 81.1
| Jan sun = 266.5
| Feb sun = 214.1
| Mar sun = 210.5
| Apr sun = 192.3
| May sun = 175.1
| Jun sun = 126.6
| Jul sun = 135.8
| Aug sun = 156.5
| Sep sun = 153.7
| Oct sun = 209.4
| Nov sun = 228.2
| Dec sun = 269.6
| year sun = 2338.3
| source 1 = INMET^[3]
| date = November 2013}}

Sister city

{{flagicon| Portugal}} Águeda, Portugal

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat|title=IBGE - Cidades|author=|date=|website=www.ibge.gov.br|accessdate=6 April 2018}}
2. ^{{citation|language=Portuguese |title=Unidade de Conservação: Estação Ecológica do Taim|publisher=MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente |url=http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=70|accessdate=2016-04-23}}
3. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.inmet.gov.br/portal/index.php?r=clima/normaisClimatologicas| title = NORMAIS CLIMATOLÓGICAS DO BRASIL 1961-1990| accessdate = 5 September 2014| publisher = Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia| language = Portuguese}}

External links

{{pt icon}} Virtual Rio Grande
{{pt icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011144956/http://riograndevirtual.com.br/ilhadosmarinheiros/index.htm Ilha dos Marinheiros]
{{pt icon}} Rio Grande Port
{{pt icon}} Rio Grande Federal University – FURG

4 : Populated coastal places in Rio Grande do Sul|Populated places established in 1737|Municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul|1737 establishments in the Portuguese Empire

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