| 词条 | Rishikesh | |||||
| 释义 |
| official_name = Rishikesh | nickname = Yoganagari | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = Rishikesh view across bridge.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Rishikesh view and 13 storey shiva temple across Lakshman Jhula bridge over the Ganges | pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand | coordinates = {{coord|30|06|30|N|78|17|50|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = India | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Uttarakhand | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = Dehradun | established_title1 = | established_date1 = | established_title2 = Municipality | established_date2 = 1952 | founder = | named_for = Hrishikesha | government_type = Mayor–Council | governing_body = Rishikesh Municipal Corporation | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Anita Mamgain (BJP) | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 11.5 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 372 | population_total = 102,138 (Urban Agglomeration) | population_blank1_title = Male | population_blank1 = 54,446 | population_blank2_title = Female | population_blank2 = 47,672 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = 7th | population_density_km2 = 8,851 | population_density_rank = | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = Hindi, Garhwali | timezone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = PIN | postal_code = 249201 | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = +91-135 | registration_plate = UK-14 | blank_name_sec2 = Literacy (2011) | blank_info_sec2 = 86.86% | blank1_name_sec2 = • Male | blank1_info_sec2 = 92.21% | blank2_name_sec2 = • Female | blank2_info_sec2 = 80.78% | blank3_name_sec2 = • Rank | blank3_info_sec2 = 2nd | blank4_name_sec2 = Sex ratio (2011) | blank4_info_sec2 = 875 ♀ / 1000 ♂ | blank5_name_sec2 = • Rank | blank5_info_sec2 = | website = | footnotes = | leader_title2 = Municipal Commissioner | leader_name2 = vacant }}Rishikesh, also known as Hrishikesh is a city, municipal corporation[1][2] and a tehsil in Dehradun district of the Indian state Uttarakhand. Located in the foothills of the Himalayas in northern India, it is known as the 'Gateway to the Garhwal Himalayas'[3] and 'Yoga Capital of the World'.[4] It lies approximately {{cvt|25|km}} north of the city Haridwar and {{cvt|43|km}} southeast of the state capital Dehradun. According to Census of India, 2011 Rishikesh had a population of 102,138 making it the seventh most populated city in the state of Uttarakhand. It is known as the pilgrimage town and regarded as one of the holiest places to Hindus. Hindu sages and saints have visited Rishikesh since ancient times to meditate in search of higher knowledge.[5] In September 2015, the Union tourism minister Mahesh Sharma announced that Rishikesh and Haridwar will be the first in India to be given the title of "twin national heritage cities".[6] Due to the religious significance of the place, non-vegetarian food and alcohol are strictly prohibited in Rishikesh. The city hosts the annual International Yoga Festival.[7] EtymologyIAST: "{{IAST|Hṛṣīkeśa}}" ({{Lang-sa|हृषीकेश}}) is a name of Vishnu composed of hṛṣīka meaning 'senses' and īśa meaning 'lord', thus 'Lord of the Senses'.[8][9] The name commemorates an apparition of Vishnu to Raibhya Rishi,[9] as a result of his tapasya (austerities), as Lord Hrishikesha.[10] In Skanda Purana, this area is known as Kubjāmraka ({{lang|sa|कुब्जाम्रक}}) as Lord Vishnu appeared under a mango tree.[11] Another legend says that fierce fire broke out here. Lord Shiva was angry with Lord Agni and cursed him. Then Lord Agni prayed here for the expiation of his sins. Hence it is also known as 'Agni Tīrtha' ({{lang|sa|अग्नि तीर्थ}}) — the holy place to do penance of Lord Agni or Fire God.[12]HistoryRishikesh has been a part of the legendary 'Kedarkhand'[13] Legends state that Lord Rama did penance here for killing Ravana, the asura king of Lanka; and Lakshmana, his younger brother, crossed the river Ganges, at a point, where the present 'Lakshman Jhula' ({{lang|sa|लक्ष्मण झूला}}) bridge stands today, using a jute rope bridge.[14] The 'Kedarkhand' of Skanda Purana, also mentions the existence of Indrakund at this very point. The jute-rope bridge was replaced by iron-rope suspension bridge in 1889. After it was washed away in the 1924 floods, it was replaced by the present stronger bridge. Another similar suspension bridge Ram Jhula was built in 1986 at nearby Sivananda Nagar. The Ganges, one of the most sacred rivers to Hindus,[15] flows through Rishikesh. Here the river leaves the Shivalik Hills in the Himalayas and flows into the plains of northern India. Several temples, ancient and new, are along the banks of the Ganges in Rishikesh. Shatrughna Mandir, Bharat Mandir, Lakshman Mandir are the ancient temples established by Adi Shankaracharya. Shatrughna Temple is near Ram Jhula and Lakshman Mandir is near Lakshman Jhula. GeographyRishikesh is at {{Coord|30.103368|N|78.294754|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|372|m}}.