| 词条 | RMS Empress of Asia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
RMS Empress of Asia was an ocean liner built in 1912–1913 by Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering at Govan on the Clyde in Scotland for Canadian Pacific Steamships. As well as being a passenger liner in peacetime, Empress of Asia served as an armed merchant cruiser and a troopship in wartime. She was sunk during World War II by Japanese aircraft while transiting from Bombay to Singapore. Service historyEmpress of Asia was built by Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering at Govan near Glasgow in Scotland[2] She was launched in 1912 where she was named by Mrs Bosworth the wife of the Vice-President of the Canadian Pacific Railway, she completed her maiden voyage in 1913. In May 1914, Captain Samuel Robinson pushed the RMS Empress of Asia and her crew in setting a new world's record for both a single day's steaming (473 nautical miles) and for crossing the Pacific (nine days, two hours, and fifteen minutes).[3] World War IDuring the First World War, Empress of Asia was converted into an auxiliary cruiser at Hong Kong. She was armed with eight 4.7-inch (12 cm) guns and Royal Navy officers assumed command. Among her peacetime crew only those in the Royal Naval Reserve were retained. She was deployed in Asia, in the Middle East and in the Atlantic with Chinese, British Indian and Portuguese Indian (Goan) crew. In late 1914, Empress of Asia was among the cruisers tasked with hunting the German light cruiser SMS Emden in the Indian Ocean east of Ceylon.[4] The Empress of Asia transported wounded German prisoners from the sunken Emden to Columbo.[5] On 9 September 1918, Empress of Asia set sail from Hoboken, NJ bound for Liverpool carrying troops from the 86th Infantry Division's 331st Machine Gun Battalion, 311th Engineer Regiment and 311th Engineer Train.[6] She arrived safely on 21 September 1918. In 1919, Empress of Asia returned to Vancouver carrying the 72nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders of the Canadian Expeditionary Forces (CEF); and the men disembarked from the ship at the CPR pier.[7] Inter-war periodAmongst the celebrities who sailed in Empress of Asia was Bertrand Russell. The writer traveled from Yokohama to Vancouver in the late summer of 1921.[8] On 11 January 1926, Empress of Asia rammed the British coastal steamer {{SS|Tung Shing|1903|2}} in the Yangtze at Shanghai, China. Tung Shing sank with the loss of between five and ten lives.[9] Empress of Asia and Empress of Canada evacuated civilians from Shanghai in 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. World War IIEmpress of Asia was requisitioned by the British Admiralty in January 1941, and sailed for Liverpool via the Panama Canal to the River Clyde for refitting as a troopship. For armament she received a 6-inch gun, a 3-inch gun HA, 6 20 mm Oerlikons, 8 Hotchkiss, Bofors guns, 4 PAC rockets and depth charges.[10]Her first task was to take soldiers of the Green Howards to Suez via the Cape of Good Hope to participate in the North Africa Campaign. From there she took Italian prisoners of war to Durban. In September 1941, Empress of Asia sailed with the first convoy from North America to England which was escorted by ships of the United States Navy.[11] The final voyage of Empress of Asia began in November 1941, when she sailed from Liverpool carrying troops and supplies bound for Africa, Bombay and Singapore. Empress of Asia was one of five ships that were carrying troops and military materiel and supplies to reinforce Singapore in the face of the rapid Japanese advance on the island following their successful conquest of British Malaya by the beginning of 1942. The convoy, designated BM.12, had come under an aerial attack in the Bangka Strait on 4 February 1942 and suffered only minor damage. On 5 February, as the convoy sailed into and entered the western approaches to Singapore, serious fierce attacks were pressed against it by the Japanese military south of the Sultan Shoal Lighthouse.{{sfn|Gill|1957|pp=527—529}} Nine Japanese dive-bombers focused their airborne assault on the Empress of Asia.[12] The second element of the convoy composed of the Empress of Asia, Félix Roussel and the City of Canterbury, escorted by {{HMAS|Yarra|U77|6}} and {{HMS|Danae|D44|6}}, and sighted vessels in the nearby waters with the Empress of Asia on fire, burning amidships, approaching Sultan Shoal. The ship anchored off the shoal with its onboard personnel gathered on the bow and the stern. The escort vessels, {{HMAS|Wollongong|J172|6}}, {{HMS|Danae|D44|6}} and {{HMIS|Sutlej|U95|6}}, stood by while HMAS Yarra's captain, Wilfred Harrington, carefully manoeuvered the bow of his ship alongside the flaming and severely-damaged liner's stern and rescued away 1804 survivors. {{HMAS|Bendigo|J187}}, which had been in the vicinity, picked up 78 more, while the Wollongong saved the last two persons on the now-sinking ship, its master (captain) and chief-engineer.{{sfn|Gill|1957|pp=527—529}} There were a total of 16 deaths on the Empress of Asia which resulted from when she was attacked and destroyed. The ship finally sank near the small island of Sultan Shoal (then located in the western harbour-approaches of Singapore, presently between the West Jurong and AlGas Anchorages beside Temasek Fairway) about {{convert|8|km|mi}} to the southwest of the western tip of the mainland of Singapore Island. Despite maritime-salvage efforts organized by Robert W. Rankin, all the military equipment and other crucial and vital supplies were lost and declared irrecoverable.