“Rites of Zhou”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Rites of Zhou ({{zh|t=周禮|p=Zhōu lǐ}}), originally known as "Officers of Zhou" ({{zh|c=周官|p=Zhouguan|labels=no}}) is actually a work on bureaucracy and organizational theory. It was renamed by Liu Xin to differentiate it from a chapter in the Book of History by the same name. To replace a lost work, it was included along with the Book of Rites and the Etiquette and Ceremonial {{ndash}} becoming one of three ancient ritual texts (the "Three Rites") listed among the classics of Confucianism.

In comparison with other works of its type, the Rite's ruler, though a sage, does not create the state, but merely organizes a bureaucracy. It could not have been composed during the Western Zhou, and was probably based on Warring States period societies. Michael Puett and Mark Edward Lewis compares its system of duties and ranks to the "Legalism" of Shang Yang.^[1]

Authorship

The book appeared in the middle of the 2nd century BC, when it was found and included in the collection of Old Texts in the library of Prince Liu De ({{lang|zh-hant|劉德}}; d. 130 BC), a younger brother of the Han emperor Wu. Its first editor was Liu Xin (c. 50 BC {{ndash}} AD 23), who credited it to the Duke of Zhou. Tradition since at least the Song dynasty continued this attribution, with the claim that Liu Xin's edition was the final one.

In the 12th century, it was given special recognition by being placed among the Five Classics as a substitute for the long-lost sixth work, the Classic of Music.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following Kang Youwei, the book was often seen as a forgery by Liu Xin. Currently, a few holdouts continue to insist on a Western Zhou date while the majority follow Qian Mu and Gu Jiegang in assigning the work to about the 3rd century BC. Yu Yingshi argues for a date in the late Warring States period based on a comparison of titles in the text with extant bronze inscriptions and calendrical knowledge implicit in the work^[2]^[3]^[4] In this view, the word "Zhou" in the title refers not to the Western Zhou but to the royal State of Zhou of the Warring States; the small area still directly under the king's control.

The work consists mainly of schematic lists of Zhou dynasty bureaucrats, stating what the function of each office is and who is eligible to hold it. Sometimes though the mechanical listing is broken off by pieces of philosophical exposition on how a given office contributes to social harmony and enforces the universal order.

The division of chapters follows the six departments of the Zhou dynasty government. The bureaucrats within a department come in five ranks: minister ({{lang|zh-Latn|qing}}), councilor ({{lang|zh-Latn|da fu}}), senior clerk ({{lang|zh-Latn|shang shi}}), middle clerk ({{lang|zh-Latn|zhong shi}}) and junior clerk ({{lang|zh-Latn|xia shi}}). There is only one minister per department -the department head-, but the other four ranks all have multiple holders spread across various specific professions.

In addition to the Etiquette and Ceremonial, the Rites of Zhou contain one of the earliest references to the Three Obediences and Four Virtues, a set of principles directed exclusively at women that formed a core part of female education during the Zhou.{{sfnp|Kelleher|2005|p=496}}

Record of Trades

A part of the Winter Offices, the Record of Trades ({{lang|zh-Latn|Kao Gong Ji}}), contains important information on technology, architecture, city planning, and other topics. A passage records that, "The master craftsman constructs the state capital. He makes a square nine {{lang|zh-Latn|li}} on one side; each side has three gates. Within the capital are nine north-south and nine east-west streets. The north-south streets are nine carriage tracks in width".

References

Citations

1. ^Benjamin Elman, Martin Kern 2010 p.17,41. Statecraft and Classical Learning: The Rituals of Zhou in East Asian History. https://books.google.com/books?id=SjSwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17* Dingxin Zhao 2015 p.72. The Confucian-Legalist State. https://books.google.com/books?id=wPmJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.iub.edu/~g380/1.8-Ritual-2010.pdf |title=Zhou Ritual Culture and its Rationalization |author= |date= |website= |publisher=Indiana University |access-date=28 October 2016 |quote=}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/zhou-literature.html |title=Rites of Zhou - Classics of Confucianism|author= |date= |website=Cultural China |publisher=Shanghai News and Press Bureau |access-date=28 October 2016 |quote=}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://history.cultural-china.com/en/173History868.html |title=Chinese History - Zhou Period Literature, Thought, and Philosophy |first=Ulrich |last=Theobald |date= |website=China Knowledge |publisher= |access-date=28 October 2016 |quote= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712215506/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/173History868.html |archivedate=12 July 2011 |df= }}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Zhouli (Chinese ritual text)|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114736/Zhouli|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=25 July 2011}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Cultural Invigoration - Books|url=http://www.npm.gov.tw/exh99/southernsong/en_02.html|publisher=National Palace Museum (國立故宮博物院)|accessdate=25 July 2011|location=Taipei}}

Authorship

Contents

Record of Trades

References

Citations

Sources

Bibliography

External links