[16] The Tehri Dam is just {{cvt|86|km}} uphill on the way to Gangotri. Rishikesh is the starting point for travelling to the four Chota Char Dham pilgrimage places—Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri. Rishikesh is famous for ayurvedic treatments. Many ayurveda centres are run, where classes are given by ayurvedic doctors. According to Köppen-Geiger climate classification system, its climate is humid subtropical (Cwa). Despite the pollution of the Ganges, the water in Rishikesh is relatively unaffected by the pollution as the major polluting points are down the course of the river in the neighbouring state of Uttar Pradesh.[17] {{Weather box|location = Rishikesh |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |temperature colour = pastel |Jan high C=17 |Feb high C=22 |Mar high C=29 |Apr high C=35 |May high C=39 |Jun high C=38 |Jul high C=33 |Aug high C=32 |Sep high C=32 |Oct high C=30 |Nov high C=25 |Dec high C=20 |Jan low C=5 |Feb low C=8 |Mar low C=14 |Apr low C=18 |May low C=23 |Jun low C=25 |Jul low C=25 |Aug low C=24 |Sep low C=23 |Oct low C=15 |Nov low C=9 |Dec low C=6 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm=51 |Feb precipitation mm=33 |Mar precipitation mm=34 |Apr precipitation mm=9 |May precipitation mm=20 |Jun precipitation mm=94 |Jul precipitation mm=482 |Aug precipitation mm=495 |Sep precipitation mm=219 |Oct precipitation mm=76 |Nov precipitation mm=9 |Dec precipitation mm=17 |Jan rain days=3 |Feb rain days=2 |Mar rain days=3 |Apr rain days=1 |May rain days=2 |Jun rain days=7 |Jul rain days=15 |Aug rain days=16 |Sep rain days=8 |Oct rain days=2 |Nov rain days=0 |Dec rain days=1 |Jand sun=6 |Febd sun=7 |Mard sun=8 |Aprd sun=9 |Mayd sun=9 |Jund sun=7 |Juld sun=6 |Augd sun=6 |Sepd sun=7 |Octd sun=8 |Novd sun=8 |Decd sun=7 |source 1= Weather2Travel[18] }} Demographics{{see also|List of cities in Uttarakhand by population}}As per provisional data of 2011 census Rishikesh had a population of 102,138, out of which males were 54,466 and females were 47,672. The literacy rate was 86.86% compared to the national average of 74.04%.[19] Yoga centerRishikesh, sometimes nicknamed "Yoga Capital of the World",[20] has numerous yoga centres that attract tourists. The name Rishikesh is loosely applied to an association of five distinct sections encompassing the town and hamlets and settlements on both sides of the river Ganges. These include Rishikesh itself, the commercial and communication hub; the sprawling suburb Muni Ki Reti or the "sands of the sages"; Sivananda Nagar, the home of Sivananda Ashram and the Divine Life Society founded by Swami Sivananda, north of Rishikesh; the temple sections of Ram Jhula and Lakshman Jhula, a little further north; and the assorted ashrams around Swargashram on the eastern bank. The Ganga Arti performed at dusk at the Triveni Ghat is popular with visitors. Neelkanth Mahadev Temple, amidst forest {{cvt|28|km}} from Rishikesh, is a popular local pilgrimage, along with Vashishtha Guha (Cave of Sage Vashishtha), {{cvt|21|km}} up from the town by the Ganges. Over the years, it has established itself as the yoga capital of the world. From the US, Europe and China and Australia, serious yoga students come to learn asanas and kriyas.[5] In February 1968, the Beatles visited the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram in Rishikesh.[21] John Lennon recorded "The Happy Rishikesh Song" one of the songs composed by The Beatles but was never officially released.[22][23] The Beatles composed numerous songs during their time at the ashram, many of which appear on the band's self-titled double album, also known as the "White Album".[24] Several other artists, including Mike Love of the Beach Boys, Paul Horn, Donovan and Gyp Mills, visited the site to contemplate and meditate.[25] Former royal palace of the Maharaja of Tehri Garhwal at near by Narendranagar, now houses the Ananda–In the Himalayas destination spa and yoga retreat, established 2000.[26] The Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall visited Rishikesh in 2013 and participated in the Ganga arti.They also conducted a special havan for world peace at the Parmarth Niketan.