[13] Singapore would eventually fall to and come under the rule of Imperial Japan only ten days later (on 15 February 1942), which makes it difficult to speculate about what differences or changes to the outcome of the battle the Empress of Asia could have made if the ship had not been sunk. It was said that much of the vital military materiel and aid-supplies lost in the sinking of the ship would have been supplied and provided to the badly-equipped Singapore Chinese Anti-Japanese Volunteer Battalion as well as reinforcing and strengthening the rest of the poorly-equipped and ill-supplied British-commanded defending troops, aside from British troops, comprising Australian, Indian and Malayan soldiers. The last convoy of evacuees leaving Singapore included SS Sing Kheng Seng of the Straits Shipping Company, carrying 45 crewmen from Empress of Asia along with an unknown number of others.[14] Leonard H. Johnston was chief mate of Empress of Asia when she went down. He took charge of 40 other young survivors and led his crew-mates safely to Fremantle, Australia. The journey involved sailing on three inter-island steamers to Sumatra, hiking over 100 miles across the island to catch a ferry to Java, and then a voyage from Batavia to Australia aboard a flat-bottomed river boat with Johnston serving as navigator. He was honored with the OBE for his exploits.[15]One of the ship's anchors was salvaged and subsequently put on display at the National Museum of Singapore in September of 2015.[16] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite journal |year=1913 |title=Launches and Trial Trips |journal=International Marine Engineering |volume=35 |issue=January |pages=244 |publisher=Marine Engineering, Inc., New York—London |url=https://archive.org/stream/marineengineer35londuoft#page/244/mode/1up |accessdate=28 January 2018}} 2. ^Johnston, Ian. "Govan Shipyard" in Ships Monthly. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611163521/http://www.shipsmonthly.com/ships/home.htm |date=11 June 2008 }} June 1985. 3. ^Hammer, Joshua. (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6O8VyhDbUPgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=yokohama+burning&sig=rbgbEDXJV5fht4wdSD1HBoAMANg#PPA60,M1 Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 60.] 4. ^Frame, Tom. (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=YY6CN8wAk4AC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=emden+empress+of+australia&source=web&ots=ZGAwXWV7l6&sig=-2du9lQzLk2ADoSoKOKHkPmnNMY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result No Pleasure Cruise: The Story of the Royal Australian Navy, p. 110.] 5. ^Australian War Memorial (AWM): caption for archive photo (ID No. C02534), SS Empress of Asia in Columbo harbour{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 6. ^http://www.scharch.org/Ray_Baer/86th%20Division%20History%20OB.htm 7. ^City of Victoria Archives: "72nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders, C.E.F. disembarking from the "Empress of Asia" at the C.P.R. pier." Matthews Collection, 1919. 8. ^Russell, Bertrand. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qnaqY4gUyrAC&pg=PA542&dq=SS+Empress+of+Asia&sig=ODF4NhsbHEnysGwsiPsrHB5IAEk Uncertain Paths to Freedom: Russia and China, 1919–22, p. 542.] 9. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Telegrams in Brief |day_of_week=Tuesday |date=12 January 1926 |page_number=13 |issue=44167 |column=G }} 10. ^Empress of Asia: Empress of Asia, requisition – accessed 6 May 2008 11. ^Morison, Samuel Eliot. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nwvs7TDDXyoC&pg=PA86&dq=SS+Empress+of+Asia&lr=&sig=jARIlaXovQ5scAnOqV6vK_f--qk History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, p. 86.] 12. ^Australian War Memorial (AWM): caption for archive photo (ID No. P00634.001), Empress of Asia sinks{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 13. ^Allied Merchant Navy of World War II: Role of CPR ships; Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB): Wilfred Hastings Harrington, KBE; ADB: Robert William Rankin 14. ^Singapore evacuation 1942: Civilian evacuation lists; 13 February 1942. 15. ^Bamberger, Werner. [https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F5081FF9355415738DDDA80894DC405B858AF1D3 "Empress of Canada's Skipper Ending 43-Year Career at Sea; Johnston Sails for England – Began as Deck Cadet With Canadian Pacific in '22,"] New York Times. 1 April 1965. 16. ^{{cite web|title=Step back into history as the National Museum of Singapore Re-opens its Permanent Gallaries|url=http://nationalmuseum.sg/~/media/nms/documents/media%20release_official%20re-opening%20of%20permamnent%20galleries_20150914.pdf|website=Media release|publisher=National Museum of Singapore|accessdate=11 December 2017|date=14 September 2015}}
External links{{Commons category|Empress of Asia (ship, 1912)}}
12 : 1912 ships|Ships built in Govan|Ships of CP Ships|Steamships of Canada|Ocean liners of Canada|Auxiliary cruisers of the Royal Navy|World War II shipwrecks in the Strait of Malacca|Maritime incidents in 1926|Maritime incidents in February 1942|Ships sunk by Japanese aircraft|Troopships of Canada|Cruisers of Canada |
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