[27] Environmental concernsRafting in Rishikesh is a popular sport in summer, but due to violations of rules most rafting camps in Rishikesh cause pollution to the river.{{cn|date=February 2019}} Rafting campsAccording to environmental activists, "These camps are not only in violation of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 but also the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 as well as the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 as it is leading to pollution of Ganga by discharging effluent, throwing of solid waste directly and adversely affecting the ecological integrity of the river system." Environmental activists alleged that these camps, which are established as temporary sites, do not have adequate sewage and sanitation facilities, disturb the habitat of wild animals and "affect the peace, tranquility and serenity of the forest area." "At the camp sites, the camp owners permit employees and the visitors to have food and alcohol. They leave empty bottles, cans, unconsumed food and waste including bones and filth in and around the camp site." In a 2008 study on the beach camps between Kaudiyala and Rishikesh, experts from the Govind Ballabh Pant Himalayan Environment and Development Institute—R. K. Maikhuri, Nihal Farukhi and Tarun Budhal—found that wildlife conservation standards and norms, particularly for waste management, were routinely disregarded. A bench headed by the National Green Tribunal chairperson Justice Swatanter Kumar on 1 April 2015 heard a plea filed by the non-governmental organisation Social Action for Forest and Environment (SAFE). The National Green Tribunal has sought explanations from the Government of India and the Government of Uttarakhand on the "unregulated" operation of rafting camps on the banks of Ganga between Shivpuri and Rishikesh in Uttarakhand. The state government has assured the tribunal that it would not grant permission to any new camp till the next hearing in May.[28][29][30][31][32][33] As the seriousness of issue "The National Green Tribunal," a bench headed by Justice U. D. Salve has reject permission to rafting camps operating in Rishikesh and slammed the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and the Government of Uttarakhand for not filing their replies in the case and directed them to file their response.[34][35] Effect on spiritual environmentIt has been reported that large numbers of tourists visiting Rishikesh from India and the world have been consuming drugs and alcohol and appearing partially naked at beaches, leading to complaints that the spiritual environment of the area has been affected.[36][37][38][39] According to many Hindu yogis and sadhus, the riverside stretch is of spiritual and religious importance, as it is where the Ganges takes its form after the confluence of the rivers Bhagirathi and Alaknanda at Devprayag in the Garhwal Himalayas. Saints and yogis have been meditating on the banks of Ganges since antiquity. However, these banks have been polluted with liquor bottles at camps as well as obscene activities and behavior at the beaches.[38][40][41][42][43] Health{{see also|All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh}}AIIMS Rishikesh is one of the six apex healthcare institutes being established by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India under the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) with the aim of correcting regional imbalances in quality tertiary level healthcare in the country and attaining self-sufficiency in graduate and postgraduate medical education and training.[44][45] First Ayush Centre (The Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy of India) was opened in Rishikesh on 4 June 2015 by Shripad Yasso Naik, Minister for Yoga and Traditional Medicine. He believes Ayurveda (Indian traditional medical science), Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, and other alternative medicine systems will be researched in Rishikesh.[46] TransportRishikesh railway station is the major railway station in the city. The railway station was created in 1939, during the British era.[47] A new railway line, connecting Rishikesh with Karnaprayag is under construction.[48] The city is well connected with all major north Indian cities like Delhi, Gurgaon and Noida via bus.[49] Rishikesh has air connectivity with Dehradun Airport at just 15 km from the city center. GallerySee also{{Portal|Himalaya region|Hinduism|Yoga|}}
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^{{cite web|url=http://www.thebeatlesinindia.com/ |title=Home |publisher=Thebeatlesinindia.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-12}} 22. ^{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkaANfblogs|title=The Happy Rishikesh Song [long version] - John Lennon|date=22 February 2010|work=YouTube|accessdate=12 June 2015}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.guitaretab.com/b/beatles/1114.html|title=Beatles - (Happy Rishikesh Song tab)|publisher=Guitaretab.com|accessdate=12 June 2015}} 24. ^{{cite book|title=The Jesus People Movement: A Story of Spiritual Revolution Among the Hippies|page=28|author=Richard A Bustraan|publisher=Wipf and Stock}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2010/mayjun/classnotes/deherrera.html |title=Stanford Magazine - Article |publisher=Stanfordalumni.org |date= |accessdate=2015-06-12}} 26. ^{{cite news|last=Dugger |first=Celia W. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E4DB133AF933A05754C0A9669C8B63 |title=Himalayan Spa for Sybarites - NYTimes.com |location=Rishikesh (India); India; Himalayas |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2000-07-30 |accessdate=2015-06-12}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/prince-charles-camilla-prince-charles-in-india-rishikesh/1/321964.html|title=Prince Charles, Camilla participate in Ganga aarti in Rishikesh|publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in|accessdate=12 June 2015}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rafting-in-rishikesh-green-tribunal-asks-centre-to-respond-115040101299_1.html |title=Rafting in Rishikesh: Green Tribunal asks Centre to respond|author=Press Trust of India|date=1 April 2015|work=Business Standard|accessdate=12 June 2015}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttarakhand/dehradun/rafting-in-rishikesh-explanation-of-the-center/articleshow/46774706.cms|title=Rafting in Rishikesh explanation of the center |work=Navbharat Times|accessdate=12 June 2015}} 30. ^{{cite 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web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/vhp-demands-ban-on-rafting-in-ganga-citing-pollution-govt-hits-back-740917.html|title=VHP demands ban on Rishikesh rafting|author=|work=News18|accessdate=12 June 2015}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thequint.com/2015/may/27/river-rafting-promotes-obscenity-vhp-seeks-ban-in-rishikesh|title=River Rafting Promotes Obscenity: VHP Seeks ban in Rishikesh|work=The Quint|accessdate=12 June 2015}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/vhp-demands-ban-on-river-rafting-in-ganga/85779.html|title=VHP demands ban on river rafting in Ganga|author=Tribune News Service|work=Tribuneindia.com|accessdate=12 June 2015}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aiimsrishikesh.edu.in/details.php?pgID=_about|title=Welcome to AIIMS Rishikesh - All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh - India|publisher=Aiimsrishikesh.edu.in|accessdate=12 June 2015}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/videos/uttarakhand/aiims-rishikesh-to-get-100-bed-hospital-within-three-months-112341.html|title=AIIMS Rishikesh to get 100-bed hospital within three months - News18.com|author=|work=News18.com|accessdate=12 June 2015}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-india-first-ayush-center-open-in-rishikesh-aims-12442187.html?src=HUK|title=एम्स ऋषिकेश में देश का पहला आयुष सेंटर खुला|trans-title=India First Ayush Center Open in Rishikesh|accessdate=7 June 2015|date=4 June 2015|language=Hindi|website=Jagran.com}} 47. ^{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Kautilya|title=Speed up rail extension in state: Cong MP - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Speed-up-rail-extension-in-state-Cong-MP/articleshow/45826601.cms|accessdate=17 June 2017|agency=TNN|publisher=The Times of India|date=9 January 2015|location=Dehradun|language=en}} 48. ^{{cite news|last1=Jaiswal|first1=Sheo S|title=Work on Rishikesh-Karnaprayag railway line to begin in December|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Work-on-Rishikesh-Karnaprayag-railway-line-to-begin-in-December/articleshow/54918138.cms|accessdate=17 June 2017|agency=TNN|publisher=The Times of India|date=18 October 2016|location=Haridwar|language=en}} 49. ^{{Cite news|url=http://letusgoto.com/rishikesh/|title=Rishikesh – Yoga Capital of the World|date=2017-02-19|work=LetUsGoTo|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en-US}} External links{{wikivoyage|Rishikesh}}{{Hindu holy cities}}{{Dehradun}}{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}{{Authority control}} 5 : Hindu holy cities|Hindu pilgrimage sites in India|Cities and towns in Dehradun district|Tourism in Uttarakhand|Rishikesh |
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